The Economics of Sepsis

Critical Care Clinics

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 57-76

  Chalupka, Andrew N ^a   Talmor, Daniel ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Bloodstream infection; Cost effectiveness; Costs; Economics; Sepsis

Indexed keywords

DROTRECOGIN;

CATHETER INFECTION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COST UTILITY ANALYSIS; DEVICE REMOVAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG COST; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HOSPITAL COST; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL HYGIENE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LABORATORY TEST; LENGTH OF STAY; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN SUSCEPTIBLE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEPSIS; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME; UNITED STATES;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; CRITICAL CARE; HUMANS; SEPSIS; UNITED STATES; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 82955177065     PISSN: 07490704     EISSN: 15578232     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2011.09.003     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Bone R.C., Balk R.A., Cerra F.B., et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992, 101(6):1644-1655.
2. Martin G.S., Mannino D.M., Eaton S., et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003, 348(16):1546-1554.
3. Martin G.S., Mannino D.M., Moss M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis. Crit Care Med 2006, 34(1):15-21.
4. Mokdad A.H., Marks J.S., Stroup D.F., et al. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 2004, 291(10):1238-1245.
5. Melamed A., Sorvillo F.J. The burden of sepsis-associated mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2005: an analysis of multiple-cause-of-death data. Crit Care 2009, 13(1):R28.
6. Angus D.C., Linde-Zwirble W.T., Lidicker J., et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001, 29(7):1303-1310.
7. Dombrovskiy V.Y., Martin A.A., Sunderram J., et al. Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003. Crit Care Med 2007, 35(5):1244-1250.
8. Watson R.S., Carcillo J.A., Linde-Zwirble W.T., et al. The epidemiology of severe sepsis in children in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167(5):695-701.
9. Padkin A., Goldfrad C., Brady A.R., et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis occurring in the first 24 hrs in intensive care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Crit Care Med 2003, 31(9):2332-2338.
10. Andreu Ballester J.C., Ballester F., Gonzalez Sanchez A., et al. Epidemiology of sepsis in the Valencian Community (Spain), 1995-2004. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29(7):630-634.
11. Cheng B., Xie G., Yao S., et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in critically ill surgical patients in ten university hospitals in China. Crit Care Med 2007, 35(11):2538-2546.
12. Shen H.N., Lu C.L., Yang H.H. Epidemiologic trend of severe sepsis in Taiwan from 1997 through 2006. Chest 2010, 138(2):298-304.
13. Cribbs S.K., Martin G.S. Going global with sepsis: the need for national registries. Crit Care Med 2009, 37(1):338-340.
14. Adhikari N.K., Fowler R.A., Bhagwanjee S., et al. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. Lancet 2010, 376(9749):1339-1346.
15. The global burden of disease: 2004 update 2008, Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland).
16. van Dillen J., Zwart J., Schutte J., et al. Maternal sepsis: epidemiology, etiology and outcome. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010, 23(3):249-254.
17. Thaver D., Zaidi A.K. Burden of neonatal infections in developing countries: a review of evidence from community-based studies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28(1 Suppl):S3-S9.
18. Halpern N.A., Pastores S.M. Critical care medicine in the United States 2000-2005: an analysis of bed numbers, occupancy rates, payer mix, and costs. Crit Care Med 2010, 38(1):65-71.
19. McLaughlin A.M., Hardt J., Canavan J.B., et al. Determining the economic cost of ICU treatment: a prospective "micro-costing" study. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35(12):2135-2140.
20. Moerer O., Plock E., Mgbor U., et al. A German national prevalence study on the cost of intensive care: an evaluation from 51 intensive care units. Crit Care 2007, 11(3):R69.
21. Burchardi H., Schneider H. Economic aspects of severe sepsis: a review of intensive care unit costs, cost of illness and cost effectiveness of therapy. Pharmacoeconomics 2004, 22(12). 793-13.
22. Edbrooke D.L., Hibbert C.L., Kingsley J.M., et al. The patient-related costs of care for sepsis patients in a United Kingdom adult general intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1999, 27(9):1760-1767.
23. Schmid A., Pugin J., Chevrolet J.C., et al. Burden of illness imposed by severe sepsis in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly 2004, 134(7-8):97-102.
