Decongestive treatment of acute decompensated heart failure: Cardiorenal implications of ultrafiltration and diuretics

American Journal of Kidney Diseases

Volumn 58, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1005-1017

  Freda, Benjamin J ^a   Slawsky, Mara ^a   Mallidi, Jaya ^a   Braden, Gregory L ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiorenal dysfunction; diuretic resistance; Heart failure; ultrafiltration

Indexed keywords

CHLOROTHIAZIDE; DIURETIC AGENT; FUROSEMIDE; LISINOPRIL; METOLAZONE; SPIRONOLACTONE;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; ADULT; ARTICLE; BALLOON CATHETER; CASE REPORT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DIURETIC THERAPY; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSPNEA; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART RATE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MODIFIED ULTRAFILTRATION; MORTALITY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; QRS COMPLEX; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENOVASCULAR DISEASE; SINUS RHYTHM; SYSTOLIC HEART MURMUR; WEIGHT GAIN;

ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNT, SURGICAL; CARDIO-RENAL SYNDROME; CREATININE; DIURETICS; FUROSEMIDE; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; KIDNEY; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; POTASSIUM; RISK FACTORS; SODIUM POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTER INHIBITORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULTRAFILTRATION;

EID: 81755165893     PISSN: 02726386     EISSN: 15236838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.023     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. K.F. Adams Jr, G.C. Fonarow, and C.L. Emerman Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) Am Heart J 149 2 2005 209 216 (Pubitemid 40348525)
2. M. Jessup, W.T. Abraham, and D.E. Casey 2009 Focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation 119 14 2009 1977 2016
3. G.C. Fonarow, J.T. Heywood, P.A. Heidenreich, M. Lopatin, and C.W. Yancy Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for heart failure hospitalizations, 2002 to 2004: findings from Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) Am Heart J 153 6 2007 1021 1028 (Pubitemid 46809844)
4. C. Lucas, W. Johnson, and M.A. Hamilton Freedom from congestion predicts good survival despite previous class IV symptoms of heart failure Am Heart J 140 6 2000 840 847
5. G.C. Fonarow The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE): opportunities to improve care of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure Rev Cardiovasc Med 4 suppl 7 2003 S21 S30
6. R. Faris, M.D. Flather, H. Purcell, P.A. Poole-Wilson, and A.J. Coats Diuretics for heart failure Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2006 CD003838
7. W.F. Peacock, M.R. Costanzo, and T. De Marco Impact of intravenous loop diuretics on outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: insights from the ADHERE registry Cardiology 113 1 2009 12 19
8. K.J. Harjai, H.K. Dinshaw, and E. Nunez The prognostic implications of outpatient diuretic dose in heart failure Int J Cardiol 71 3 1999 219 225
9. M. Domanski, J. Norman, B. Pitt, M. Haigney, S. Hanlon, and E. Peyster Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) J Am Coll Cardiol 42 4 2003 705 708 (Pubitemid 37000189)
10. G.S. Francis, R.M. Siegel, S.R. Goldsmith, M.T. Olivari, T.B. Levine, and J.N. Cohn Acute vasoconstrictor response to intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure Activation of the neurohumoral axis Ann Intern Med 103 1 1985 1 6 (Pubitemid 15068490)
11. S.S. Gottlieb, S.L. Skettino, and A. Wolff Effects of BG9719 (CVT-124), an A1-adenosine receptor antagonist, and furosemide on glomerular filtration rate and natriuresis in patients with congestive heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 35 1 2000 56 59 (Pubitemid 30061259)
12. R.W. Schrier Role of diminished renal function in cardiovascular mortality: marker or pathogenetic factor? J Am Coll Cardiol 47 1 2006 1 8 (Pubitemid 43005157)
13. J. Bayliss, M. Norell, R. Canepa-Anson, G. Sutton, and P. Poole-Wilson Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics Br Heart J 57 1 1987 17 22 (Pubitemid 17216948)
14. D.E. Forman, J. Butler, and Y. Wang Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 43 1 2004 61 67 (Pubitemid 38045917)
15. M.K. Shamseddin, and P.S. Parfrey Mechanisms of the cardiorenal syndromes Nat Rev Nephrol 5 11 2009 641 649
16. C.V. Leier Renal roadblock in managing low output heart failure Crit Care Med 32 5 2004 1228 1229 (Pubitemid 38620999)
