Meta-analysis of co-infections in ticks

Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 56, Issue 3-4, 2010, Pages 417-431

  Civitello, David J ^a   Rynkiewicz, Evelyn ^a   Clay, Keith ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Borrelia burgdorferi; Co infection; Ixodes; meta analysis; ticks

Indexed keywords

COEXISTENCE; DATA SET; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISEASE VECTOR; ENDOSYMBIONT; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION; META-ANALYSIS; MICROORGANISM; TICK; VIRULENCE;

ACARI; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; FUNGI; IXODES; IXODES PACIFICUS; IXODES PERSULCATUS; IXODES RICINUS; IXODES SCAPULARIS; IXODIDA; PROTOZOA; RICINUS COMMUNIS;

EID: 81755176839     PISSN: 15659801     EISSN: 22244662     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1560/IJEE.56.3-4.417     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Abbot, P., Aviles, A.E., Eller, L., Durden, L.A. 2007. Mixed infections, cryptic diversity, and vector-borne pathogens: Evidence from Polygenis fleas and Bartonella species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 6045-6052. (Pubitemid 47548011)
2. Albuquerque, C.M.R., Ham, P.J. 1995. Concomitant malaria (Plasmodium gallinaceum) and filaria (Brugia pahangi) infections in Aedes aegypti - effect on parasite development. Parasitology 110: 1-6.
3. Alekseev, A., Dubinina, H., Van De Pol, I., Schouls, L. 2001. Identification of Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ticks in the Baltic regions of Russia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 2237-2242. (Pubitemid 32531487)
4. Araujo, C.A.C., Cabello, P.H., Jansen, A.M. 2007. Growth behaviour of two Trypanosoma cruzi strains in single and mixed infections: In vitro and in the intestinal tract of the blood-sucking bug, Triatoma brasiliensis. Acta Tropica 101: 225-231. (Pubitemid 46517477)
5. Balashov, Y.S. 1984. Interaction between blood-sucking arthropods and their hosts, and its influence on vector potential. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29: 137-156.
6. Barandika, J.F., Hurtado, A., Garcia-Sanmartin, J., Juste, R.A., Anda, P, Garcia-Perez, A.L. 2008. Prevalence of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in questing adult ticks from northern Spain. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases 8: 829-835.
7. Barbour, A.G., Fish, D. 1993. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science 260: 1610-1616. (Pubitemid 23247141)
8. Belongia, E.A., Reed, K.D., Mitchell, P.D., Chyou, P.H., Mueller-Rizner, N., Finkel, M.F., Schriefer, M.E. 1999. Clinical and epidemiological features of early Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29: 1472-1477. (Pubitemid 30022743)
9. Benach, J.L., Coleman, J.L., Habicht, G.S., Macdonald, A., Grunwaldt, E., Giron, J.A. 1985. Serological evidence for simultaneous occurrences of Lyme disease and babesiosis. J. Infect. Dis. 152: 473-477. (Pubitemid 15018677)
10. Beninati, T., Lo, N., Sacchi, L., Genchi, C., Noda, H., Bandi, C. 2004. A novel alpha-proteobacterium resides in the mitochondria of ovarian cells of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2596-2602. (Pubitemid 38657768)
11. Benoit, J.B., Yoder, J.A. 2004. Maternal transmission of a fungus to eggs in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). International Journal of Acarology 30: 77-80. (Pubitemid 38774277)
12. Boëte, C., Paul, R.E.L. 2006. Can mosquitoes help to unravel the community structure of Plasmodium species? Trends Parasitol. 22: 21-25. (Pubitemid 43017200)
13. Bousema, J.T., Drakeley, C.J., Mens, P.F., Arens, T., Houben, R., Omar, S.A., Gouagna, L.C., Schallig, H., Sauerwein, R.W. 2008. Increased Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte production in mixed infections with P. malariae. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78: 442-448. (Pubitemid 351845195)
14. Brogden, K.A., Guthmiller, J.M., Taylor, C.E. 2005. Human polymicrobial infections. The Lancet 365: 253-255. (Pubitemid 40138019)
15. Brown, R.N., Lane, R.S., Dennis, D.T. 2005. Geographic distributions of tick-borne diseases and their vectors. In: Goodman, J.L., Dennis, D.T., Sonenshine, D.E., eds. Tick-borne diseases of humans. ASM Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 363-392.