24. Moerer O., Schmid A., Hofmann M., et al. Direct costs of severe sepsis in three German intensive care units based on retrospective electronic patient record analysis of resource use. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28(10):1440-1446.
25. Bates D.W., Yu D.T., Black E., et al. Resource utilization among patients with sepsis syndrome. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003, 24(1):62-70.
26. Friedman B., Henke R.M., Wier L.M. Statistical Brief no. 97: Most expensive hospitalizations, 2008 October 2010, U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville (MD).
27. Spengler R.F., Greenough W.B. Hospital costs and mortality attributed to nosocomial bacteremias. JAMA 1978, 240(22):2455-2458.
28. Angus D.C., Linde-Zwirble W.T., Clermont G., et al. Cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003, 31(1):1-11.
29. Braun L., Riedel A.A., Cooper L.M. Severe sepsis in managed care: analysis of incidence, one-year mortality, and associated costs of care. J Manag Care Pharm 2004, 10(6):521-530.
30. Yu D.T., Black E., Sands K.E., et al. Severe sepsis: variation in resource and therapeutic modality use among academic centers. Crit Care 2003, 7(3):R24-R34.
31. Lagu T., Rothberg M.B., Nathanson B.H., et al. The relationship between hospital spending and mortality in patients with sepsis. Arch Intern Med 2011, 171(4):292-299.
32. Ernst F.R., Malatestinic W.N., Linde-Zwirble W.T. Evaluating the clinical and financial impact of severe sepsis with Medicare or other administrative hospital data. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006, 63(6):575-581.
33. Rosenthal V.D., Guzman S., Migone O., et al. The attributable cost, length of hospital stay, and mortality of central line-associated bloodstream infection in intensive care departments in Argentina: a prospective, matched analysis. Am J Infect Control 2003, 31(8):475-480.
34. Pirson M., Dramaix M., Struelens M., et al. Costs associated with hospital-acquired bacteraemia in a Belgian hospital. J Hosp Infect 2005, 59(1):33-40.
35. Pirson M., Leclercq P., Jackson T., et al. Financial consequences of hospital-acquired bacteraemia in three Belgian hospitals in 2003 and 2004. J Hosp Infect 2008, 68(1):9-16.
36. Vrijens F., Hulstaert F., Van de Sande S., et al. Hospital-acquired, laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections: linking national surveillance data to clinical and financial hospital data to estimate increased length of stay and healthcare costs. J Hosp Infect 2010, 75(3):158-162.
37. Sogayar A.M., Machado F.R., Rea-Neto A., et al. A multicentre, prospective study to evaluate costs of septic patients in Brazilian intensive care units. Pharmacoeconomics 2008, 26(5):425-434.
38. Letarte J., Longo C.J., Pelletier J., et al. Patient characteristics and costs of severe sepsis and septic shock in Quebec. J Crit Care 2002, 17(1):39-49.
39. Brun-Buisson C., Roudot-Thoraval F., Girou E., et al. The costs of septic syndromes in the intensive care unit and influence of hospital-acquired sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29(9):1464-1471.
40. Kothari A., Sagar V., Ahluwalia V., et al. Costs associated with hospital-acquired bacteraemia in an Indian hospital: a case-control study. J Hosp Infect 2009, 71(2):143-148.
41. Higuera F., Rangel-Frausto M.S., Rosenthal V.D., et al. Attributable cost and length of stay for patients with central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection in Mexico City intensive care units: a prospective, matched analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28(1):31-35.
42. Flaatten H., Kvale R. Cost of intensive care in a Norwegian university hospital 1997-1999. Crit Care 2003, 7(1):72-78.
43. Saleh S.S., Callan M., Therriau'lt M., et al. The cost impact of hospital-acquired conditions among critical care patients. Med Care 2010, 48(6):518-526.
44. Richards M.J., Edwards J.R., Culver D.H., et al. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit Care Med 1999, 27(5):887-892.
45. Richards M.J., Edwards J.R., Culver D.H., et al. Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000, 21(8):510-515.
46. Richards M.J., Edwards J.R., Culver D.H., et al. Nosocomial infections in coronary care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Cardiol 1998, 82(6):789-793.
47. Wisplinghoff H., Bischoff T., Tallent S.M., et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(3):309-317.
48. Alberti C., Brun-Buisson C., Burchardi H., et al. Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28(2):108-121.
49. Eber M.R., Laxminarayan R., Perencevich E.N., et al. Clinical and economic outcomes attributable to health care-associated sepsis and pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2010, 170(4):347-353.