17. M. Metra, S. Nodari, and G. Parrinello Worsening renal function in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure: clinical implications and prognostic significance Eur J Heart Fail 10 2 2008 188 195 (Pubitemid 351221392)
18. K. Damman, G. Navis, and A.A. Voors Worsening renal function and prognosis in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis J Card Fail 13 8 2007 599 608 (Pubitemid 47513536)
19. W.R. Clark, E. Paganini, D. Weinstein, R. Bartlett, G. Sheinfeld, and C. Ronco Extracorporeal ultrafiltration for acute exacerbations of chronic heart failure: report from the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Int J Artif Organs 28 5 2005 466 476 (Pubitemid 40823647)
20. C. Ronco, Z. Ricci, R. Bellomo, and F. Bedogni Extracorporeal ultrafiltration for the treatment of overhydration and congestive heart failure Cardiology 96 3-4 2001 155 168 (Pubitemid 34114125)
21. G. Marenzi, and P. Agostoni Hemofiltration in heart failure Int J Artif Organs 27 12 2004 1070 1076
22. P.G. Agostoni, and G.C. Marenzi Sustained benefit from ultrafiltration in moderate congestive heart failure Cardiology 96 3-4 2001 183 189
23. A. Kazory, and E.A. Ross Ultrafiltration for decompensated heart failure: renal implications Heart 95 13 2009 1047 1051
24. M.R. Costanzo, M.E. Guglin, and M.T. Saltzberg Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 49 6 2007 675 683 (Pubitemid 46205043)
25. S.M. Udani, and P.T. Murray The use of renal replacement therapy in acute decompensated heart failure Semin Dial 22 2 2009 173 179
26. T.G. Dahle, P.A. Sobotka, and A.J. Boyle A practical guide for ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure Congest Heart Fail 14 2 2008 83 88
27. B.M. Wertman, V. Gura, and E.R. Schwarz Ultrafiltration for the management of acute decompensated heart failure J Card Fail 14 9 2008 754 759
28. N. Cnossen, J.P. Kooman, C.J. Konings, J.M. van Dantzig, F.M. van der Sande, and K. Leunissen Peritoneal dialysis in patients with congestive heart failure Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 suppl 2 2006 ii63 ii66
29. R. Mehrotra, and P. Kathuria Place of peritoneal dialysis in the management of treatment-resistant congestive heart failure Kidney Int Suppl 103 2006 S67 S71
30. C. Bartone, S. Saghir, and S.G. Menon Comparison of ultrafiltration, nesiritide, and usual care in acute decompensated heart failure Congest Heart Fail 14 6 2008 298 301
31. B.A. Bart, A. Boyle, and A.J. Bank Ultrafiltration versus usual care for hospitalized patients with heart failure: the Relief for Acutely Fluid-Overloaded Patients With Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure (RAPID-CHF) trial J Am Coll Cardiol 46 11 2005 2043 2046 (Pubitemid 41713589)
32. P. Agostoni, G. Marenzi, and G. Lauri Sustained improvement in functional capacity after removal of body fluid with isolated ultrafiltration in chronic cardiac insufficiency: failure of furosemide to provide the same result Am J Med 96 3 1994 191 199
33. G. de Lissovoy, K. Fraeman, and J.R. Teerlink Hospital costs for treatment of acute heart failure: economic analysis of the REVIVE II study Eur J Health Econ 11 2 2010 185 193
34. H.M. Krumholz, E.M. Parent, and N. Tu Readmission after hospitalization for congestive heart failure among Medicare beneficiaries Arch Intern Med 157 1 1997 99 104 (Pubitemid 27027080)
35. J.S. Ross, J. Chen, and Z. Lin Recent national trends in readmission rates after heart failure hospitalization Circ Heart Fail 3 1 2010 97 103
36. P.B. Adamson, A. Magalski, and F. Braunschweig Ongoing right ventricular hemodynamics in heart failure: clinical value of measurements derived from an implantable monitoring system J Am Coll Cardiol 41 4 2003 565 571 (Pubitemid 36223320)
37. K.V. Liang, A.R. Hiniker, A.W. Williams, B.L. Karon, E.L. Greene, and M.M. Redfield Use of a novel ultrafiltration device as a treatment strategy for diuretic resistant, refractory heart failure: initial clinical experience in a single center J Card Fail 12 9 2006 707 714 (Pubitemid 44889284)
38. J.R. Wilson, N. Reichek, W.B. Dunkman, and S. Goldberg Effect of diuresis on the performance of the failing left ventricle in man Am J Med 70 2 1981 234 239 (Pubitemid 11146004)
39. M. Pepi, G.C. Marenzi, and P.G. Agostoni Sustained cardiac diastolic changes elicited by ultrafiltration in patients with moderate congestive heart failure: pathophysiological correlates Br Heart J 70 2 1993 135 140 (Pubitemid 23248027)
