Broiler feeding and management in hot climates

Poultry Production in Hot Climates: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 227-260

  Daghir, Nuhad J ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82055198580     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Abasiekong, S.F. (1989) Behavioural and growth responses of broiler chickens to dietary water content and climatic variables. British Poultry Science 29, 563-570.
2. Aerts, J.M., Berckmans, D., Saevels, P., Decuypere, E. and Buyse, J. (2000) Modelling the static and dynamic responses of total heat production of broiler chickens to step changes in air temperature and light intensity. British Poultry Science 41, 651-659.
3. Afsari, N. (1983) Air conditioning of houses in hot climates. Poultry International 22, 64-73.
4. Aini, I. (1990) Control of poultry diseases in Asia by vaccination. World's Poultry Science Journal 46, 125-132.
5. Ait-Boulahsen, A., Garlich, J.D. and Edens, F.W. (1992) Relationship between blood ionized calcium and body temperature of chickens during acute heat stress. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 2,pp. 87-92.
6. Ait-Tahar, N. and Picard, M. (1987) Influence of ambient temperature on protein requirements of broilers. Research Note, INRA Laboratoire de Recherches Avicoles, Nouzilly, France,pp. 1-12.
7. Akit, M., Yalcin, S., Ozkan, S., Metin, K. and Ozdemin, D. (2005) Effects of temperature during rearing and crating on stress parameters and meat quality of broilers. Poultry Science 85, 1867-1874.
8. Al-Hassani, D.H. and Abrahim, D.K. (1992) Performance of normal and dewinged broiler chickens under high ambient temperatures. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 2,pp. 709-711.
9. Al-Zujajy, R.J., El-Hammady, H. and Abdulla, M.A. (1978) The use of air-coolers in broiler houses under subtropical conditions in Iraq. British Poultry Science 19, 731-735.
10. Andrews, L.D. (1977) Performance of broilers with different methods of debeaking. Poultry Science 56, 1689-1690.
11. Anonymous (1982) Energy and protein requirements for broilers in the tropics. Poultry International, August,pp. 62-63.
12. Arjona, A.A., Denbow, D.M. and Weaver, W.D. (1988) Effect of heat stress early in life on mortality of broilers exposed to high environmental temperatures just prior to marketing. Poultry Science 67, 226-231.
13. Arjona, A.A., Denbow, D.M. and Weaver, W.D. (1990) Neonatally induced thermotolerance: physiological responses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 95A, 393-399.
14. Austic, R.E. (1985) Feeding poultry in hot and cold climates. In: Yousef, M.K. (ed.)Stress Physiology in Livestock, Vol. 3, Poultry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,pp. 123-136.
15. Baghel, R.P.S. and Pradhan, K. (1989a) Energy, protein and limiting amino acid requirement of broilers in their different phases of growth during hot-humid season. Indian Journal of Animal Science 59, 1467-1473.
16. Baghel, R.P.S. and Pradhan, K. (1989b) Studies on energy and protein requirement of broilers during hot-humid season at fixed level of limiting amino acids. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 24, 127-132.
17. Balnave, D. (1989) Mineral in drinking water and poultry production. Monsanto Nutrition Update 7(3), 1-8.
18. Barton, T.L. (1989) Effects of water quality on broiler performance. Zootecnica International, March, 44-46.
19. Belay, T. and Teeter, R.G. (1993) Broiler water balance and thermobalance during thermoneutral and high ambient temperature exposure. Poultry Science 72, 116-124.
20. Bertechini, A.G., Rostagno, H.S., Fonseca, J.B. and Oliveira, A.I.G. (1991) Effects of environmental temperature and physical form of diet on performance and carcass quality of broiler fowls. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia 20, 257-256.
21. Boshouwers, F.M.G. and Nicaise, E. (1992) Light quality affects physical activity, energy expenditure and growth of broilers. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 3,pp. 178-181.
22. Bottje, W.G. and Harrison, P.C. (1985) Effect of carbonated water on growth performance of cockerels subjected to constant and cyclic heat stress temperatures. Poultry Science 64, 1285-1292.
23. Burger, R.E. (1988) Bird death at high temperatures: is there anything we can do?. California Poultry Newsletter, April, 6-7.
24. Buys, S.B. and Rasmussen, R.M. (1978) Heat stress mortality in nicarbazine-fed chickens. Journal of South African Veterinary Association 49, 127-131.
