Dental evidence for the diets of Plio-Pleistocene hominins

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 146, Issue SUPPL. 53, 2011, Pages 47-62

  Ungar, Peter S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Australopithecus; Homo; incisor; molar; Paranthropus

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ALLOMETRY; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; DIET; ENAMEL; FOOD INTAKE; FOSSIL HOMININ; HUMAN; INCISOR; MOLAR TOOTH; PLEISTOCENE; SPECIES; TOOTH OCCLUSION; TOOTH SIZE;

ANIMALS; DENTAL ENAMEL; DIET; FEMALE; FOSSILS; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HOMINIDAE; MALE; PALEODONTOLOGY; TOOTH; TOOTH WEAR;

AUSTRALOPITHECUS; PARANTHROPUS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 81855191210     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21610     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. Atkins RC,. 2002. Dr. Atkins' new diet revolution. New York: Quill.
2. Bailey SE, Wood BA,. 2007. Trends in postcanine occlusal morphology within the hominin clade: the case of Paranthropus. In:, Bailey SE, Hublin J-J, editors. Dental perspectives on human evolution: state of the art research in dental paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer 33-52.
3. Begun DR,. 2004. The three "Cs" of behavior reconstruction in fossil primates. J Hum Evol 46: 497-503.
4. Beynon AD, Wood BA,. 1986. Variations in enamel thickness and structure in East African hominids. Am J Phys Anthrop 70: 177-193. (Pubitemid 16091228)
5. Brace CL, Smith BH, Hunt KD,. 1991. What big teeth you had grandma! Human tooth size, past and present. In:, Kelley MA, Larson CS, editors. Advances in dental anthropology. New York: Wiley-Liss 33-57.
6. Braly A, Darnell LA, Mann AB, Teaford MF, Weihs TP,. 2007. The effect of prism orientation on the indentation testing of human molar enamel. Arch Oral Biol 52: 856-860. (Pubitemid 47135567)
7. Brillat-Savarin J-A,. 1825. Physiologie du Got. Paris: Feydeau.
8. Bunn JM, Ungar PS,. 2009. Dental topography and diets of four Old World monkey species. Am J Primatol 71: 466-477.
9. Butler PM,. 1983. Evolution and mammalian dental morphology. J Biol Buccale 11: 285-302.
10. Calcagno JM, Gibson KR,. 1991. Selective compromise: evolutionary trends and mechanisms in hominid tooth size. In:, Kelley MA, Larsen CS, editors. Advances in dental anthropology. New York: Wiley-Liss 59-76.
11. Cerling TE, Mbua E, Kirera FM, Kanthi FK, Grine FE, Leakey FG, Sponheimer M, Uno KT,. 2011. Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 9337-9341.
12. Coffing K, Feibel C, Leakey M, Walker A,. 1994. Four-million-year-old hominids from East Lake Turkana, Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol 93: 55-65. (Pubitemid 24020098)
13. Constantino PJ, Lee JJW, Chai H, Zipfel B, Ziscovici C, Lawon BR, Lucas PW,. 2010. Tooth chipping can reveal the diet and bite forces of fossil hominins. Biol Lett 6: 826-829.
14. Constantino PJ, Lucas PW, Lee JJW, Lawn BR,. 2009. The influence of fallback foods on great ape tooth enamel. Am J Phys Anthrop 140: 653-660.
15. Corruccini RS, Henderson AM,. 1978. Multivariate dental allometry in primates. Am J Phys Anthrop 48: 203-208. (Pubitemid 8283008)
16. Crompton AW, Sita-Lumsden AG,. 1970. Functional significance of therian molar pattern. Nature 227: 197-199.
17. Cuy JL, Mann AB, Livi KJ, Teaford MF, Weihs TP,. 2002. Nanoindentation mapping of the mechanical properties of human molar tooth enamel. Arch Oral Biol 47: 281-291. (Pubitemid 34288878)
18. Darnell LA, Teaford MF, Livi KJT, Weihs TP,. 2010. Variations in the mechanical properties of Alouatta palliata molar enamel. Am J Phys Anthropol 141: 7-15.