16. Burns, D., Barthold, S. 1999. Specificity of infection-induced immunity among Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species. Infect. Immun. 67: 36-42. (Pubitemid 29021626)
17. Cao, W.C., Zhao, Q.M., Zhang, P.H., Yang, H., Wu, X.M., Wen, B.H., Zhang, X.T., Habbema, J.D.F. 2003. Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from northeastern China. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68: 547-550. (Pubitemid 38247753)
18. Chang, Y.F., Novosel, V., Chang, C.F., Kim, J.B., Shin, S.J., Lein, D.H. 1998. Detection of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent and Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10: 56-59. (Pubitemid 128656704)
19. Christova I., Schouls, L., van de Pol, I., Park, J., Panayotov, S., Lefterova, V., Kantardijev, T., Dumler, J.S. 2001. High prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichiae and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks from Bulgaria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 4172-4174. (Pubitemid 33029804)
20. Christova, I., Gladnishka, T. 2005. Prevalence of infection with Francisella tularensis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents from an endemic focus of tularemia in Bulgaria. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 12: 149-152. (Pubitemid 40922975)
21. Clay, K., Fuqua, C., Lively, C., Wade, M. 2006. Microbial community ecology of tick-borne human pathogens. In: Collinge, S., Ray, C., eds. Disease ecology: Community structure and pathogen dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, pp. 41-57.
22. Clay, K., Klyachko, O., Grindle, N., Civitello, D., Oleske, D., Fuqua, C. 2008. Microbial communities and interactions in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Mol. Ecol. 17: 4371-4381.
23. Courtney, J.W., Dryden, R.L., Montgomery, J., Schneider, B.S., Smith, G., Massung, R.F. 2003. Characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis ticks from Pennsylvania. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1569-1573. (Pubitemid 36428106)
24. Cutler, S.J., Browning, P., Scott, J.C. 2006. Ornithodoros moubata, a soft tick vector for Rickettsia in east Africa? In: Hechemy, K.E., Oteo, J.A., Raoult, D.A., Silverman, D.J., Blanco, J.R., eds. Century of rickettsiology: Emerging, reemerging rickettsioses, molecular diagnostics, and emerging veterinary rickettsioses. New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp. 373-377. (Pubitemid 44968651)
25. Danielova, V., Rudenko, N., Daniel, M., Holubova, J., Materna, J., Golovchenko, M., Schwarzova, L. 2006. Extension of Ixodes ricinus ticks and agents of tick-borne diseases to mountain areas in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296: 48-53. (Pubitemid 43668598)
26. de la Fuente, J., Garcia-Garcia, J.C., Blouin, E.F., Saliki, J.T., Kocan, K.M. 2002. Infection of tick cells and bovine erythrocytes with one genotype of the intracellular Ehrlichia Anaplasma marginale excludes infection with other genotypes. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 9: 658-668. (Pubitemid 34538229)
27. Demma, L.J., Traeger, M.S., Nicholson, W.L., Paddock, C.D., Blau, D.M., Eremeeva, M.E., Dasch, G.A., Levin, M.L., Singleton, J.J., Zaki, S.R., Cheek, J.E., Swerdlow, D.L., and McQuiston, J.H. 2005. Rocky mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. N. Engl. J. Med. 353: 587-594. (Pubitemid 41138940)
28. DeNatale, C.E., Burkot, T.R, Schneider, B.S, Zeidner, N.S. 2002. Novel potential reservoirs for Borrelia sp. and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Colorado. J. Wildl. Dis. 38: 478-482. (Pubitemid 135696221)
29. Filippova, N. 1977. Ixodid ticks of the subfamily Ixodinae. Fauna SSSR Volume 4, Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. (in Russian).
30. Fraenkel, C.J., Garpmo, U., Berglund, J. 2002. Determination of novel Borrelia genospecies in Swedish Ixodes ricinus ticks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 3308-3312. (Pubitemid 34977446)
31. Garcia-Sanmartin, J., Barandika, J.F., Juste, R.A., Garcia-Perez, A.L., Hurtado, A. 2008. Distribution and molecular detection of Theileria and Babesia in questing ticks from northern Spain. Med. Vet. Entomol. 22: 318-325.
