Multilateral cooperation in Africa between China and Western countries: From differences to consensus

Review of International Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 1793-1813

  Luo, Jianbo ^a   Zhang, Xiaomin ^b  

^a Party School   (China)

^b BEIJING FOREIGN STUDIES UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82455162726     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210511000179     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. See Uwe Wissenbach, 'The Renaissance or the End of Geopolitics? Towards Trilateral Cooperation in Africa', International Review (Summer 2008), pp. 83-97;
2. Bernt Berger and Uwe Wissenbach, 'EU-China-Africa trilateral development cooperation: Common Challenges and new directions', Discussion Paper, Bonn (2007), {http://www.ec-an.eu/files/bergerweissenbach-0.pdf};
3. Denis M. Tull, 'China in Africa: European Perceptions and Response to the Chinese Challenge', SAIS working paper in African Studies Program, The Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC, {http://www.china-europa-forum.net/bdfdoc- 1562-zh.html};
4. Jonathan Holslag and Sara Van Hoeymissen (eds), 'The Limits of Socialization: The Search for EU-China Cooperation Towards Security Challenges in Africa', BICCS policy paper, Brussels (30 May 2010).
5. Mao Zedong said, 'America and the Soviet Union belong to the First World; Japan, Europe and Canada belong to the Second World; we belong to the Third World'.
6. See Xie Yixian, History of China's Diplomacy (from 1949-1979) (Zhengzhou: Henan Renmin Press 1988), pp. 443-52.
7. Li Anshan, 'Give the Right Name to China: China's Africa Strategy and Its National Image', World Economy and Politics, 4 (2008), pp. 6-15.
8. Liu Hongwu, 'Contemporary Sino-African Relationship and the Revitalizing Asian and African Civilizations', World Economy and Politics, 9 (2008), pp. 29-37.
9. Uwe Wissenbach, 'The Renaissance or the End of Geopolitics? Towards Trilateral Cooperation in Africa', p. 86.
10. 'African Bank Shanghai Anniversary: Promote Mutual Benefit and Win-win', {http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/k/200705/20070504702076.html}.
11. Harry G. Broadman, Africa's Silk Road: China and India's New Economic Frontier (Washington DC: the World Bank, 2007).
12. Robert S. Ross, 'Engagement in US China Policy', in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross (eds), Engaging China: The Management of an Emerging Power (London and New York: Routledge 1999), pp. 180-211.
13. Thomas J. Christensen and James Swan, 'China in Africa: Implications for US Policy', {http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/2008/hrg080604a.html}.
14. See Toyin Falola and Ann Genova, The Politics of the Global Oil Industry (Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc., 2005), p. 3;
15. Francisco Parra, Oil Politics: a Modern History of Petroleum (London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 2004), pp. 1-5.
16. Michael L. Ross, 'The Political Economy of the Resource Curse', World Politics (January 1999), pp. 297-322;
17. James A. Robinson, Ragnar Torvik and Thierry Verdier, 'Political Foundations of the Resource Curse', Journal of Development Economics, 79 (2006), pp. 447-68.
18. See Li Ruogu, 'Distorted China-Africa Cooperation and the Refutation', World Economics and Politics, 4 (2009), pp. 16-25.
19. Ray Kiel, 'Poverty Reduction Through Liberalisation? Neoliberalism and the Myth of Global Covergence', Review of International Studies, 33 (2007), pp. 415-34;
20. Tim Conway, Trade Liberalisation and Poverty Reduction, Overseas Development Institute, London (February 2004), {http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/ download/2267.pdf}.
21. Hu Mei and Liu Hongwu, 'Ideology First or Livelihood Improvement First? A Comparison between the "Democracy Aid to Africa" of the West and "Livelihood Aid to Africa" of China', World Economy and Politics, 10 (2009), pp. 17-24.
22. P. Olisanwuche Esedebe, Pan-Africanism: the Idea and Movement, 1776-1991 (Washington, DC: Howard University press, 1994), p. 18.
23. 'The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership: A Joint Africa-EU Strategy', Lisbon, Portugal (7-9 December 2007), p. 3, {http://www.africa-union.org/root/ AU/Conferences/2007/December/eu-au/docs/joint
24. Uwe Wissenbach, 'The Renaissance or the End of Geopolitics? Towards Trilateral Cooperation in Africa', p. 85.
25. Mwesiga Baregu, 'Africa-China-EU: From the Perspective of Africa', International Review (Summer 2008), p. 68.
26. Liu Xiaoping, 'Impacts of "Human Rights Orientation" in EU's Foreign Assistance on Africa', Forum on Economy & Politics, 3 (2009), pp. 24-32;
27. Zhang Yongpeng, 'Comments on EU's Aid to Africa', West Asia and Africa, 6 (2003), pp. 34-42.
28. Li Anshan, 'On the Adjustment and Transformation of China's Africa Policy', West Asia and Africa, 8 (2006), pp. 11-20.
29. See 'China's African Policy', People's Daily (13 January 2006).
30. See Kenneth King, 'The Partnership between China and Africa', International Politics Quarterly, 4 (2006), p. 13.
31. 'Wen Jiabao: Promote a New Type of Sino-African Strategic Partnership', People's Daily (9 November 2009).
32. Hannah Edinger and Johanna Jansson, 'China's "Angola Model" comes to the DRC, the China Monitor, 34. pp. 5-10.
33. Martyn J. Davies, 'China's Foreign Aid Policy toward Africa', World Economy and Politics, 9 (2008), pp. 38-44.
34. Mwesiga Baregu, 'Africa-China-EU: From the Perspective of Africa', International Review (Summer 2008), p. 72.
35. See Luo Jianbo, 'The African NGOs and the Sino-African Relations', Contemporary International Relations, 4, pp. 10-15.
36. Tunde Adelakun, 'Is the influence of China growing in Nigeria', {http://www.helium.com/items/439062-is-the-influence-of-china-growing-in- nigeria}.
37. See John Williamson, 'What Washington Means by policy reform', in Latin American adjustment: How much has happened? (Institute for international economics, Washington, DC, 1990);