19. Dean MC, Jones ME, Pilley JR,. 1992. The natural history of tooth wear, continuous eruption and periodontal disease in wild shot great apes. J Hum Evol 22: 23-39.
20. Demes B, Creel N,. 1988. Bite force, diet, and cranial morphology of fossil hominids. J Hum Evol 17: 657-670.
21. Dennis JC, Ungar PS, Teaford MF, Glander KE,. 2004. Dental topography and molar wear in Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica. Am J Phys Anthropol 125: 152-161. (Pubitemid 39249781)
22. Deter CA,. 2009. Gradients of occlusal wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. Am J Phys Anthropol 138: 247-254.
23. Dumont ER,. 1995. Enamel thickness and dietary adaptation among extant primates and chiropterans. J Mammal 76: 1127-1136. (Pubitemid 3019243)
24. Eaglen RH,. 1984. Incisor size and diet revisited: the view from a platyrrhine perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 64: 263-275. (Pubitemid 14073968)
25. Eaglen RH,. 1986. Morphometrics of the anterior dentition in strepsirhine primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 71: 185-201. (Pubitemid 16004975)
26. Eaton SB, Konner M,. 1985. Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications. N Eng J Med 312: 283-289. (Pubitemid 15199367)
27. Evans AR, Sanson GD,. 2006. Spatial and functional modeling of carnivore and insectivore molariform teeth. J Morph 267: 649-662. (Pubitemid 43774200)
28. Fiorenza L, Benazzi S, Tausch J, Kullmer O, Bromage TG,. Molar macrowear reveals Neanderthal eco-geogrphic dietary variation. PLoS One 0000 3: e14769:1- 11.
29. Fleagle JG,. 1999. Primate adaptations and evolution, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
30. Fortelius M,. 1985. Ungulate cheek teeth: developmental, functional and evolutionary interrelations. Acta Zool Fenn 180: 1-76.
31. Fortelius M,. 1988. Isometric scaling of mammalian cheek teeth is also true metabolic scaling. In:, Russell DE, Santoro J-P, Sigogneau-Russell D, editors. Teeth revisited: proceedings of the VIIth international symposium on dental morphology, Paris, 1986. Paris: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 458-462.
32. Gantt DG, Kappleman J, Ketcham RA, Alder ME, Deahl TH,. 2006. Three-dimensional reconstruction of enamel thickness and volume in humans and hominoids. Eur J Oral Sci 114: 360-364. (Pubitemid 43709463)
33. Goldstein S, Post D, Melnick D,. 1978. Analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics: 1. scaling of maxillary dentition. Am J Phys Anthropol 49: 517-532. (Pubitemid 9044639)
34. Greaves WS,. 1973. The inference of jaw motion from tooth wear facets. J Paleontol 47: 1000-1001.
35. Grine FE,. 1981. Trophic differences between "gracile" and "robust" australopithecines: a scanning electron microcope analysis of occlusal events. S Afr J Sci 77: 203-230.
36. Grine FE,. 1986. Dental evidence for dietary differences in Australopithecus and Paranthropus: a quantitative analysis of permanent molar microwear. J Hum Evol 15: 783-822.
37. Grine FE, Judex S, Daegling DJ, Ozcivici E, Ungar PS, Teaford MF, Sponheimer M, Scott J, Scott RS, Walker A,. 2010. Craniofacial biomechanics and functional and dietary inferences in hominin paleontology. J Hum Evol 58: 293-308.
38. Grine FE, Martin LB,. 1988. Enamel thickness and development in Australopithecus and Paranthropus. In:, Grine FE, editor. Evolutionary history of the "robust" australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter 3-42.
39. Grine FE, Ungar PS, Teaford MF,. 2002. Error rates in dental microwear quantification using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning 24: 144-153. (Pubitemid 34627563)
40. Grine FE, Ungar PS, Teaford MF,. 2006a. Was the early pliocene hominin Australopithecus anamensis a hard object feeder? S Afr J Sci 102: 301-310. (Pubitemid 46141072)
41. Grine FE, Ungar PS, Teaford MF, El-Zaatari S,. 2006b. Molar microwear in Praeanthropus afarensis: evidence for dietary stasis through time and under diverse paleoecological conditions. J Hum Evol 51: 297-319. (Pubitemid 44210434)
42. Groves CP, Napier JR,. 1968. Dental dimensions and diet in australopithecines. Proc VIII Int Cong Anthropol Ethnol Sci 3: 273-276.