32. Ginsberg, H. 2008. Potential effects of mixed infections in ticks on transmission dynamics of pathogens: Comparative analysis of published records. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 46: 29-41.
33. Goddard, J. 2000. Human lice and disease. Infections in Medicine 17: 660-664.
34. Goethert, H., Telford, S. 2005. A New Francisella (Beggiatiales: Francisellaceae) Inquiline within Dermacentor variabilis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 42: 502-505. (Pubitemid 40722140)
35. Goodman, J., Dennis, D., Sonenshine, D. 2005. Tick-borne diseases of humans. ASM press. Washington D.C., 401 pp. Gotelli, N.J. 2000. Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns. Ecology 81: 2606-2621.
36. Gratz, N. 1999. Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44: 51-75. (Pubitemid 29096966)
37. Grindle, N., Tyner, J., Clay, K., Fuqua, C. 2003. Identification of Arsenophonus-type bacteria from the dog tick Dermacentor variabilis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 83: 264-266. (Pubitemid 36953230)
38. Gubler, D. 1998. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerging Infect. Dis. 4: 442-450. (Pubitemid 28387429)
39. Hofmeister, E.K., Kolbert, C.P., Abdulkarim, A.S., Magera, J.M.H, Hopkins, M.K., Uhl, J.T., Ambyaye, A., Telford, S.R., Cockerill, F.R., Persing, D.H. 1998. Cosegregation of a novel Bartonella species with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti in Peromyscus leucopus. J. Infect. Dis. 177: 409-416. (Pubitemid 28063767)
40. Holden, K., Boothby, J.T., Anand, S., Massung, R.F. 2003. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a coastal region of California. J. Med. Entomol. 40: 534-539. (Pubitemid 38394015)
41. Jones, R.T., McCormick, K.F. Martin, A.P. 2008. Bacterial communities of Bartonella-positive fleas: Diversity and community assembly patterns. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 1667-1670. (Pubitemid 351359066)
42. Klyachko, O., Stein, B.D., Grindle, N., Clay, K., Fuqua, C. 2007. Localization and visualization of a Coxiella-type symbiont within the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 6584-6594. (Pubitemid 47623718)
43. Koci, J., Movila, A., Taragel'ová, V., Toderas, I., Uspenskaia, I., Derdáková, M., Labuda, M. 2007. First report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and its co-infections with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Republic of Moldova. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 41: 347-352.
44. Krause, P. J., Telford, S.R., Spielman, A., Sikand, V., Ryan, R., Christianson, D., Burke, G., Brassard, P., Pollack, R., Peck, J., Persing, D.H. 1996. Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis-evidence for increased severity and duration of illness. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275: 1657-1660. (Pubitemid 26175813)
45. Kubi, C., Van den Abbeele, J., Dorny, P., Coosemans, M., Marcotty, T., Van den Bossche, P. 2005. Ability of trypanosome-infected tsetse flies (Diptera : Glossinidae) to acquire an infection with a second trypanosome species. J. Med. Entomol. 42: 1035-1038. (Pubitemid 41719341)
46. Kurtti, T., Palmer, A., Oliver, J. 2002. Rickettsiella-like bacteria in Ixodes woodi (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 39: 534-540. (Pubitemid 135700290)
47. Labuda, M., Danielova, V., Jones, L.D., Nuttall, P.A. 1993. Amplification of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection during co-feeding of ticks. Med. Vet. Entomol. 7: 339-342.
48. Levin, M.L., Fish, D. 2000. Acquisition of coinfection and simultaneous transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Infect. Immun.68: 2183-2186. (Pubitemid 30164853)
49. Levin, M.L., Fish, D. 2001. Interference between the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a natural reservoir host. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 1: 139-148.
