Anesthesia considerations in the obese gravida

Seminars in Perinatology

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 350-355

  Tan, Terry ^a   Sia, Alex T ^b  

^a Pathology Research Laboratory   (Ireland)

^b KK WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Analgesia; Anesthesia; Complications; Morbidity; Obesity; Parturient; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CESAREAN SECTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; LUNG FUNCTION; MATERNAL WELFARE; OBESITY; OBSTETRIC ANALGESIA; OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREMEDICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SPINAL ANESTHESIA; TREATMENT PLANNING; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

ANALGESIA, OBSTETRICAL; ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL; ANESTHESIA, GENERAL; ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CESAREAN SECTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LABOR, OBSTETRIC; OBESITY; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 82955211500     PISSN: 01460005     EISSN: 1558075X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2011.05.021     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Rasmussen K., Yaktine A. Weight gain during pregnancy: Reexamining the guidelines (Free executive summary) 2009, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, Accessed June 9, 2011. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12584.html.
2. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic 2000, World Health Organization, World Health Organization, Geneva.
3. Farah N., Maher N., Barry S., et al. Maternal morbid obesity and obstetric outcomes. Obes Facts 2009, 2:352-354.
4. Cedergren M.I. Maternal morbid obesity and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2004, 103:219-224.
5. Lewis G. The confidential inquires into maternal and child health. Saving mothers' lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer- 2003-2005. The seventh report on confidential inquires into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom 2007, Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health, London.
6. O'Brien T.E., Ray J.G., Chan W.S. Maternal body mass index and the risk of preeclampsia: A systematic overview. Epidemiology 2003, 14:368-374.
7. Sebire N.J., Jolly M., Harris J.P., et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: A study of 287,213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001, 25:1175-1182.
8. Jacobsen A.F., Skjeldestad F.E., Sandset P.M. Ante- and postnatal risk factors of venous thrombosis: A hospital-based case-control study. J Thromb Haemost 2008, 6:905-912.
9. Nuthalapaty F.S., Rouse D.J., Owen J. The association of maternal weight with cesarean risk, labor duration, and cervical dilation rate during labor induction. Obstet Gynecol 2004, 103:452-456.
10. Heslehurst N., Simpson H., Ells L.J., et al. The impact of maternal BMI status on pregnancy outcomes with immediate short-term obstetric resource implications: A meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008, 9:635-683.
11. Babb T.G., Ranasinghe K.G., Comeau L.A., et al. Dyspnea on exertion in obese women: Association with an increased oxygen cost of breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:116-123.
12. Vaughan R.W., Cork R.C., Hollander D. The effect of massive weight loss on arterial oxygenation and pulmonary function tests. Anesthesiology 1981, 54:325-328.
13. Eng M., Butler J., Bonica J.J. Respiratory function in pregnant obese women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975, 123:241-245.
14. Oberg B., Poulsen T.D. Obesity: An anaesthetic challenge. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:191-200.
15. Dempsey J.A., Reddan W., Rankin J., et al. Alveolar-arterial gas exchange during muscular work in obesity. J Appl Physiol 1966, 21:1807-1814.
16. Alexander J.K., Dennis E.W., Smith W.G., et al. Blood volume, cardiac output, and distribution of systemic blood flow in extreme obesity. Cardiovasc Res Cent Bull 1962, 1:39-44.
17. Vasan R.S. Cardiac function and obesity. Heart 2003, 89:1127-1129.
18. Gaiser R. Physiologic changes in pregnancy. Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice 2009, 15-36. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia. ed 4. D.H.P. Chestnut, L. Tsen, C. Wong (Eds.).