43. Harvey PH, Cluttonbrock TH, Kavanagh M,. 1978. Sexual dimorphism in primate teeth. J Zool 186: 475-485.
44. Hylander WL,. 1975. Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cercopithecidae. Science 189: 1095-1098.
45. Jolly CJ,. 1970. The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid differentiation based on a baboon analogy. Man 5: 5-26.
46. Jungers WL,. 1978. Canine reduction in early hominids. Curr Anthropol 19: 155-156.
47. Jungers WL,. 1988. New estimations of body size in australopithecines. In:, Grine FE, editor. Evolutionary history of the "robust" australopithecines. New York: Gruyter 115-126.
48. Kant I,. 1783. Prolegomena to any future metaphysics. Translated by G. Hatfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
49. Kay RF,. 1975. Allometry and early hominids (comment). Science 189: 63.
50. Kay RF,. 1977. Evolution of molar occlusion in Cercopithecidae and early catarrhines. Am J Phys Anthropol 46: 327-352. (Pubitemid 8061323)
51. Kay RF,. 1981. The nut-crackers: a new theory of the adaptations of the Ramapithecinae. Am J Phys Anthropol 55: 141-151. (Pubitemid 12226476)
52. Kay RF,. 1985. Dental evidence for the diet of Australopithecus. Ann Rev Anthropol 14: 315-341.
53. Kay RF, Cartmill M,. 1977. Cranial morphology and adaptations of Palaechthon nacimienti and other Paromomyidae (Plesiadapoidea, Primates), with a description of a new genus and species. J Hum Evol 6: 19.
54. Kay RF, Covert HH,. 1984. Anatomy and behavior of extinct primates. In:, Chivers DJ, Wood BA, Bilsborough A, editors. Food acquisition and processing in primates. New York: Plenum 467-508.
55. Kay RF, Hiiemae KM,. 1974. Jaw movement and tooth use in recent and fossil primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 40: 227-256.
56. Kay RF, Ungar PS,. 1997. Dental evidence for diet in some Miocene catarrhines with comments on the effects of phylogeny on the interpretation of adaptation. In:, Begun DR, Ward C, Rose M, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: miocene hominoids and great ape and human origins. New York: Plenum 131-151.
57. Kelley J,. 1990. Incisor microwear and diet in three species of Colobus. Folia Primatol 55: 73-84.
58. King SJ, Arrigo-Nelson SJ, Pochron ST, Semprebon GM, Godfrey LR, Wright PC, Jernvall J,. 2005. Dental senescence in a long-lived primate links infant survival to rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 16579-16583. (Pubitemid 41688819)
59. Kinzey WG,. 1978. Feeding behavior and molar features in two species of titi monkey. In:, Chivers DJ, Herbert J, editors. Recent advances in primatology, Vol. 1, Behavior. New York: Academic Press 373-385.
60. Kono RT,. 2004. Molar enamel thickness and distribution patterns in extant great apes and humans: new insights based on a 3-dimensional whole crown perspective. Anthropol Sci 112: 121-146. (Pubitemid 39539966)
61. Kono RT, Suwa G,. 2008. Enamel distribution patterns in extant human and hominoid molars: occlusal versus lateral enamel thickness. Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci Ser D 34: 1-9.
62. Lambert JE, Chapman CA, Wrangham RW, Conklin-Brittain NL,. 2004. The hardness of cercopithecine foods: implications for the critical function of enamel thickness in exploiting fallback foods. Am J Phys Anthropol 125: 363-368. (Pubitemid 39534409)
63. Leakey LSB, Napier JR, Tobias PV,. 1964. New species of genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge. Nature 202: 7-9.
