Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power'

Survival

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 17-36

  Gill, Bates ^a   Huang, Yanzhong ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33747616843     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: 14682699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00396330600765377     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. See for example Zbigniew Brzezinski and John J. Mearsheimer, 'Clash of the Titans', Foreign Policy, no. 146, January-February 2005, pp. 46-50.
2. See Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004); and Joseph S. Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990).
3. Lam Pin Foo, 'Only the Tang Dynasty Came Close to Having Influence', The Straits Times, 26 October 1996.
4. 'Big Increase in Chinese "TOEFL" Examinees', People's Daily Online, 7 January 2003, available at http://english.people.com.cn/200301/07/eng20030107_109699.shtml.
5. Tim Johnson, 'China Muscles In: From Trade to Diplomacy to Language, the U.S. is being Challenged', The Gazette (Montreal), 30 October 2005.
6. Chinese Ministry of Education, 20 May 2005, available at http://www.eoe.or.kr/ziliaoshi/tongjiziliao/2004aihualiuxue.doc.
7. Ibid.
8. See Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongguo jiaoyu nianjian [China Education Yearbook] (Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, various years).
9. Zhongguo jiaoyu nianjian 2005.
10. David Shambaugh, 'Rising Dragon and the American Eagle', YaleGlobal, 20 April 2005.
11. Nye, Soft Power, pp. 15-16.
12. Institute of International Education, Open Doors 2004. Report on International Educational Exchange, available at http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/?p=49931.
13. Jane Perlez, 'For Many Asians, China is Cultural Magnet', International Herald Tribune, 19 November 2004.
14. Anne McGrath, 'A Loss of Foreign Talent', U.S. News & World Report, 22 November 2004, p. 76.
15. See David S.G. Goodman, 'China in East Asian and World Culture', in Barry Buzan and Rosemary Foot, Does China Matter? A Reassessment (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 73.
16. See Hu Jintao's address to a Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament on 24 October 2003, available at http://www.australianpolitics.com/news/ 2003/10/03-10-24b.shtml.
17. Nye, Soft Power, p. 56.
18. Liu Jie, 'Chinese Tourists Flocking Overseas', China Daily, 4 July 2005.
19. Jane Perlez, 'Chinese Move to Eclipse U.S. Appeal in South Asia', New York Times, 18 November 2004.
20. Joshua Cooper Ramo, The Beijing Consensus (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2004).
21. Robert Kaplan, 'Sometimes, Autocracy Breeds Freedom', New York Times, 28 June 1998.
22. Greg Sheridan, 'Chinese Model Passes the Test', The Australian, 25 August 2005.
23. Thomas L. Friedman, 'Thou Shalt Not Destroy the Center', New York Times, 11 November 2005.
24. Howard W. French, 'China Moves Toward Another West: Central Asia', New York Times, 28 March 2004.
25. 'Manmohan Singh Sees China as Model for Economic Growth,' India Daily, 23 January 2005.
26. Ramo, The Beijing Consensus, p. 34.
27. Abraham McLaughlin and Ryan Truscott, 'Africa Looks East for Political Role Models', Christian Science Monitor, 5 July 2005.
28. Bijan Khajehpour, 'Protest and Regime Resilience in Iran', Middle East Report Online, 11 December 2002, http://www.merip.org/mero/ mero121102.html; 'Iran's Islamic Conservatives Ponder "Chinese Model"', Reuters, 25 February 2004.
29. 'Iran Election: The Chinese Model versus the North Korean Model', Asharq Alawsat, 24 June 2005.
30. Denis D. Gray, 'In Laos, a 30-year Communist Lock', AP, 2 December 2005; Eric Teo Chu Cheow, 'China lights Vietnam's path', The Japan Times 12 January 2004.
31. Mark Leonard, 'The Road Obscured: New Left or "Neo-Comm"?', Financial Times, 9 July 2005.
32. Nye, Soft Power, p. 7.
33. Evan S. Medeiros and M. Taylor Fravel, 'China's New Diplomacy', Foreign Affairs, vol. 82, no. 6, November-December 2003, pp. 22-35.