40. B. Lopez, R. Querejeta, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, and J. Diez Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collagen type I turnover in chronic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 43 11 2004 2028 2035 (Pubitemid 38686797)
41. J.D. Firth, A.E. Raine, and J.G. Ledingham Raised venous pressure: a direct cause of renal sodium retention in oedema? Lancet 1 8593 1988 1033 1035
42. W. Mullens, Z. Abrahams, and H.N. Skouri Elevated intra-abdominal pressure in acute decompensated heart failure: a potential contributor to worsening renal function? J Am Coll Cardiol 51 3 2008 300 306
43. D.J. Wang, and S.S. Gottlieb Diuretics: still the mainstay of treatment Crit Care Med 36(1) suppl 1 2008 S89 S94
44. Heart Failure Society of America Evaluation and management of patients with acute decompensated heart failure J Card Fail 12 1 2006 e86 e103
45. J.T. Shin, and G.W. Dec Ultrafiltration should not replace diuretics for the initial treatment of acute decompensated heart failure Circ Heart Fail 2 5 2009 505 511
46. S. Gupta, and L. Neyses Diuretic usage in heart failure: a continuing conundrum in 2005 Eur Heart J 26 7 2005 644 649 (Pubitemid 40516875)
47. M. Gheorghiade, M.A. Konstam, and J.C. Burnett Jr Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials JAMA 297 12 2007 1332 1343 (Pubitemid 46513234)
48. J.J. McMurray, J.R. Teerlink, and G. Cotter Effects of tezosentan on symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure: the VERITAS randomized controlled trials JAMA 298 17 2007 2009 2019 (Pubitemid 350074798)
49. P.A. Howard, and M.I. Dunn Aggressive diuresis for severe heart failure in the elderly Chest 119 3 2001 807 810 (Pubitemid 32197652)
50. D.R. Salvador, N.R. Rey, G.C. Ramos, and F.E. Punzalan Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2004 CD003178
51. S. Sanjay, R.A. Annigeri, R. Seshadri, B.S. Rao, K.C. Prakash, and M.K. Mani The comparison of the diuretic and natriuretic efficacy of continuous and bolus intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic kidney disease Nephrology (Carlton) 13 3 2008 247 250 (Pubitemid 351341457)
52. G.M. Felker, K.L. Lee, and D.A. Bull Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure N Engl J Med 364 9 2011 797 805
53. M. Schetz Should we use diuretics in acute renal failure? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 18 1 2004 75 89 (Pubitemid 38960613)
54. G.O. Andersen Treatment of acute decompensated heart failure: harmful effects of high doses of loop diuretics? Cardiology 113 1 2009 9 11
55. N. Lameire, R. Vanholder, and W. Van Biesen Loop diuretics for patients with acute renal failure: helpful or harmful? JAMA 288 20 2002 2599 2601 (Pubitemid 35386896)
56. L.M. Mielniczuk, S.W. Tsang, and A.S. Desai The association between high-dose diuretics and clinical stability in ambulatory chronic heart failure patients J Card Fail 14 5 2008 388 393 (Pubitemid 351749839)
57. D.C. Brater Diuretic therapy N Engl J Med 339 6 1998 387 395 (Pubitemid 28363803)
58. D.H. Ellison Diuretic therapy and resistance in congestive heart failure Cardiology 96 3-4 2001 132 143 (Pubitemid 34114123)
59. B.K. Kramer, F. Schweda, and G.A. Riegger Diuretic treatment and diuretic resistance in heart failure Am J Med 106 1 1999 90 96 (Pubitemid 29077144)
60. S.L. Ravnan, M.C. Ravnan, and P.C. Deedwania Pharmacotherapy in congestive heart failure: diuretic resistance and strategies to overcome resistance in patients with congestive heart failure Congest Heart Fail 8 2 2002 80 85 (Pubitemid 34303470)
61. K.V. Liang, A.W. Williams, E.L. Greene, and M.M. Redfield Acute decompensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome Crit Care Med 36(1) suppl 1 2008 S75 S88
62. C. Ronco, P. McCullough, S.D. Anker Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Consensus Group Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Eur Heart J 31 6 2010 703 711
63. J.G. Cleland, A. Coletta, and K. Witte Practical applications of intravenous diuretic therapy in decompensated heart failure Am J Med 119(12) suppl 1 2006 S26 S36
64. W.H. Tang, and W. Mullens Cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure Heart 96 4 2010 255 260
65. G. Francis Acute decompensated heart failure: the cardiorenal syndrome Cleve Clin J Med 73 suppl 2 2006 S8 S13 discussion S30-S31
66. P.P. Liu Cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure: a cardiologist's perspective Can J Cardiol 24 suppl B 2008 25B 29B
67. D. Wencker Acute cardio-renal syndrome: progression from congestive heart failure to congestive kidney failure Curr Heart Fail Rep 4 3 2007 134 138 (Pubitemid 47493058)