50. Vandijck D.M., Depaemelaere M., Labeau S.O., et al. Daily cost of antimicrobial therapy in patients with intensive care unit-acquired, laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008, 31(2):161-165.
51. Medicare program; changes to the hospital inpatient prospective payment systems and fiscal year 2008 rates. Fed Regist 2007, 72(162):47129-48175.
52. Morace G., Borghi E. Fungal infections in ICU patients: epidemiology and the role of diagnostics. Minerva Anestesiol 2010, 76(11):950-956.
53. Shorr A.F., Gupta V., Sun X., et al. Burden of early-onset candidemia: analysis of culture-positive bloodstream infections from a large U.S. database. Crit Care Med 2009, 37(9):2519-2526. [quiz: 2535].
54. Lee I., Morales K.H., Zaoutis T.E., et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of decreased fluconazole susceptibility in patients with Candida glabrata bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control 2010, 38(9):740-745.
55. Lodise T.P., McKinnon P.S. Clinical and economic impact of methicillin resistance in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005, 52(2):113-122.
56. McHugh C.G., Riley L.W. Risk factors and costs associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004, 25(5):425-430.
57. Greiner W., Rasch A., Kohler D., et al. Clinical outcome and costs of nosocomial and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in haemodialysis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 13(3):264-268.
58. Reed S.D., Friedman J.Y., Engemann J.J., et al. Costs and outcomes among hemodialysis-dependent patients with methicillin-resistant or methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005, 26(2):175-183.
59. Romero-Vivas J., Rubio M., Fernandez C., et al. Mortality associated with nosocomial bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 21(6):1417-1423.
60. Ben-David D., Novikov I., Mermel L.A. Are there differences in hospital cost between patients with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection and those with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus bloodstream infection?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30(5):453-460.
61. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report. Data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 2004, 32(8):470-485.
62. Stosor V., Peterson L.R., Postelnick M., et al. Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: does vancomycin resistance make a difference?. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158(5):522-527.
63. Butler A.M., Olsen M.A., Merz L.R., et al. Attributable costs of enterococcal bloodstream infections in a nonsurgical hospital cohort. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31(1):28-35.
64. Weycker D., Akhras K.S., Edelsberg J., et al. Long-term mortality and medical care charges in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003, 31(9):2316-2323.
65. Lee H., Doig C.J., Ghali W.A., et al. Detailed cost analysis of care for survivors of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2004, 32(4):981-985.
66. Schmid A., Burchardi H., Clouth J., Schneider H. Burden of illness imposed by severe sepsis in Germany. Eur J Health Econ 2002, 3(2):77-82.
67. Kissick W.L. Medicine's dilemmas 1994, Yale University Press, New Haven (CT).
68. Coughlin M.T., Angus D.C. Economic evaluation of new therapies in critical illness. Crit Care Med 2003, 31(1 Suppl):S7-S16.
69. Gold M., Siegel J., Russel L., et al. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine 1996, Oxford University Press, New York.
70. Edgeworth J. Intravascular catheter infections. J Hosp Infect 2009, 73(4):323-330.
71. Sherertz R.J., Ely E.W., Westbrook D.M., et al. Education of physicians-in-training can decrease the risk for vascular catheter infection. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132(8):641-648.
72. Young E.M., Commiskey M.L., Wilson S.J. Translating evidence into practice to prevent central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections: a systems-based intervention. Am J Infect Control 2006, 34(8):503-506.
73. Veenstra D.L., Saint S., Sullivan S.D. Cost-effectiveness of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection. JAMA 1999, 282(6):554-560.
74. Shorr A.F., Humphreys C.W., Helman D.L. New choices for central venous catheters: potential financial implications. Chest 2003, 124(1):275-284.
75. Halton K.A., Cook D.A., Whitby M., et al. Cost effectiveness of antimicrobial catheters in the intensive care unit: addressing uncertainty in the decision. Crit Care 2009, 13(2):R35.
76. Berwick D.M., Calkins D.R., McCannon C.J., et al. The 100,000 lives campaign: setting a goal and a deadline for improving health care quality. JAMA 2006, 295(3):324-327.