34. Bates Gill, Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy, unpublished manuscript, chap. 1.
35. State Council Information Office, 'White Paper on Peaceful Development Road', 22 December 2005, available at http://www.china.org.cn/english/ 2005/Dec/152669.htm.
36. M. Taylor Fravel, 'Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes', International Security, vol. 30, no. 2, Fall 2005, p. 46.
37. Alistair Iain Johnston, 'Is China a Status Quo Power?', International Security, vol. 27, no. 4, Summer 2003, pp. 5-56.
38. Renmin ribao, overseas edition, 20 October 2005; Jean A. Garrison, 'China's Prudent Cultivation of "Soft" Power and Implications for U.S. Policy in East Asia', Asian Affairs: An American Review, vol. 32, no. 1, Spring 2005, p. 26.
39. For a background on China's changing approach to peacekeeping, see Bates Gill and James Reilly, 'Sovereignty, Intervention and Peacekeeping: The View from Beijing', Survival, vol. 42, no. 3, Autumn 2000, pp. 41-59.
40. Xinhua Net, http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2005-09/21/content_3519927. htm.
41. See the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations website http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/2005/dec2005_2.pdf.
42. Robert Sutter, 'Why Does China Matter', The Washington Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 1, Winter 2003-04, p. 87.
43. 'No Time like the Present', The Economist, Survey of China, 25 March 2006, p. 19.
44. Renmin ribao, overseas edition, 7 January, 2005, p. 2.
45. Farah Stockman, 'US Accepts nearly $1b in Foreign Aid', The Boston Globe, 8 September 2005.
46. Ibid.
47. China Times, 29 August 2005, available at www.chinatimes.com.
48. The term 'peaceful rise' has been quietly dropped and has been replaced with 'peaceful development'.
49. Renmin ribao, overseas edition, 14 December 2005.
50. Nye, Soft Power, p. 18.
51. The poll of 22,953 people in 22 countries was conducted for the BBC World Service by the polling organisation GlobeScan, together with the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Maryland. The survey was completed in most of the countries in December 2004. More information is available at http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/ BBCworldpoll/030505/html/bbcpoll3.html.
52. PIPA and GlobeScan, '22-Naiton Poll Shows China Viewed Positively by Most Countries Including Its Asian Neighbors', available at http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/BBCworldpoll/030505/html/bbcpoll3.html.
53. Joshua Kurlantzick, 'China's Chance', Prospect, 17 February 2005.
54. David Shambaugh, 'Beijing Charms its Neighbors', International Herald Tribune, 14 May 2005. See also Edward Cody, 'China's Quiet Rise Casts Wide Shadow', Washington Post, 26 February 2005.
55. Larry Rohter, 'China Widens Economic Role in Latin America', New York Times, 20 November 2004.
56. Reuters, 'Iran's Islamic Conservatives Ponder "Chinese Mode"', 25 February 2004.
57. Sharif Shuja, 'Warming Sino-Iranian Relations: Will China Trade Nuclear Technology for Oil?', China Brief, vol. 5, no. 12, 24 May 2005, p. 10.
58. Karby Leggett, 'China Flexes Economic Muscle Throughout Burgeoning Africa', Wall Street Journal, 29 March 2005. See also Howard W. French, 'China Wages Classroom Struggle to Win Friends in Africa', New York Times, 20 November 2005.
59. See Yitzhak Shichor, 'Sudan: China's Outpost in Africa', China Brief, vol. 5, no. 21, 13 October 2005; and Joshua Eisenman, 'Zimbabwe: China's African Ally', China Brief, vol. 5, no. 15, 5 July 2005.
60. Ivan Cook, Australians Speak 2005: Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2005), available at www.lowyinstitute.org. Similarly favourable views of China and more cautious views of US policy were expressed to the author by Australian businesspersons, politicians and policy analysts in Perth, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney. Author discussions and interviews in Australia, October 2005.