64. Leakey MG, Feibel CS, Mcdougall I, Walker A,. 1995. New four-million-year old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature 376: 565-571. (Pubitemid 26456613)
65. Leakey MG, Spoor F, Brown FH, Gathogo PN, Kiarie C, Leakey LN, Mcdougall I,. 2001. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature 410: 433-440. (Pubitemid 32240036)
66. Lee JJW, Morris D, Constantino PJ, Lucas PW, Smith TM, Lawn BR,. 2010. Properties of tooth enamel in great apes. Acta Biomater 6: 4560-4565.
67. Lee-Thorp J, Sponheimer M,. 2006. Contributions of biogeochemistry to understanding hominin dietary ecology. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 49: 131-148.
68. Lucas PW,. 2004. Dental functional morphology: how teeth work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
69. Lucas PW, Constantino P, Wood B,. 2008. Inferences regarding the diet of extinct hominins: structural and functional trends in the dental and mandibular morpholgoy within the hominin clade. J Anat 212: 486-500. (Pubitemid 352024469)
70. Lucas PW, Constantino P, Wood B, Lawn B,. 2008b. Dental enamel as a dietary indicator in mammals. Bioessays 30: 374-385. (Pubitemid 351482335)
71. Lucas PW, Corlett RT, Luke DA,. 1986. Postcanine tooth size and diet in anthropoid primates. Zeit Morph Anthropol 76: 253-276.
72. Lucas PW, Sui Z, Ang Z, Tan HTW, King SH, Sadler B, Peri N,. 2009. Meals versus snacks and the human dentition and diet during the Paleolithic. In:, Hublin J-J, Richards MP, editors. The evolution of hominin diets: integrating approaches to the study of Palaeolithic subsistence. Dordrecht: Springer 31-41.
73. Lucas PW, Teaford MF,. 1994. Functional morphology of colobine teeth. In:, Davies AG, Oates JF, editors. Colobine monkeys: Their ecology, behavior and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 173-203.
74. Lucas PW, Turner IM, Dominy NJ, Yamashita N,. 2000. Mechanical defences to herbivory. Ann Bot 86: 913-920.
75. M'Kirera F, Ungar PS,. 2003. Occlusal relief changes with molar wear in Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla. Am J Primatol 60: 31-41. (Pubitemid 36832435)
76. Maas MC,. 1991. Enamel structure and microwear: an experimental study of the response of enamel to shearing force. Am J Phys Anthropol 85: 31-49.
77. Maas MC,. 1994. A scanning electron microscopic study of in vitro abrasion of mammalian tooth enamel under compressive loads. Arch Oral Biol 39: 1-11. (Pubitemid 124034452)
78. Maas MC, Dumont ER,. 1999. Built to last: The structure, function, and evolution of primate dental enamel. Evol Anthropol 8: 133-152. (Pubitemid 129343974)
79. Macho GA, Shimizu D,. 2009. Dietary adaptations of South African australopiths: inference from enamel prism attitude. J Hum Evol 57: 241-247.
80. Macho GA, Shimizu D,. 2010. Kinematic parameters inferred from enamel microstructure: new insights into the diet of Australopithecus anamensis. J Hum Evol 58: 23-32.
81. Macho GA, Shimizu D, Jiang Y, Spears LR,. 2005. Australopithecus anamensis: a finite element approach to studying the functional adaptations of extinct hominins. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 283A: 310-318. (Pubitemid 40478317)
82. Macho GA, Spears IR,. 1999. Effects of loading on the biochemical behavior of molars of Homo, Pan, and Pongo. Am J Phys Anthropol 109: 211-227. (Pubitemid 29256791)
83. Macho GA, Thackeray JF,. 1992. Computed tomography and enamel thickness of maxillary molars of plio-pleistocene hominids from Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai (South Africa)-an exploratory study. Am J Phys Anthropol 89: 133-143.
84. McCollum MA,. 2007. Rethinking incisor size and diet in anthropoids: diet, incisor wear and incisor breadth in African apes. Am J Phys Anthropol 133: 986-993. (Pubitemid 46919578)
85. McCollum MA, Sharpe PT,. 2001. Developmental genetics and early hominid craniodental evolution. Bioessays 23: 481-493. (Pubitemid 32575609)
86. McHenry HJ,. 1988. New estimates of body weight in early hominids and their significance to encephalization and megadontia in "robust" australopithecines. In:, Grine FE, editor. Evolutionary history of the robust Australopithecines. New York: Aldine 133-148.