50. Ley, R.E., Hamady, M., Lozupone, C., Turnbaugh, P.J., Ramey, R.R., Bircher, J.S., Schlegel, M.L., Tucker, T.A., Schrenzel, M.D., Knight, R., Gordon, J.I.. 2008. Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science 320: 1647-1651. (Pubitemid 351931256)
51. Lively, C.M., Clay, K., Wade, M.J., Fuqua, C. 2005. Competitive co-existence of vertically and horizontally transmitted parasites. Evol. Ecol. Res. 7: 1183-1190. (Pubitemid 43121064)
52. Lo, N., Beninati, T., Sassera, D., Bouman, E., Santagati, S., Gern, L., Sambri, V., Masuzawa, T., Gray, J., Jaenson, T. 2006. Widespread distribution and high prevalence of an alpha-proteobacterial symbiont in the tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ. Microbiol. 8: 1280.
53. LoGiudice, K., Ostfeld, R.S., Schmidt, K.A., Keesing, F. 2003. The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 567-571. (Pubitemid 36126092)
54. Macaluso, K.R., Sonenshine, D.E., Ceraul, S.M., Azad, A.F. 2002. Rickettsial infection in Derma centor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) inhibits transovarial transmission of a second Rickettsia. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 809-813. (Pubitemid 135693334)
55. Masiga, D.K., McNamara, J.J., Laveissiere, C., Truc, P., Gibson, W.C. 1996. A high prevalence of mixed trypanosome infections in tsetse flies in Sinfra, Cote d'Ivoire, detected by DNA amplification. Parasitology 112: 75-80.
56. McMeniman, C.J., Lane, R.V., Cass, B.N., Fong, A.W., Sidhu, M., Wang, Y.F., O'Neill, S.L. 2009. Stable introduction of a life-shortening Wolbachia infection into the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Science 323: 141-144.
57. Mitchell, P.D., Reed, K.D., Hofkes, J.M. 1996. Immunoserologic evidence of coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and human granulocytic Ehrlichia species in residents of Wisconsin and Minnesota. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 724-727. (Pubitemid 26065807)
58. Morimoto, S., Kurtti, T., Noda, H. 2006. In vitro cultivation and antibiotic susceptibility of a Cytophaga-like intracellular symbiote isolated from the tick Ixodes scapularis. Curr. Microbiol. 52: 324-329.
59. Niebylski, M., Peacock, M., Fischer, E., Porcella, S., Schwan, T. 1997. Characterization of an endosymbiont infecting wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni, as a member of the genus Francisella. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3933.
60. Nieto, N.C., Foley, J.E. 2009. Meta-Analysis of Coinfection and Coexposure with Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and Ixodes ricinus-complex ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 9: 93-101.
61. Noda, H., Munderloh, U., Kurtti, T. 1997. Endosymbionts of ticks and their relationship to Wolbachia spp. and tick-borne pathogens of humans and animals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3926-3932. (Pubitemid 27411349)
62. Norval, R.A., Andrew, H.R., Yunker, C.E. 1989. Pheromone-mediation of host-selection in Bont ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum Koch). Science 243: 364-365.
63. Nyarko, E., Grab, D.J., Dumler, J.S. 2006. Anaplasma phagocytophilum- infected neutrophils enhance transmigration of Borrelia burgdorferi across the human blood brain barrier in vitro. Int. J. Parasitol. 36: 601-605. (Pubitemid 43674517)
64. Pal, U., Montgomery, R., Lusitani, D., Voet, P., Weynants, V., Malawista, S., Lobet, Y., Fikrig, E. 2001. Inhibition of Borrelia burgdorferi-tick interactions in vivo by outer surface protein A antibody 1. J. Immunol. 166: 7398-7403. (Pubitemid 32525616)
65. Paul, R.E.L., Nu, V.T., Krettli, A.U., Brey, P.T. 2002. Interspecific competition during transmission of two sympatric malaria parasite species to the mosquito vector. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B269: 2551-2557. (Pubitemid 36071835)
66. Randolph, S.E. 2004. Tick ecology: Processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors. Parasitology 129: S37-S65. (Pubitemid 40780687)
67. Randolph, S.E., Storey, K. 1999. Impact of microclimate on immature tick-rodent host interactions (Acari: Ixodidae): Implications for parasite transmission. J. Med. Entomol. 36: 741-748. (Pubitemid 129559038)
68. Regev-Yochay, G., Dagan, R., Raz, M., Carmeli, Y., Shainberg, B., Derazne, E., Rahav, G., Rubinstein, E. 2004. Association between carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in children. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 292: 716-720. (Pubitemid 39062526)
69. Schauber, E.M., Gertz, S.J., Maple, W.T., Ostfeld, R.S. 1998. Coinfection of blacklegged ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) in Dutchess County, New York, with the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 901-903. (Pubitemid 128463464)
70. Schwartz, I., Fish, D., Daniels, T.J.. 1997. Prevalence of the rickettsial agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in ticks from a hyperendemic focus of Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 337: 49-50. (Pubitemid 27290850)
71. Scoles, G. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the Francisella-like endosymbionts of Dermacentor ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 277-286. (Pubitemid 38693175)
72. Skotarczak, B., Rymaszewska, A., Wodecka, B., Sawczuk, M. 2003. Molecular evidence of coinfection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, and Babesia microti in ticks from northwestern Poland. J. Parasitol. 89: 194-196. (Pubitemid 36284711)
73. Soares, C.A., Zeidner, N.S., Beard, C.B., Dolan, M.C., Dietrich, G., Piesman, J. 2006. Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in larvae of refractory and competent tick vectors. J. Med. Entomol. 43: 61-67. (Pubitemid 43165064)