61. Hugh White, 'After Britain and the US, China is in Line to be our New Best Friend', The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 March 2005.
62. Randall G. Schriver, 'The President's Agenda', in National Committee on US-China Relations, 'In Review: President Bush's Visit to Beijing', e-mail broadcast, 1 December 2005. Randall Schriver was deputy assistant secretary of state for Asia and Pacific affairs in the George W. Bush administration.
63. Renmin ribao, 15 July 2005, p. 4.
64. Nye, Soft Power, pp. 33-4.
65. Speech by Liu Changle, chairman of Phoenix Satellite Television, 22 September 2003, available at http://www.csonline.com.cn/zt/ztchangsha/ 20030916cmlt/20030916_cmlt2/t20030922_21886.htm.
66. Paul Krugman, 'The Myth of Asia's Miracle', Foreign Affairs, vol. 73, no. 6, November-December 1994, pp. 62-78.
67. Jiefangjun bao (PLA Daily), 8 December 2005.
68. Expert Weekly (Russia), 4 July 2005, Chinese translation appeared in Guoji xianqu daobao (International Herald Leader), 11 July 2005.
69. Josephine Ma, 'Wealth Gap Fuelling Instability, Studies Warn', South China Morning Post, 22 December 2005. The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of wealth distribution and disparity, where zero means all persons have the same wealth in a given group or country, and 1.0 means one person has all the wealth in that group or country.
70. Minxin Pei, 'China's Governance Crisis', Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 5, September-October 2002, pp. 96-109.
71. Zhongguo qinnian bao (China youth daily), 3 August 2005, available at http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/37454/37459/3587825.html.
72. 'The Medical Reform Controversy,' Beijing Review, vol. 38, 2005.
73. From Project Team of the State Council Development Research Center, 'An Evaluation of and Recommendations on the Reforms of the Health System in China', China Development Review (supplement), vol. 7, no. 1, March 2005, pp. 121 and 151-2.
74. See the Human Development Report 2005 (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2005), p. 241, available at http://hdr.undp.org/ reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf.
75. Xinhua News, 12 January 2005.
76. Joseph S. Nye, 'Soft Power in the Information Age', luncheon lecture, Harvard University, 2 May 2000.
77. United Nations Information Service, 'Secretary-General Calls for Immediate Halt to Evictions, Demolitions in Zimbabwe, Saying Envoy's Report Confirms "Catastrophic Injustice"', 25 July 2005, available at http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/sgsm10012.html. The full report is available at http://www.unhabitat.org/documents/ ZimbabweReport.pdf.
78. Abraham McLaughlin, 'A Rising China Counters US Clout in Africa', Christian Science Monitor, 30 March 2005; and Leggett, 'China Flexes Economic Muscle'.
79. Zhou Wenzhong, then Chinese deputy foreign minister, quoted in Howard French, 'China in Africa: All Trade and No Political Baggage', New York Times, 8 August 2004.
80. Gavin du Venage, 'Mugabe Rebuffed by China,' The Australian, 1 August 2005.
81. See Joseph S. Nye Jr, 'U.S. Power and Strategy After Iraq', Foreign Affairs, vol. 82, no. 4, July-August 2003, pp. 60-73.
82. The 16-Nation Pew Survey reveals that in Western Europe and Canada, large majorities favour a countervailing military force. See Pew Global Attitudes Project, 'American Character Gets Mixed Reviews, 16-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey', available at http://pewglobal.org/reports/ display.php?ReportID=247.
83. Goodman, 'China in East Asian and World Culture,' p. 77.
84. David Scofield, 'Northeast Asia's Intra-mural Mural Wars', Asia Times, 23 December 2003, available at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/ EL23Dg01.html.
85. Peter Hays Gries, China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004).
86. 'Public Opinion of China Hits Record Low, National Poll Shows', Japan Times, 20 December 2004.
87. Pew Global Attitudes Project, 'American Character Gets Mixed Reviews', 16-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey, available at http://pewglobal.org/ reports/display.