25. Buyse, J., Decuypere, E. and Michels, H. (1994) Intermittent lighting and broiler production. 2. Effect on energy and on nitrogen metabolism. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 58, 78-83.
26. Cahaner, A. and Leenstra, F.R. (1992) Effects of high temperature on growth and efficiency of male and female broilers from lines selected for high weight gain, favourable feed conversion and high or low fat content. Poultry Science 71, 1237-1250.
27. Casey, J.M. (1983) White wash formula for the poultry house roof. Poultry Tips, P.S. 1. Cooperative Extension Service University of Georgia Athens Georgia.
28. Christmas, R.B. (1993) The performance of spring-and summer-reared broilers as affected by precision beak trimming at seven days of age. Poultry Science 72, 2358-2360.
29. Chwalibog, A. (1990) Heat production, performance and body composition in chickens exposed to short time high temperature. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 54, 167-172.
30. Chwalibog, A. and Eggum, B.O. (1989) Effect of temperature on performance, heat production, evaporative heat loss, and body composition in chickens. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 53, 179-184.
31. Cier, D., Rimsky, Y., Rand, N., Polishuk, O., Gur, N., Benshoshan, A., Frisch, Y. and BenMoshe, A. (1992a) The effects of supplementing ascorbic acid on broiler performance under summer conditions. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 1,pp. 586-589.
32. Cier, D., Rimsky, Y., Rand, N., Polishuk, O., Frisch, Y., Gur, N., Benshoshan, A. and BenMoshe, A. (1992b) The effects of different dietary levels of available phosphorus on broiler performance. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 2,pp. 264-265.
33. Coelho, M.B. (1991) Effects of processing and storage on vitamin stability. Feed International, December, 39-45.
34. Dale, N.M. and Fuller, H.L. (1979) Effects of diet composition on feed intake and growth of chicks under heat stress. I. Dietary fat levels. Poultry Science 58, 1529-1534.
35. Dale, N.M. and Fuller, H.L. (1980) Effect of diet composition on feed intake and growth of chicks under heat stress. II. Constant versus cycling temperatures. Poultry Science 59, 1434-1440.
36. Damron, B.L. and Johnson, W.L. (1985) Relation of dietary sodium chloride to chick performance and water intake. Nutrition Reports International 31, 805-810.
37. De Basilio, V., Vilarino, M., Yahav, S. and Picard, M. (2001) Early age thermal conditioning and a dual feeding program for male broilers challenged by heat stress. Poultry Science 80, 29-36.
38. De Basilio, V., Requena, F., Leon, A., Vilarino, M. and Picard, M. (2003) Early age thermal conditioning immediately reduces body temperature of broiler chicks in a tropical environment. Poultry Science 82, 1235-1241.
39. Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N. and Lott, B.D. (1984) Effect of differing temperature cycles on broiler performance. Poultry Science 63, 612-615.
40. Decuypere, E., Buyse, J., Vanlsterdael, J., Michels, H. and Hermans, A. (1992) Growth, feed conversion and carcass quality in broiler chickens in hot and humid tropical conditions. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 2,pp. 97-100.
41. Diab, M.F., Husseini, M.D. and Salman, A.J. (1981) Effect of thermal stress, lighting and feeding regimens on performance of broilers. Poultry Science 60, 1464 (Abstract).
42. El-Husseiny, O. and Creger, C.R. (1980) The effect of ambient temperature on carcass energy gain in chickens. Poultry Science 59, 2307-2311.
43. Ernst, R.A., Weathers, W.W. and Smith, J. (1984) Effects of heat stress on day-old broiler chicks. Poultry Science 63, 1719-1721.
44. Faber, H.V. (1964) Stress and general adaptation syndrome in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 20, 175-182.
45. Farrell, D.J. and Swain, S. (1977a) Effects of temperature treatments on the heat production of starving chickens. British Poultry Science 18, 725-734.
46. Farrell, D.J. and Swain, S. (1977b) Effects of temperature treatments on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of fed chickens. British Poultry Science 18, 735-743.
47. Fattori, T.R., Mather, F.B. and Hilderbrand, P.E. (1990) Methodology for partitioning poultry producers into recommendation domains. Agricultural Systems, 32, 197-205.
48. Ferket, P.R. and Qureshi, M.K. (1992) Performance and immunity of heat-stressed broilers fed vitamin and electrolyte-supplemented drinking water. Poultry Science 71, 88-97.
