Depression after exposure to stressful events: Lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic

Comprehensive Psychiatry

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 15-23

  Liu, Xinhua ^a   Kakade, Meghana ^b   Fuller, Cordelia J ^b   Fan, Bin ^b   Fang, Yunyun ^c   Kong, Junhui ^c   Guan, Zhiqiang ^d   Wu, Ping ^a,b,e  

^a Mailman School of Public Health   (United States)

^b NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE MEDICINE   (China)

^d National Institute for Social Insurance   (China)

^e Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HOSPITAL PERSONNEL; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; JOB STRESS; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

ADULT; AGED; CHINA; DEPRESSION; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 82755187340     PISSN: 0010440X     EISSN: 15328384     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. J.S. Peiris, K.Y. Yuen, A.D. Osterhaus, and K. Stohr The severe acute respiratory syndrome N Engl J Med 349 2003 2431 2441 (Pubitemid 37542993)
2. WHO The World Health Report 2006 2006 World Health Organization Geneva
3. WHO Summary table of SARS cases by country, 1 November 2002 - 7 August 2003 2003 World Health Organization Geneva
4. M.Y. Chong, W.C. Wang, and W.C. Hsieh Psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on health workers in a tertiary hospital Br J Psychiatry 185 2004 127 133
5. K. Sim, P.N. Chong, Y.H. Chan, and W.S. Soon Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related psychiatric and posttraumatic morbidities and coping responses in medical staff within a primary health care setting in Singapore J Clin Psychiatry 65 2004 1120 1127
6. SARS Commission. Spring of Fear, Volumes 1, 2 and 3. In. Toronto, ON: SARS Commission (Canada); 2006.
7. G.M. McAlonan, A.M. Lee, and V. Cheung Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers Can J Psychiatry 52 2007 241 247 (Pubitemid 46743471)
8. K. Sim, and H.C. Chua The psychological impact of SARS: a matter of heart and mind [comment] Cmaj 170 2004 811 812 168(13):1649-60 (Pubitemid 38326545)
9. S. Nolen-Hoeksema, and J. Morrow A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake J Pers Soc Psychol 61 1991 115 121
10. C.S. North, A. Kawasaki, E.L. Spitznagel, and B.A. Hong The course of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse, and somatization after a natural disaster J Nerv Ment Dis 192 2004 823 829 (Pubitemid 39657330)
11. M. Ben-Ezra, Y. Palgi, N. Essar, H. Sofer, and Y. Haber Acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depression among rescue personnel 24 hours after the Bet-Yehoshua train crash: the effects of exposure to dead bodies Prehosp Disaster Med 23 2008 461 465 discussion 466
12. W.J. Lancee, R.G. Maunder, and D.S. Goldbloom Coauthors for the Impact of SS. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak Psychiatr Serv 59 2008 91 95
13. S. Tabolli, A. Ianni, C. Renzi, C. Di Pietro, and P. Puddu Job satisfaction, burnout and stress amongst nursing staff: a survey in two hospitals in Rome G Ital Med Lav Ergon 28 2006 49 52
14. R.D. Marshall, R. Bryant, and L. Amsel The psychology of ongoing threat: relative risk appraisal, September 11, 2001, attacks and terrorism-related fears Am Psychol 62 2007 304 316
15. J. Gallacher, K. Bronstering, S. Palmer, D. Fone, and R. Lyons Symptomatology attributable to psychological exposure to a chemical incident: a natural experiment J Epidemiol Community Health 61 2007 506 512 (Pubitemid 46799552)
16. R. Kishon-Barash, E. Midlarsky, and D.R. Johnson Altruism and the Vietnam war veteran: the relationship of helping to symptomatology J Trauma Stress 12 1999 655 662 (Pubitemid 30050845)
17. C.E. Agaibi, and J.P. Wilson Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: a review of the literature Trauma Violence Abuse Rev J 6 3 2005 195 216
18. P. Wu, Y. Fang, and Z. Guan The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk Can J Psychiatry 54 2009 302 311
19. P. Dulin, R.D. Hill, J. Anderson, and D. Rasmussen Altruism as a predictor of life satisfaction in a sample of low-income older adult service providers J Ment Health Aging 7 2001 349 360
20. T. Fujiwara The role of altruistic behavior in generalized anxiety disorder and major depression among adults in the United States J Affect Disord 101 2007 219 225 (Pubitemid 46881263)
21. P. Wu, X. Liu, and Y. Fang Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak Alcohol Alcohol 43 2008 706 712 37(5):409-15
22. W.R. Saltzman, R.S. Pynoos, C.M. Layne, A.M. Steinberg, and E. Aisenberg Trauma- and grief-focused intervention for adolescents exposed to community violence: results of a school-based screening and group treatment protocol Group Dynamics: Theor Res Pract 5 2001 291 303 (Pubitemid 33080922)