38. Council on Hemispheric Affairs, the IMF and the Washington Consensus: A misunderstood and poorly implemented development strategy (19 July 2005), {http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/wbimf/3493.html}.
39. Zou Dongtao, '"Washington Consensus", "Beijing Consensus" and the Special Path of China's Development', in Yu Keping (ed.), China Model and 'China Consensus': Transcend 'Washington Consensus' (zhongguo moshi yu 'Beijing gongshi': chaoyue 'Huashengdun gongshi') (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2006), pp. 409-34.
40. About the 'Post-Washington Consensus', please see World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 111.
41. Joshua Cooper Ramo (ed.), The China Image: China in the Eyes of Foreign Scholars (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2006), pp. 283-333. (Chinese version)
42. For instance, the Declaration of the Beijing Summit Of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (Draft) issued by China and Africa in 2006 proclaimed 'Increase exchange of views on governance and development to learn from each other, make common progress and enhance our respective capacity for self-development.' See 'Declaration of the Beijing Summit Of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation', People's Daily (6 November 2006.
43. Li Anshan, 'Chinese Experiences in Development: Some Implications for Africa', in Liu Hongwu and Yang Jiemian (eds), Fifty Years of Sino-African Cooperation: Background, Progress & Significance (Yunnan University Press, 2009), pp. 81-90.
44. 'China is an Important Practitioner of Poverty Alleviation among the World', People's Daily (2 September 2008).
45. Thabo Mbeki, 'At the Heavenly Gate in Beijing Hope is Born', ANC Today (10 November 2006).
46. Abdoulaye Wade, 'Time for the West to Practice What it Preaches', Financial Times (24 January 2008).
47. Joshua Cooper Ramo (ed.), The China Image: China in the Eyes of Foreign Scholars, pp. 283-333.
48. Mark Leonard, 'The Road Obscured: New Left or "Neo-Comm"?', Financial Times (9 July 2005);
49. also see Bates Gill and Yan Zhong Huang, 'Sources and Limits of Chinese "Soft Power"', Survival, 48:2 (2006), pp. 17-36.
50. 'Enhance Sino-African Cooperation and Improve Foreign Aid Efficiency', People's Daily (9 February 2009).
51. The missions are African Union-UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), UN Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS), UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI), UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) and UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO). See 'UN Peacekeeping', {http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/currentops. shtml#africa}.
52. Fang Xiao, 'Sino-European Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges', International Review (Summer 2008), pp. 139-43.
53. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Beijing: Peking University Press, 2005), pp. 1-58. (Chinese version)
54. The Economist print edition, 'The New Colonialists', The Economist (13 March 2008), {http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story-id= 10853534}.
55. See The American Council on Foreign Relations, More than Humanitarianism: A Strategic US Approach toward Africa, Independent Task Force Report No. 56 (New York, 2006), p. 53.
56. Erica S. Downs, 'The Fact and Fiction of Sino-African Energy Relations', China Security, 3:3 (2007), pp. 43-7.
57. Spokeswoman Jiang Yu Holds the Regular Press Conference on 24 April 2008, {http://www.fmprc. gov.cn/chn/xwfw/fyrth/t428635.htm}.
58. UK Department for International Development, 'Cooperate with China to Realize the Millennium Development Goal in Africa', {http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ countries/asia/China/partners.asp}.
59. Fredrick Mutesa, 'China's footprints in Zambia', Paper presented at the meeting of 'China's Footprint in Development Countries Research Sharing Workshop', Hong Kong, YMCA International House (22-24 January).
60. Thomas J. Christensen and James Swan, 'China in Africa: Implications for US Policy', {http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/2008/hrg080604a.html}.
61. Rachel Utley, '"Not to do less but to do better⋯": French military policy in Africa', Internal Affairs, 78:1 (2002), pp. 129-46.
62. 'The National Security Strategy of the US of America', {http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/nss2006.pdf}.
63. 'The New Partnership for Africa's Development', {http://www.nepad.org/ 2005/files/documents/inbrief. pdf}.
64. Luo Jianbo and Jiang Hengkun, 'Settlement of Darfur Crisis and the Shaping of China's Image', Foreign Affairs Review, 3 (2008), pp. 44-50;
65. Adam Al-Zein Mohamed and Al-Tayeb Ibrahim Weddai (eds), Perspectives on tribal conflicts in Sudan (Institute of Afro-Asian Studies: University of Khartoum 1998).
66. See 'Enhance Sino-African Cooperation and Improve Foreign Aid Efficiency', People's Daily (9 February 2009).
67. UK Department for International Development, 'Cooperate with China to Realize the Millennium Development Goal in Africa', {http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ countries/asia/China/partners.asp}.
68. Commission of the European Communities, 'The EU, Africa and China: Towards trilateral dialogue and cooperation', {http://ec.europa.eu/development/ icentre/repository/COMM-PDF-COM-2008-0654-F-COMMUNICATION-en.pdf}.
69. 'The Final Statement of the Dialogue between Africa, China and the US of America', West Asia and Africa, 1 (2008), pp. 63-5.
70. Some of the Chinese non-governmental organisations begin to become active in Africa. On 7-15 December 2009, China NGO Network for International Exchanges, China Family Planning Association, Beijing NGO Association for International Exchanges and Beijing Charity Association jointly carried out a training programme on prevention of HIV/AIDS in Harare, Zimbabwe together with Zimbabwe New Hope Foundation and Africa Medical-Volunteer Association.