87. McHenry HM, Coffing K,. 2000. Australopithecus to Homo: transformations in body and mind. Ann Rev Anthropol 29: 125-146.
88. Meldrum DJ, Kay RF,. 1997. Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia. Am J Phys Anthropol 102: 407-427. (Pubitemid 27154657)
89. Mellett JS,. 1985. Autocclusal mechanisms in the carnivore dentition. Aust Mammal 8: 233-238.
90. Nystrom P, Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ,. 2004. Dental microwear in anubis and hybrid baboons (Papio hamadryas. sensu lato) living in Awash National Park, Ethiopia. Am J Phys Anthropol 125: 279-291. (Pubitemid 39363384)
91. Olejniczak AJ, Smith TM, Skinner MM, Grine FE, Feeney RNM, Thackeray JF, Hublin JJ,. 2008a. Three-dimensional molar enamel distribution and thickness in Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Biol Lett 4: 406-410. (Pubitemid 351961470)
92. Olejniczak AJ, Tafforeau P, Feeney RNM, Martin LB,. 2008b. Three-dimensional primate molar enamel thickness. J Hum Evol 54: 187-195. (Pubitemid 351189106)
93. Pilbeam D, Gould SJ,. 1974. Size and scaling in human evolution. Science 186: 892-901.
94. Plavcan JM,. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in the dentition of extant anthropoid primates. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC.
95. Popowics TE, Rensberger JM, Herring SW,. 2001. The fracture behavior of human and pig molar cusps. Arch Oral Biol 46: 1-12. (Pubitemid 32066140)
96. Prideaux GJ, Ayliffe LK, DeSantis LRG, Schubert BW, Murray PF, Gagan MK, Cerling TE,. 2009. Extinction implications of a chenopod browse diet for a giant Pleistocene kangaroo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 11646-11650.
97. Remis MJ,. 2002. Food preferences among captive western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Int J Primatol 23: 231-249. (Pubitemid 34206859)
98. Rensberger JM,. 1973. An occlusal model for mastication and dental wear in herbivorous mammals. J Paleontol 47: 515-528.
99. Rescher N,. 1999. The limits of science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
100. Robinson BW, Wilson DS,. 1998. Optimal foraging, specialization, and a solution to Liem's paradox. Am Nat 151: 223-235. (Pubitemid 28153864)
101. Robinson JT,. 1954. Prehominid dentition and hominid evolution. Evol 8: 324-334.
102. Robinson JT,. 1956. The dentition of the australopithecines. Trans Mus Mem 9: 1-179.
103. Rose JC, Ungar PS,. 1998. Gross wear and dental mIcrowear in historical perspective. In:, Alt KW, Rosing FW, Teschler-Nicola M, editors. Dental anthropology: fundamentals, limits, prospects. Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer 349-386.
104. Rosenberger AL, Kinzey WG,. 1976. Functional patterns of molar occlusion in platyrrhine primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 45: 281-297.
105. Ryan AS,. 1981. Anterior dental microwear and its relationship to diet and feeding behavior in three African primates (Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, and Papio hamadryas). Primates 22: 533-550.
106. Ryan AS, Johanson DC,. 1989. Anterior dental microwear in Australopithecus afarensis: comparisons with human and nonhuman primates. J Hum Evol 18: 235-268.
107. Schubert BW, Ungar PS, DeSantis LRG,. 2010. Carnassial microwear and dietary behavior in large carnivorans. J Zool 280: 257-263.