49. Filho, D.E., Rosa, P.S., Figneiredo, D.F., Dahlke, F., Macari, M. and Furlan, R.L. (2004) Low protein diet impairs broiler performance under hot environmental temperature. Proceedings of the 22nd World's Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey,p. 547.
50. Francis, C.A., Macleod, M.G. and Anderson, J.E.M. (1991) Alleviation of acute heat stress by food withdrawal or darkness. British Poultry Science 32, 219-225.
51. Fuller, H.L. (1978) The extra value of fat and reduced heat increment. Proceedings of the Florida Nutrition Conference,pp. 21-35.
52. Fuller, H.L. and Dale, N.M. (1979) Effect of diet on heat stress in broilers. Proceedings Georgia Nutrition Conference, University of Georgia, Athens,pp. 56-60.
53. Fuller, H.L. and Rendon, M. (1977) Energetic efficiency of different dietary fats for growth of young chicks. Poultry Science 56, 549-557.
54. Garlich, J.D. and McCormick, C.C. (1981) Interrelationship between environmental temperature and nutritional status of chicks. Proceedings of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 40, 73-76.
55. Geraert, P.A., Guillaumin, S. and Leclercq, B. (1992) Effect of high ambient temperature on growth, body composition and energy metabolism of genetically lean and fat male chickens. Proceedings of the 19th World Poultry Congress, Vol. 2,pp. 109-110.
56. Gorman, I. (1992) Dietary mineral supplementation of broilers at high temperature. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress,Vol. 3,p. 651.
57. Harris, G.C., Nelson, G.S., Seay, R.L. and Dodgen, W.H. (1975) Effects of drinking water temperature on broiler performance. Poultry Science 54, 775-779.
58. Harter-Dennis, J.M. and Pescatore, A.J. (1986) Effect of beak trimming regimen on broiler performance. Poultry Science 65, 1510-1515.
59. Hayashi, K., Kaneda, S., Otsuka, A. and Tomita, Y. (1992) Effects of ambient temperature and thyroxine on protein turnover and oxygen consumption in chicken skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 2,pp. 93-96.
60. Hayat, J., Balnave, D. and Brake, J. (1999) Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate supplements for broilers can cause poor performance at high temperatures. British Poultry Science 40, 411-418.
61. Hoffman, L. (1991) Energy metabolism of growing broiler chickens kept in groups in relation to environmental temperature. 1. Feed intake, heat production, and energy utilization. Archives of Animal Nutrition 41, 245-255.
62. Hoffman, L., Schiemann, R. and Klein, M. (1991) Energy metabolism of growing broiler chickens kept in groups in relation to environmental temperature. Archives of Animal Nutrition 41, 167-181.
63. Howlider, M.A.R. and Rose, S.P. (1989) Rearing temperature and the meat yield of broilers. British Poultry Science 30, 61-67.
64. Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1987) Effects of light source, ambient temperature and dietary energy source on the general performance and incidence of leg abnormalities of roaster chickens. Poultry Science 66, 645-651.
65. Hurwitz, S.,Weiselberg, N., Eisner, U., Bartov, I., Riesenfield, G., Shareit, M., Nir, A. and Bornstein, S. (1980) The energy requirements and performance of growing chickens and turkeys as affected by environmental temperature. Poultry Science 59, 2290-2299.
66. Ilian, M.A., Diab, M.F., Husseini, M.D. and Salman, A.J. (1982) Effects of brackish water utilization by broilers and growing pullets on performance. Poultry Science 60, 2374-2379.
67. Keshavarz, K. and McDougal, L.R. (1981) Influence of anticoccidial drugs on losses of broiler chickens from heat stress and coccidiosis. Poultry Science 60, 2423-2426.
68. Khajavi, M., Rahimi, S., Hassan, Z.M., Kamali, M.A. and Mousavi, T. (2003) Effect of feed restriction early in life on humoral and cellular immunity of two commercial broiler strains under heat stress conditions. British Poultry Science 44, 490-497.
69. Kleiber, M. and Dougherty, J.E. (1934) The influence of environmental temperature on the utilization of food energy in baby chicks. Journal of General Physiology 17, 701-726.
70. Koh, M.T., Wei, H.W. and Shen, T.F. (1989) The effects of environmental temperature on protein and energy requirements of broilers. Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research 22, 23-41.