74. Sokal, R., Rohlf, F. 1981. Biometry. WH Feeman and Company, New York. 887 pp.
75. Stanczak, J., Racewicz, M., Kruminis-Lozowska, W., Kubica-Biernat, B. 2002. Coinfection of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in northern Poland with the agents of Lyme borreliosis (LB) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). Int. J. Med. Microbiol.291: 198-201. (Pubitemid 34775979)
76. Stanczak, J., Gabre, R.M., Kruminis-Lozowska, W., Racewicz, M., Kubica-Biernat, B. 2004. Ixodes ricinus as a vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti in urban and suburban forests. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 11: 109-114. (Pubitemid 38868640)
77. Steere, A., McHugh, G., Suarez, C., Hoitt, J., Damle, N., Sikand, V. 2003. Prospective study of coinfection in patients with erythema migrans. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36: 1078-1081. (Pubitemid 36519148)
78. Steiner, F. E., Pinger, R.R., Vann, C.N., Grindle, N., Civitello, D., Clay, K., Fuqua C. 2008. Infection and co-infection rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae) from sites in Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. J. Med. Entomol. 45: 289-297. (Pubitemid 351421737)
79. Stevenson, H.L., Bai, Y., Kosoy, M.Y., Montenieri, J.A., Lowell, J.L., Chu, M.C., Gage, K.L. 2003. Detection of novel Bartonella strains and Yersinia pestis in prairie dogs and their fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae and Pulicidae) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J. Med. Entomol. 40: 329-337. (Pubitemid 37399426)
80. Stunzner, D., Hubalek, Z., Halouzka, J., Wendelin, I., Sixl, W., Marth, E. 2006. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the tick Ixodes ricinus in the Styrian mountains of Austria. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 118: 682-685. (Pubitemid 44953971)
81. Sun, L., Scoles, G., Fish, D., O'Neill, S. 2000. Francisella-like endosymbionts of ticks. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 76: 301-303. (Pubitemid 32045044)
82. Swanson, S., Neitzel, D., Reed, K., Belongia, E. 2006. Coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19: 708-727. (Pubitemid 44582978)
83. Thomas, V., Anguita, J., Barthold, S.W., Fikrig, E. 2001. Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis. Infect. Immun. 69: 3359-3371. (Pubitemid 32332235)
84. Turell, M.J., Mores, C.N., Lee, J.S., Paragas, J.J., Shermuhemedova, D., Endy, T.P., Khodjaev, S. 2004. Experimental transmission of Karsji and Langat (tick-borne encephalitis virus complex) viruses by Ornithodoros ticks (Acari: Argasidae). J. Med. Entomol. 41: 973-977. (Pubitemid 39403945)
85. Varde, S., Beckley, J., Schwartz, I. 1998. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes scapularis in a rural New Jersey county. Emerging Infect. Dis. 4: 97-99. (Pubitemid 28347421)
86. Zhong, J., Jasinskas, A., Barbour, A.G. 2007. Antibiotic treatment of the tick vector Amblyomma americanum reduced reproductive fitness. PLoS ONE 2(5): E405. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000405