19. Veille J.C., Hanson R. Obesity, pregnancy, and left ventricular functioning during the third trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994, 171:980-983.
20. Tsueda K., Debrand M., Zeok S.S., et al. Obesity supine death syndrome: Reports of two morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg 1979, 58:345-347.
21. ACOG Committee Opinion number 315, September 2005. Obesity in pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2005, 106:671-675.
22. Modder J.C.F., Fitzsimons K. CMACE/RCOG Guideline: Management of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy 2010, Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London.
23. Hogan J.L., Maguire P., Farah N., et al. Body mass index and blood pressure measurement during pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy Aug 20, 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
24. Technology apprasial 49. Central venous catheters-Ultrasound locating devices: Guidance 2002, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), NICE, London.
25. Watts R.W. The influence of obesity on the relationship between body mass index and the distance to the epidural space from the skin. Anaesthesiol Intensive Care 1993, 21:309-310.
26. Balki M., Lee Y., Halpern S., et al. Ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine in the transverse plane: The correlation between estimated and actual depth to the epidural space in obese parturients. Anesth Analg 2009, 108:1876-1881.
27. Ellinas E.H., Eastwood D.C., Patel S.N., et al. The effect of obesity on neuraxial technique difficulty in pregnant patients: A prospective, observational study. Anesth Analg 2009, 109:1225-1231.
28. Melzack R., Kinch R., Dobkin P., et al. Severity of labour pain: Influence of physical as well as psychologic variables. CMAJ 1984, 130:579-584.
29. Ranta P., Jouppila P., Spalding M., et al. The effect of maternal obesity on labour and labour pain. J Anesth 1995, 50:322-326.
30. Elbourne D., Wiseman R.A. Types of intra-muscular opioids for maternal pain relief in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 2. CD001237.
31. Howell C.J. Epidural versus non-epidural analgesia for pain relief in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 2. CD000331.
32. Hood D.D., Dewan D.M. Anesthetic and obstetric outcome in morbidly obese parturients. Anesthesiology 1993, 79:1210-1218.
33. Grau T., Leipold R.W., Horter J., et al. The lumbar epidural space in pregnancy: Visualization by ultrasonography. Br J Anaesth 2001, 86:798-804.
34. Wallace D.H., Currie J.M., Gilstrap L.C., et al. Indirect sonographic guidance for epidural anesthesia in obese pregnant patients. Reg Anesth 1992, 17:233-236.
35. Arzola C., Davies S., Rofaeel A., et al. Ultrasound using the transverse approach to the lumbar spine provides reliable landmarks for labor epidurals. Anesth Analg 2007, 104:1188-1192.
36. Dresner M. Controversy. Routine use of the sitting position for spinal anaesthesia should be abandoned in obstetric practice. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008, 17:347-349.
37. Hamza J., Smida M., Benhamou D., et al. Parturient's posture during epidural puncture affects the distance from skin to epidural space. J Clin Anesth 1995, 7:1-4.
38. Bahar M., Chanimov M., Cohen M.L., et al. The lateral recumbent head-down position decreases the incidence of epidural venous puncture during catheter insertion in obese parturients. Can J Anaesth 2004, 51:577-580.
39. Ueland K., Novy M.J., Peterson E.N., et al. Maternal cardiovascular dynamics. IV. The influence of gestational age on the maternal cardiovascular response to posture and exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969, 104:856-864.
40. Suonio S., Simpanen A.L., Olkkonen H., et al. Effect of the left lateral recumbent position compared with the supine and upright positions on placental blood flow in normal late pregnancy. Ann Clin Res 1976, 8:22-26.
41. Faheem M., Sarwar N. Sliding of the skin over subcutaneous tissue is another important factor in epidural catheter migration. Can J Anaesth 2002, 49:634.
42. Iwama H., Katayama T. Back skin movement also causes "walking" epidural catheter. J Clin Anesth 1999, 11:140-141.
43. Hamilton C.L., Riley E.T., Cohen S.E. Changes in the position of epidural catheters associated with patient movement. Anesthesiology 1997, 86:778-784. discussion: 29A.
44. Lee S., Lew E., Lim Y., et al. Failure of augmentation of labor epidural analgesia for intrapartum cesarean delivery: A retrospective review. Anesth Analg 2009, 108:252-254.