77. Halton K.A., Cook D., Paterson D.L., et al. Cost-effectiveness of a central venous catheter care bundle. PLoS One 2010, 5(9):e12815.
78. Yan S.B., Helterbrand J.D., Hartman D.L., et al. Low levels of protein C are associated with poor outcome in severe sepsis. Chest 2001, 120(3):915-922.
79. Bernard G.R., Vincent J.L., Laterre P.F., et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(10):699-709.
80. Green C., Dinnes J., Takeda A.L., et al. Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) for the treatment of severe sepsis in the United Kingdom. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2006, 22(1):90-100.
81. Higgins T.L., Steingrub J.S., Tereso G.J., et al. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in sepsis: initial experience with patient selection, cost, and clinical outcomes. J Intensive Care Med 2005, 20(6):339-345.
82. Fowler R.A., Hill-Popper M., Stasinos J., et al. Cost-effectiveness of recombinant human activated protein C and the influence of severity of illness in the treatment of patients with severe sepsis. J Crit Care 2003, 18(3):181-191.
83. Abraham E., Laterre P.F., Garg R., et al. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) for adults with severe sepsis and a low risk of death. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(13):1332-1341.
84. Manns B.J., Lee H., Doig C.J., et al. An economic evaluation of activated protein C treatment for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2002, 347(13):993-1000.
85. Hjelmgren J., Persson U., Tennvall G.R. Local treatment pattern versus trial-based data: a cost-effectiveness analysis of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of severe sepsis in Sweden. Am J Ther 2005, 12(5):425-430.
86. Riou Franca L., Launois R., Le Lay K., et al. Cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of severe sepsis with multiple organ failure. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2006, 22(1):101-108.
87. Dhainaut J.F., Payet S., Vallet B., et al. Cost-effectiveness of activated protein C in real-life clinical practice. Crit Care 2007, 11(5):R99.
88. Neilson A.R., Burchardi H., Chinn C., et al. Cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) for the treatment of severe sepsis in Germany. J Crit Care 2003, 18(4):217-227.
89. Davies A., Ridley S., Hutton J., et al. Cost effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) for the treatment of severe sepsis in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesia 2005, 60(2):155-162.
90. Betancourt M., McKinnon P.S., Massanari R.M., et al. An evaluation of the cost effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) relative to the number of organ system failures. Pharmacoeconomics 2003, 21(18):1331-1340.
91. Marti-Carvajal A.J., Sola I., Lathyris D., Cardona A.F. Human recombinant activated protein C for severe sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, 4. CD004388.
92. Finfer S., Ranieri V.M., Thompson B.T., et al. Design, conduct, analysis and reporting of a multi-national placebo-controlled trial of activated protein C for persistent septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34(11):1935-1947.
93. Talmor D., Greenberg D., Howell M.D., et al. The costs and cost-effectiveness of an integrated sepsis treatment protocol. Crit Care Med 2008, 36(4):1168-1174.
94. Shapiro N.I., Howell M., Talmor D. A blueprint for a sepsis protocol. Acad Emerg Med 2005, 12(4):352-359.
95. Suarez D., Ferrer R., Artigas A., et al. Cost-effectiveness of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocol for severe sepsis: a prospective nation-wide study in Spain. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37(3):444-452.
96. Huang D.T., Clermont G., Dremsizov T.T., et al. Implementation of early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock: a decision analysis. Crit Care Med 2007, 35(9):2090-2100.
97. Jones A.E., Troyer J.L., Kline J.A. Cost-effectiveness of an emergency department-based early sepsis resuscitation protocol. Crit Care Med 2011, 39(6):1306-1312.
98. Bataar O., Lundeg G., Tsenddorj G., et al. Nationwide survey on resource availability for implementing current sepsis guidelines in Mongolia. Bull World Health Organ 2010, 88(11):839-846.
99. Becker J.U., Theodosis C., Jacob S.T., et al. Surviving sepsis in low-income and middle-income countries: new directions for care and research. Lancet Infect Dis 2009, 9(9):577-582.
100. Cheng A.C., West T.E., Limmathurotsakul D., et al. Strategies to reduce mortality from bacterial sepsis in adults in developing countries. PLoS Med 2008, 5(8):e175.
101. Cheng A.C., West T.E., Peacock S.J. Surviving sepsis in developing countries. Crit Care Med 2008, 36(8):2487. [author reply: 2487-8].