23. C.W. Hoven, C.S. Duarte, and C.P. Lucas Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11 Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 2005 545 552 (Pubitemid 40628884)
24. L.S. Radloff The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population Appl Psychol Meas 1 1977 385 401
25. C.K. Cheung, and C. Bagley Validating an American scale in Hong Kong: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) J Psychol: Interdiscip Appl 132 1998 169 186 (Pubitemid 128469734)
26. T. Xin, and J. Shen The structure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and its application in Chinese adults Chin J Clin Psychol 5 1997 14 16
27. T. Craig, and P. van Natta Recognition of depressed affect in hospitalized psychiatric patients: staff and patient perceptions Dis Nerv Syst 37 1976 561 566
28. Y. Song, Y. Huang, and D. Liu Depression in college: depressive symptoms and personality factors in Beijing and Hong Kong college freshmen Compr Psychiatry 49 2008 496 502
29. D. Weiss, and C. Marmar The impact of event scale-revised J. Wilson, T. Keane, Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A practitioner's handbook 1997 Guilford Press New York 399 411
30. Hou WL. The correlation between life threatening situation, post-traumatic responses, and psychophysiological symptoms among abused women (M.Sc. Thesis: Kaohsiung Medical University, Graduate Institute of Nursing, 2001). In. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Kaohsiung Medical University; 2001.
31. C.C. Hsu, M.Y. Chong, P. Yang, and C.F. Yen Posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescent earthquake victims in Taiwan J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 2002 875 881 (Pubitemid 38338104)
32. L. Hawryluck, W.L. Gold, and S. Robinson SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada Emerg Infect Dis 10 2004 1206 1212 (Pubitemid 38890930)
33. A. Feinstein, J. Owen, and N.A. Blair Hazardous profession: war, journalists, and psychopathology Am J Psychiatry 159 2002 1570 1575 (Pubitemid 35006739)
34. E. Robertson, K. Hershenfield, S.L. Grace, and D.E. Stewart The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers Can J Psychiatry - Rev Canadienne de Psychiatrie 49 2004 403 407 (Pubitemid 38878673)
35. S.S. Johal Psychosocial impacts of quarantine during disease outbreaks and interventions that may help to relieve strain N Z Med J 122 2009 47 52
36. Y. Bai, C.C. Lin, and C.Y. Lin Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak Psychiatr Serv 55 2004 1055 1057 (Pubitemid 39209691)
37. R. Styra, L. Hawryluck, and W.L. Gold SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada [reply] Emerg Infect Dis 10 2005 354 355 12(12):1924-32 (Pubitemid 40239268)
38. C.W. Tam, E.P. Pang, L.C. Lam, and H.F. Chiu Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003: stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers Psychol Med 34 2004 1197 1204 (Pubitemid 39517150)
39. S. Borwein In Beijing during the SARS outbreak Can Fam Physician 50 2004 861 863
40. W. Feigelman, B.S. Gorman, and J.R. Jordan Stigmatization and suicide bereavement Death Stud 33 2009 591 608
41. C.S. Fullerton, R.J. Ursano, and L. Wang Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers Am J Psychiatry 161 2004 1370 1376 (Pubitemid 38989088)
42. G.N. Marshall, T.L. Schell, M.N. Elliott, S. Berthold, and C.A. Chun Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States JAMA: J Am Med Assoc 294 5 2005 571 579 (Pubitemid 41126899)
43. A.Y. Shalev, S. Freedman, and T. Peri Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma Am J Psychiatry 155 1998 630 637 (Pubitemid 28225403)
44. A. Favaro, C. Zaetta, G. Colombo, and P. Santonastaso Surviving the Vajont disaster: psychiatric consequences 36 years later J Nerv Mental Dis 192 2004 227 231 (Pubitemid 38352339)
45. W.R. Saltzman, C.M. Layne, and A.M. Steinberg Community Violence Exposure Survey (CVES). Unpublished psychological test 1998 UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Program Los Angeles (Calif)
46. R.G. Maunder, W.J. Lancee, and S. Rourke Factors associated with the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on nurses and other hospital workers in Toronto Psychosom Med 66 2004 938 942 (Pubitemid 39552879)
47. S.M. Ho, R.S. Kwong-Lo, C.W. Mak, and J.S. Wong Fear of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among health care workers J Consult Clin Psychol 73 2005 344 349 (Pubitemid 40446391)
48. D. Koh, M.K. Lim, and S.E. Chia Risk perception and impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: what can we learn? Med Care 43 2005 676 682 (Pubitemid 40993762)