71. Kutlu, H.R. (2001) Influences of wet feeding and supplementation with ascorbic acid on performance and carcass composition of broiler chicks exposed to a high ambient temperature. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 54, 127-139.
72. Leenstra, F. and Cahaner, A. (1992) Effects of low and high temperature on slaughter yield of broilers from lines selected for high weight gain, favourable feed conversion and high or low fat content. Poultry Science 71, 1994-2006.
73. Liew, P.K., Zulkifli, I., Hair-Bejo, M., Omar, A.R. and Israf, D.A. (2003) Effects of early age feed restriction and heat conditioning on heat shock protein 70 expression, resistance to Infectious Bursal Disease and growth in male broiler chickens subjected to heat stress. Poultry Science 82, 1879-1885.
74. Lin, H., Zhang, H.F., Jiao, H.C., Zhao, T., Sui, S.J., Gu, X.H., Zhang, Z.Y., Buyse, J. and Decuypere, E. (2005a) The thermoregulation response of broiler chickens to humidity at different ambient temperatures. I. One week age. Poultry Science 84, 1166-1172.
75. Lin, H., Zhang, H.F., Du, R., Gu, X.H., Zhang, Z-Y., Buyse, J. and Decuypere, E. (2005b) The thermoregulation responses of broiler chickens to humidity at different ambient temperatures. II. Four-week age. Poultry Science 84, 1173-1178.
76. Lott, B.D. (1991) The effect of feed intake on body temperature and water consumption of male broilers during heat exposure. Poultry Science 70, 756-759.
77. Lu, Q., Wen, J. and Zhang, H. (2007) Effect of chronic heat exposure on fat deposition and meat quality in two genetic types of chicken. Poultry Science 86, 1059-1064.
78. Lyle, G.R. and Moreng, R.E. (1968) Elevated environmental temperature and duration of post-exposure ascorbic acid administration. Poultry Science 47, 410-417.
79. Macy, L.B., Harris, G.C., Delee, J.A., Waldroup, P.W., Izat, A.L., Gwyther, M.J. and Eoff, H.J. (1990) Effects of feeding Lasalocid on performance of broilers in moderate and hot temperature regimens. Poultry Science 69, 1265-1270.
80. Manfueda,p. (2004) Feeding broilers in hot climates, dietary amino acid balance and protein level. Proceedings of the 22nd World's Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey,p. 561.
81. May, J.D. and Lott, B.D. (1992) Feed and water consumption patterns of broilers at high environmental temperature. Poultry Science 71, 331-336.
82. May, J.D., Lott, B.D. and Deaton, J.W. (1990) The effect of light and environmental temperature on broiler digestive tract contents after feed withdrawal. Poultry Science 69, 1681-1684.
83. McCormick, C.C., Garlich, J.D. and Edens, F.W. (1979) Fasting and diet affect the tolerance of young chickens exposed to acute heat stress. Journal of Nutrition 109, 1089-1097.
84. McCormick, C.C., Garlich, J.D. and Edens, F.W. (1980) Phosphorus nutrition and fasting: interrelated factors which affect survival of young chickens exposed to high ambient temperatures. Journal of Nutrition 110, 784-790.
85. McDougal, L.R. and McQuinston, T.E. (1980) Mortality in heat stress in broiler chickens influenced by anticoccidial drugs. Poultry Science 59, 2421-2425.
86. McDowell, R.E. (1972) Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
87. Miraei-Ashtiani, S.R., Zamani, P., Shirazad, M. and Zare-shahned, A. (2004) Comparison of the effect of different diets on acute heat stressed broilers. Proceedings of the 22nd World's Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey,p. 552.
88. Morrison, W.D., Braithwaite, L.A. and Leeson, S. (1988) Report of a survey of poultry heat stress losses during the summer of 1988. Unpublished report from the Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
89. Murphy, D.W. (1988) Non-nutritional nutrition effects. Proceedings, Monsanto Technical Symposium, Fresno, California,pp. 49-55.
90. Mutalib, A. (1990) How to reduce water vaccination failures. Poultry Digest, March, 14-16.
91. Nakamura, Y., Aoyagi, Y. and Nakaya, T. (1992) Effect of ascorbic acid on growth and ascorbic acid levels of chicks exposed to high ambient temperature. Japanese Poultry Science 29, 41-46.