45. Norris M.C. Are combined spinal-epidural catheters reliable?. Int J Obstet Anesth 2000, 9:3-6.
46. Soens M.A., Birnbach D.J., Ranasinghe J.S., et al. Obstetric anesthesia for the obese and morbidly obese patient: An ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of treatment. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008, 52:6-19.
47. Faure E., Moreno R., Thisted R. Incidence of postdural puncture headache in morbidly obese parturients. Reg Anesth 1994, 19:361-363.
48. Hodgkinson R., Husain F.J. Caesarean section associated with gross obesity. Br J Anaesth 1980, 52:919-923.
49. Johnson J.W., Longmate J.A., Frentzen B. Excessive maternal weight and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 167:353-370. discussion: 70-72.
50. Mhyre J.M., Riesner M.N., Polley L.S., et al. A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985-2003. Anesthesiology 2007, 106:1096-1104.
51. Honarmand A., Safavi M.R. Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy in obstetric patients scheduled for Caesarean delivery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008, 25:714-720.
52. Brodsky J.B. Positioning the morbidly obese patient for anesthesia. Obes Surg 2002, 12:751-758.
53. Brodsky J.B., Lemmens H.J., Brock-Utne J.G., et al. Anesthetic considerations for bariatric surgery: Proper positioning is important for laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2003, 96:1841-1842.
54. Kristensen M.S. Airway management and morbid obesity. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010, 27:923-927.
55. Juvin P., Fèvre G., Merouche M., et al. Gastric residue is not more copious in obese patients. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:1621-1622.
56. Barak N., Ehrenpreis E.D., Harrison J.R., et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in obesity: Pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations. Obes Rev 2002, 3:9-15.
57. Hodgkinson R., Husain F.J. Obesity and the cephalad spread of analgesia following epidural administration of bupivacaine for Cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1980, 59:89-92.
58. Hogan Q.H., Prost R., Kulier A., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid volume and the influence of body habitus and abdominal pressure. Anesthesiology 1996, 84:1341-1349.
59. Carpenter R.L., Hogan Q.H., Liu S.S., et al. Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998, 89:24-29.
60. Butwick A., Carvalho B., Danial C., et al. Retrospective analysis of anesthetic interventions for obese patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth 2010, 22:519-526.
61. Kuczkowski K.M., Benumof J.L. Repeat cesarean section in a morbidly obese parturient: A new anesthetic option. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002, 46:753-754.
62. Goy R.W., Sia A.T. Sensorimotor anesthesia and hypotension after subarachnoid block: Combined spinal-epidural versus single-shot spinal technique. Anesth Analg 2004, 98:491-496.
63. Rawal N., Schollin J., Wesström G. Epidural versus combined spinal epidural block for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988, 32:61-66.
64. Catalano P.M. Management of obesity in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2007, 109:419-433.
65. Bamgbade O.A., Rutter T.W., Nafiu O.O., et al. Postoperative complications in obese and nonobese patients. World J Surg 2007, 31:556-560. discussion: 61.
66. Ballantyne J.C., Carr D.B., deFerranti S., et al. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: Cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg 1998, 86:598-612.
67. Lim Y., Jha S., Sia A.T., et al. Morphine for post-caesarean section analgesia: Intrathecal, epidural or intravenous?. Singapore Med J 2005, 46:392-396.
68. Levin A., Klein S.L., Brolin R.E., et al. Patient-controlled analgesia for morbidly obese patients: An effective modality if used correctly. Anesthesiology 1992, 76:857-858.
69. Eichenberger A., Proietti S., Wicky S., et al. Morbid obesity and postoperative pulmonary atelectasis: An underestimated problem. Anesth Analg 2002, 95:1788-1792.
70. Gross J.B., Bachenberg K.L., Benumof J.L., et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2006, 104:1081-1093.
71. Michota F., Merli G. Anticoagulation in special patient populations: Are special dosing considerations required?. Cleve Clin J Med 2005, 72(Suppl 1):S37-S42.