108. Schulz E, Calandra I, Kaiser TM,. 2010. Applying tribology to teeth of hoofed mammals. Scanning 32: 162-182.
109. Schwartz GT,. 2000. Taxonomic and functional aspects of the patterning of enamel thickness distribution in extant large-bodied hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 111: 221-244. (Pubitemid 30080400)
110. Scott EC,. 1979. Dental wear scoring technique. Am J Phys Anthropol 51: 213-217. (Pubitemid 9230899)
111. Scott RS, Ungar PS, Bergstrom TS, Brown CA, Childs BE, Teaford MF, Walker A,. 2006. Dental microwear texture analysis: technical considerations. J Hum Evol 51: 339-349. (Pubitemid 44458142)
112. Scott RS, Ungar PS, Bergstrom TS, Brown CA, Grine FE, Teaford MF, Walker A,. 2005. Dental microwear texture analysis reflects diets of living primates and fossil hominins. Nature 436: 693-695. (Pubitemid 41117270)
113. Sears B,. 1995. The zone: a dietary road map. New York: HarperCollins.
114. Seligsohn D, Szalay FS,. 1978. Relationship between natural selection and dental morphology: tooth function and diet in Lepilemur and Hapalemur. In:, Butler PM, Joysey KA, editors.Development, function and evolution of teeth. New York: Academic Press 289-307.
115. Shimizu D,. 2002. Functional implications of enamel thickness in the lower molars of red colobus (Procolobus badius) and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). J Hum Evol 43: 605-620. (Pubitemid 36615094)
116. Shimizu D, Macho GA, Spears IR,. 2005. Effect of prism orientation and loading direction on contact stresses in prismatic enamel of primates: implications for interpreting wear patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol 126: 427-434. (Pubitemid 40388139)
117. Simons EL, Pilbeam D,. 1972. Hominoid paleoprimatology. In:, Tuttle R, editor. The functional and evolutionary biology of primates. New York: Aldine-Atherion 36-62.
118. Simpson GG,. 1933. Paleobiology of Jurassic mammals. Paleobiologica 5: 127-158.
119. Smith RJ,. 1996. Biology and body size in human evolution: statistical inference misapplied. Curr Anthropol 37: 451-481. (Pubitemid 126783384)
120. Smith TM, Tafforeau P,. 2008. New visions of dental tissue research: tooth development, chemistry, and structure. Evol Anthropol 17: 213-226.
121. Sofaer JA,. 1973. A model relating developmental interaction and differential evolutionary reduction of tooth size. Evolution 27: 427-434.
122. Strait SG,. 1993. Differences in occlusal morphology and molar size in frugivores and faunivores. J Hum Evol 25: 471-484.
123. Suwa G, Kono RT, Simpson SW, Asfaw B, Lovejoy CO, White TD,. 2009. Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition. Science 326: 94-99.
124. Tafforeau P, Smith TA,. 2008. Nondestructive imaging of hominoid dental microstructure using phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography. J Hum Evol 54: 272-278. (Pubitemid 351189104)
125. Teaford MF,. 1983. Differences in molar wear gradient between adult macaques and langurs. Int J Primatol 4: 427-444.
126. Teaford MF,. 1988. A review of dental microwear and diet in modern mammals. Scan Microsc 2: 1149-1166.
127. Teaford MF,. 2007a. What do we know and not know about dental microwear and diet? In:, Ungar PS, editor. Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable. New York: Oxford University Press 106-132.
128. Teaford MF,. 2007b. What do we know and not know about diet and enamel structure? In:, Ungar PS, editor. Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable. New York: Oxford University Press 56-76.
129. Teaford MF, Glander KE,. 1996. Dental microwear and diet in a wild population of mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). In:, Norconk MA, Rosenberger AL, Garber PA, editors. Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates. New York: Plenum 433-449.
130. Teaford MF, Lucas PW, Ungar PS, Glander KE,. 2006. Mechanical defenses in leaves eaten by Costa Rican howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Am J Phys Anthropol 129: 99-104. (Pubitemid 41821665)
131. Teaford MF, Oyen OJ,. 1989. In vivo and in vitro turnover in dental microwear. Am J Phys Anthropol 80: 447-460. (Pubitemid 20063094)
132. Teaford MF, Robinson JG,. 1989. Seasonal or ecological differences in diet and molar microwear in Cebus nigrivittatus. Am J Phys Anthropol 80: 391-401. (Pubitemid 19282713)
133. Teaford MF, Runestad JA,. 1992. Dental microwear and diet in Venezuelan primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 88: 347-364.