92. Navahari, D. and Jayaprasad, L.A. (1992) Influence of season, floor type and space on broiler performance in humid tropics. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress,Vol. 2,p. 138.
93. Ngian, M.F. (1982) Night feeding of broilers optimizes feed efficiency. Poultry International, November, 48.
94. Nir, I. (1992) Optimization of poultry diets in hot climates. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 2,pp. 71-76.
95. Njokn, P.C. (1984) The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on broiler performance in a tropical environment. Poultry Science 63(Suppl. 1), 156.
96. North, M.O. and Bell, D.D. (1990) Commercial Chicken Production Manual, 4th edn. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
97. Olson, D.M., Sunde, M.L. and Bird, H.R. (1972) The effect of temperature onME determination and utilization by the growing chick. Poultry Science 51, 1915-1922.
98. Orban, J.I. and Roland, D.A. (1990) Response of four broiler strains to dietary phosphorus above and below the requirement when brooded at two temperatures. Poultry Science 69, 449-455.
99. Osman, A.M.K., Tawfik, E.S., Klein, F.W. and Hebeler, W. (1989) Effect of environmental temperature on growth, carcass traits, and meat quality of broilers of both sexes and different ages. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 53, 163-175.
100. Polin, D., Wynosky, E.R. and Porter, C.C. (1962) Amprolium: influence of egg yolk thiamine concentration on chick embryo mortality. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 110, 844-848.
101. Pope, D.L. (1960) Nutrition and environmental studies with broilers. Proceedings of the University of Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers,pp. 48-51.
102. Rajmane, B.V. and Ranade, A.S. (1992) Remedial measures to control high mortality during summer season in tropical countries. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 1,pp. 343-345.
103. Reece, F.N., Deaton, J.W. and Kubena, L.F. (1972) Effects of high temperature and humidity on heat prostration of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 51, 2021-2025.
104. Reece, F.N., Deaton, J.W. and Harwood, F.W. (1976) Effect of roof insulation on the performance of broiler chickens reared under high temperature conditions. Poultry Science 55, 395-398.
105. Reilly, W.M., Koelkebeck, K.W. and Harrison, P.C. (1991) Performance evaluation of heat stressed commercial broilers provided water cooled floor perches. Poultry Science 70, 1699-1703.
106. Renden, J.A., Bilgili, S.F. and Kincaid, S.A. (1992) Live performance and carcass yield of broiler strain crosses provided either 16 or 23 hours of light per day. Poultry Science 71, 1427-1435.
107. Smith, M.O. (1993) Nutrient content of carcass parts from broilers reared under cycling high temperatures. Poultry Science 72, 2166-2171.
108. Smith, M.O. (1994) Effects of electrolytes and lighting regimen on growth of heatdistressed broilers. Poultry Science 73, 350-353.
109. Smith, M.O. and Teeter, R.G. (1987) Potassium balance of the 5 to 8 week-old broiler exposed to constant heat or cycling high temperature stress and the effects of supplemental potassium chloride on body weight gain and feed efficiency. Poultry Science 66, 487-492.
110. Smith, M.O. and Teeter, R.G. (1988) Practical application of potassium chloride and fasting during naturally occurring summer heat stress. Poultry Science 61(Suppl. 1), 36.
111. Sonaiya, E.B. (1988) Fatty acid composition of broiler abdominal fat as influenced by temperature, diet, age and sex. British Poultry Science 29, 589-595.
112. Sonaiya, E.B. (1989) Effects of environmental temperature, dietary energy, sex, and age on nitrogen and energy retention on the edible carcass of broilers. British Poultry Science 30, 735-745.
113. Sonaiya, E.B., Ristic, M. and Klein, F.W. (1990) Effect of environmental temperature, dietary energy, age and sex on broiler carcass portions and palatability. British Poultry Science 31, 121-128.
114. Tawfik, E.S., Osman, A.M.A., Ristic, M., Hebeler, W. and Klein, F.W. (1989) Einflus der Stalltemperature aufMastleistung, Schlachtkorperwert und Fleischbeschaffenheit von Broiler Unterschiedlichen alters und geschlechts. 2. Mitteilung Schlachtkorperwert. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 53, 235-244.
115. Tawfik, E.S., Osman, A.M.A., Hebeler, W., Ristic, M. and Freudenreich,p. (1992) Effect of environmental temperature, sex and fattening period on amino acid composition of breast meat of broilers. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 56, 201-205.