134. Teaford MF, Ungar PS,. 2000. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 13506-13511.
135. Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Grine FE,. 2002. Paleontological evidence for the diets of African plio-pleistocene hominins with special reference to early Homo. In:, Ungar PS, Teaford MF, editors. Human diet: its origin and evolution. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey 143-166.
136. Tobias PV,. 1967. The cranium and maxillary dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
137. Ulhaas L, Kullmer O, Schrenk, F,. 2007. Tooth wear and diversity in early hominid molars: a case study. In:, Bailey S, Hublin JJ, editors. Dental perspectives on human evolution: state of the art research in dental anthropology. New York: Springer-Verlag 369-390.
138. Ungar PS,. 1990. Incisor microwear and feeding behavior in Alouatta seniculus and Cebus olivaceus. Am J Primatol 20: 43-50.
139. Ungar PS,. 1992. Dental evidence for diet in primates. Anthropol Közl 34: 141-155.
140. Ungar PS,. 1994. Incisor microwear of Sumatran anthropoid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 94: 339-363. (Pubitemid 24190741)
141. Ungar PS,. 1995. A semiautomated image-analysis procedure for the quantification of dental microwear. Scanning 17: 57-59.
142. Ungar PS,. 1996. Relationship of incisor size to diet and anterior tooth use in sympatric Sumatran anthropoids. Am J Primatol 38: 145-156. (Pubitemid 126517194)
143. Ungar PS,. 2004. Dental topography and diets of Australopithecus afarensis and early Homo. J Hum Evol 46: 605-622.
144. Ungar PS,. 1998. Dental allometry, morphology, and wear as evidence for diet in fossil primates. Evol Anthropol 6: 205-217.
145. Ungar PS,. 2005. Dental evidence for the diets of fossil primates from Rudabánya, northeastern Hungary with comments on extant primate analogs and "noncompetitive" sympatry. Palaeontograph Italica 90: 97-111.
146. Ungar PS,. 2007a. Dental topography and human evolution: with comments on the diets of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. In:, Bailey S, Hublin JJ, editors. Dental perspectives on human evolution: state of the art research in dental anthropology. New York: Springer-Verlag 321-344.
147. Ungar PS,. 2007b. Limits to knowledge on the evolution of hominin diet. In:, Ungar PS, editor. Early Hominin diets: the known, the unknown and the unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press 395-408.
148. Ungar PS,. 2008. Materials science: strong teeth, strong seeds. Nature 452: 703-705.
149. Ungar PS,. 2009. Tooth form and function: insights into adaptation through the analysis of dental microwear. In:, Koppe T, Meyer G, Alt KW, editors. Comparative dental morphology. Basel: Karger 38-43.
150. Ungar PS,. 2010. Mammal teeth: origin, evolution, and diversity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
151. Ungar PS, Brown CA, Bergstrom TS, Walker A,. 2003. Quantification of dental microwear by tandem scanning confocal microscopy and scale-sensitive fractal analyses. Scanning 25: 185-193. (Pubitemid 36950934)
152. Ungar PS, Bunn JM,. 2008. Primate dental topographic analysis and functional morphology. In:, Irish JD, Nelson GC, editors. Technique and application in dental anthropology. New York: Cambridge University Press 253-265.
153. Ungar PS, Grine FE,. 1991. Incisor size and wear in Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. J Hum Evol 20: 313-340.
154. Ungar PS, Grine FE, Teaford MF,. 2006a. Diet in early Homo: a review of the evidence and a new model of adaptive versatility. Ann Rev Anthropol 35: 209-228. (Pubitemid 44755751)
155. Ungar PS, Grine FE, Teaford MF,. 2008. Dental microwear indicates that Paranthropus boisei was not a hard-object feeder. PLoS One 3:e 2044: 1-6.
156. Ungar PS, Grine FE, Teaford MF, El Zaatari S,. 2006b. Dental microwear and diets of African early Homo. J Hum Evol 50: 78-95. (Pubitemid 43078965)
157. Ungar PS, Krueger KL, Njau J, Scott RS,. 2011. Dental microwear texture analysis of hominins recovered by the Olduvai landscape paleoanthropology project, 1995-2007. J Hum Evol Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011. 04.006.
158. Ungar PS, Lucas PW,. 2010. Tooth form and function in biological anthropology. In:, Larsen CS, editor. A companion to biological anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell 516-529.
159. Ungar PS, M'Kirera F,. 2003. A solution to the worn tooth conundrum in primate functional anatomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 3874-3877. (Pubitemid 36418124)
160. Ungar PS, Merceron G, Scott RS,. 2007a. Dental microwear texture analysis of Varswater bovids and Early Pliocene paleoenvironments of Langebaanweg, Western Cape Province, South Africa. J Mamm Evol 14: 163-181. (Pubitemid 47497963)
161. Ungar PS, Scott RS,. 2009. Dental evidence for diets of Early Homo. In:, Grine FE, Leakey RE, Fleagle JG, editors. The first humans: origins of the genus Homo. New York: Springer-Verlag 121-134.
162. Ungar PS, Scott RS, Grine FE, Teaford MF,. 2010. Molar microwear textures and the diets of Australopithecus anamensis and Au. afarensis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365: 3345-3354.
163. Ungar PS, Scott RS, Scott JR, Teaford MF,. 2007b. Dental microwear analysis: historical perspectives and new approaches. In:, Irish JD, Nelson GC, editors. Technique and application in dental anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 389-425.
164. Ungar PS, Simon JC, Cooper JW,. 1991. A semiautomated image-analysis procedure for the quantification of dental microwear. Scanning 13: 31-36.
165. Ungar PS, Sponheimer MJ,. 2011. Hominin diets. In:, Begun DR, editor. A companion to paleoanthropology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
166. Ungar PS, Williamson M,. 2000. Exploring the effects of tooth wear on functional morphology: a preliminary study using dental topographic analysis. Paleontol Electron 3: 18.
167. van der Merwe NJ, Masao FT, Bamford MK,. 2008. Isotopic evidence for contrasting diets of early hominins Homo habilis and Australopithecus boisei of Tanzania. S Afr J Sci 104: 153-155.
168. Vinyard CJ, Hanna J,. 2005. Molar scaling in strepsirrhine primates. J Hum Evol 49: 241-269. (Pubitemid 41015334)
169. Walker A,. 1981. Diet and teeth. Dietary hypotheses and human evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 292: 57-64.
170. Walker A,. 2007. Early hominin diets: overview and historical perspectives. In:, Ungar PS, editor. Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable. New York: Oxford University Press. p 3-10.
171. Walker PL,. 1976. Wear striations on the incisors of cercopithecoid monkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference. Am J Phys Anthropol 45: 299-308.
172. Wallace JA,. 1975. Dietary adaptations of Australopithecus and early Homo. In:, Tuttle RH, editor. Paleoanthropology, morphology and paleoecology. The Hague: Mouton. p 202-223.
173. Ward CV, Plavcan JM, Manthi FK,. 2010. Anterior dental evolution in the Australopithecus anamensis-afarensis lineage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365: 3333-3344.
174. Wolpoff MH,. 1974. The evidence for two australopithecine lineages in South Africa. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 17: 113-139.
175. Wood BA,. 1991. Hominid cranial remains. Koobi Fora research project, Vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
176. Wood BA, Collard M,. 1999. The human genus. Science 284: 65-71. (Pubitemid 29282048)
177. Wood BA, Strait D,. 2004. Patterns of resource use in early Homo and Paranthropus. J Hum Evol 46: 119-162. (Pubitemid 38301041)
178. Workman MS, Leamy LJ, Routman EJ, Cheverud JM,. 2002. Analysis of quantitative trait locus effects on the size and shape of mandibular molars in mice. Genetics 160: 1573-1586. (Pubitemid 34454379)
179. Wrangham R,. 2007. The cooking enigma. In:, Ungar PS, editor. Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown and the unknowable. New York: Oxford University Press. p 308-323.
180. Young WG,. 1986. Wear and microwear on the teeth of a moose (Alces alces) population in Manitoba, Canada. Can J Zool 64: 2467-2479.
181. Young WG, Stephens M, Jupp R,. 1990. Tooth wear and enamel structure in the mandibular incisors of six species of kangaroo (Marsupialia: Macropodinae). Mem Queensl Mus 28: 337-347.