116. Teeter, R.G. and Smith, M.O. (1986) High chronic ambient temperature stress effects on broiler acid-base balance and their response to supplemental NH4Cl, KCl and K2CO3. Poultry Science 65, 1777-1781.
117. Teeter, R.G., Smith, M.O., Owens, F.N. and Arp, S.C. (1985) Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis: occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 64, 1060-1064.
118. Thompson, K.L. and Applegate, T.J. (2006) Feed withdrawal alters small-intestinal morphology and mucus of broilers. Poultry Science 85, 1535-1540.
119. Thornton, P.A. (1961) Increased environmental temperature influences on ascorbic acid activity in the domestic fowl. Proceedings of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20, 210A.
120. Trout, J.M., Bierlmaier, S.J. and Mashaly, M.M. (1988) Effect of beak trimming on performance of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 61(Suppl. 1), 166.
121. Vahl, H.A. and Stappers, H.P. (1992) Effect of lower sodium levels in broiler diets. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 1,pp. 598-602.
122. Van Kampen, M. (1976) Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens: the energy cost of eating and posture. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) 87, 85-88.
123. Van Kampen, M. (1981) Water balance of colostomized hens at different ambient temperatures. British Poultry Science 22, 17-23.
124. Vo, K.V. and Boone, M.A. (1977) Effect of water availability on hen survival time under high temperature stress. Poultry Science 56, 375-377.
125. Waldroup, P.W. (1982) Influence of environmental temperature on protein and amino acid needs of poultry. Federation Proceedings 41, 2821-2823.
126. Waldroup, P.W., Mitchell, R.J., Payne, J.R. and Hazen, K.R. (1976) Performance of chicks fed diets formulated to minimize excess levels of essential amino acids. Poultry Science 55, 243-253.
127. Weaver, W.D. (1992) Broiler housing in the USA. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 3,pp. 161-163.
128. Wideman, R.F., Ford, B.C., May, J.D. and Lott, B.D. (1994) Acute heat acclimatization and kidney function in broilers. Poultry Science 73, 75-88.
129. Yaghi, A. and Daghir, N.J. (1985) Protein requirement for broiler starter, grower and finisher rations. Poultry Science 64(Suppl.), 201.
130. Yahav, S. and Hurwitz, S. (1996) Induction of thermotolerance in male broiler chickens by temperature conditioning and early age. Poultry Science 75, 402-406.
131. Yahav, S. and McMurty, J.P. (2001) Thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chicken by temperature conditioning early in life. The effect of timing and ambient temperature. Poultry Science 80, 1662-1666.
132. Yahav, S. and Plavnik, I. (1999) Effect of early-age thermal conditioning and food restrictions on performance and thermotolerance of male broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 40, 120-126.
133. Yahav, S., Shamai, A., Horev, G., Bar-Ilan, D., Geuina, O. and Freidman-Einat, M. (1997) Effect of acquisition of improved thermotolerance on the induction of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 76, 1428-1434.
134. Yalcin, S., Settar, P., Ozkan, S. and Cahaner, A. (1997) Comparative evaluation of three commercial broiler stocks in hot versus temperate climates. Poultry Science 76, 921-929.
135. Yalcin, S., Ozkan, S., Acikgoz, Z. and Ozkan, K. (1999) Effect of dietary methionine on performance, carcass characteristics and breast meat composition of heterozygous naked neck (Na/na+) birds under spring and summer conditions. British Poultry Science 40, 688-694.
136. Yalcin, S., Ozkan, S., Türkmut, L. and Siegel, P.B. (2001) Responses to heat stress in commercial and local broiler stocks. 1. Performance traits. British Poultry Science 42, 149-152.
137. Yo, T., Siegel, P.B., Guerin, H. and Picard, M. (1997) Self-selection of dietary protein and energy by broilers grown under a tropical climate: effect of feed particles size on feed choice. Poultry Science 76, 1467-1473.
138. Zulkifli, I., Dunnington, A., Gross, W.B. and Siegel, P.B. (1994) Food restriction early or later in life and its effect on adaptability, disease resistance and immunocompetence of heat stressed dwarf and non dwarf chickens. British Poultry Science 35, 203-214.
139. Zulkifli, I., Che Noma, M.T., Israf, D.A. and Omar, A.R. (2002) The effect of early-age feed restriction on heat shock protein 70 response in heat-stressed female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 43, 141-145.