68. S.M. Bagshaw, D.N. Cruz, N. Aspromonte Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Consensus Group Epidemiology of cardio-renal syndromes: workgroup statements from the 7th ADQI Consensus Conference Nephrol Dial Transplant 25 5 2010 1406 1416
69. S.S. Gottlieb, W. Abraham, and J. Butler The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure J Card Fail 8 3 2002 136 141 (Pubitemid 34857278)
70. P. Jose, H. Skali, and N. Anavekar Increase in creatinine and cardiovascular risk in patients with systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction J Am Soc Nephrol 17 10 2006 2886 2891 (Pubitemid 44484679)
71. B.A. Bart, and S.R. Goldsmith Aggravated renal dysfunction and the acute management of advanced chronic heart failure Am Heart J 138 2, pt 1 1999 200 202 (Pubitemid 29379667)
72. A. Nohria, V. Hasselblad, and A. Stebbins Cardiorenal interactions: insights from the ESCAPE trial J Am Coll Cardiol 51 13 2008 1268 1274 (Pubitemid 351400890)
73. M. Jessup, and M.R. Costanzo The cardiorenal syndrome: do we need a change of strategy or a change of tactics? J Am Coll Cardiol 53 7 2009 597 599
74. A. Nohria, E. Lewis, and L.W. Stevenson Medical management of advanced heart failure JAMA 287 5 2002 628 640 (Pubitemid 34252016)
75. M.S. Weinfeld, G.M. Chertow, and L.W. Stevenson Aggravated renal dysfunction during intensive therapy for advanced chronic heart failure Am Heart J 138 2, pt 1 1999 285 290 (Pubitemid 29379679)
76. H.M. Krumholz, Y.T. Chen, and V. Vaccarino Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients > or = 65 years of age with heart failure Am J Cardiol 85 9 2000 1110 1113 (Pubitemid 30214258)
77. K. Damman, G. Navis, and T.D. Smilde Decreased cardiac output, venous congestion and the association with renal impairment in patients with cardiac dysfunction Eur J Heart Fail 9 9 2007 872 878 (Pubitemid 47332311)
78. W. Mullens, Z. Abrahams, and G.S. Francis Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 53 7 2009 589 596
79. B.A. Bart, M.M. Walsh, D. Blake, and S.R. Goldsmith Ultrafiltration for cardiorenal syndrome J Card Fail 14 6 2008 531 532 author reply 532-533 (Pubitemid 352040866)
80. M. Sarraf, A. Masoumi, and R.W. Schrier Cardiorenal syndrome in acute decompensated heart failure Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 12 2009 2013 2026
81. B. Wehle, H. Asaba, and J. Castenfors Hemodynamic changes during sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis Kidney Int 15 4 1979 411 418 (Pubitemid 10219862)
82. P. Zucchelli, L. Catizone, E.D. Esposti, M. Fusaroli, A. Ligabue, and A. Zuccala Influence of ultrafiltration on plasma renin activity and adrenergic system Nephron 21 6 1978 317 324 (Pubitemid 9018096)
83. M. Hammer, S. Dawids, M.B. Sorensen, O. Christensen, and K. Olgaard Hormonal response to volume depletion in non-nephrectomised patients on regular haemodialysis Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 16 1979 252 260
84. B.E. Jaski, J. Ha, B.G. Denys, S. Lamba, R.J. Trupp, and W.T. Abraham Peripherally inserted veno-venous ultrafiltration for rapid treatment of volume overloaded patients J Card Fail 9 3 2003 227 231 (Pubitemid 36734320)
85. M.R. Costanzo, M. Saltzberg, J. O'Sullivan, and P. Sobotka Early ultrafiltration in patients with decompensated heart failure and diuretic resistance J Am Coll Cardiol 46 11 2005 2047 2051 (Pubitemid 41713590)
86. T.G. Dahle, D. Blake, S.S. Ali, C.C. Olinger, M.C. Bunte, and A.J. Boyle Large volume ultrafiltration for acute decompensated heart failure using standard peripheral intravenous catheters J Card Fail 12 5 2006 349 352 (Pubitemid 43817585)
87. B.E. Jaski, A. Romeo, and B. Ortiz Outcomes of volume-overloaded cardiovascular patients treated with ultrafiltration J Card Fail 14 6 2008 515 520 (Pubitemid 352040860)
88. H.L. Rogers, J. Marshall, and J. Bock A randomized, controlled trial of the renal effects of ultrafiltration as compared to furosemide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure J Card Fail 14 1 2008 1 5
89. CHF Solutions Aquadex Flexflow product literature http://www. chfsolutions.com/ourtherapy-prodlit-bloodcircuit.html Accessed January 4, 2011
90. NxStage Quick reference http://www.nxstage.com/our-community/acute- community/medical-professionals/upload/APM040RevC-2.pdf Accessed January 4, 2011
91. E. De Maria, F. Pignatti, G. Patrizi, P.M. Benenati, S. Ricci, and S. Cappelli Ultrafiltration for the treatment of diuretic-resistant, recurrent, acute decompensated heart failure: experience in a single center J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 11 8 2010 599 604
92. S.A. Hunt, W.T. Abraham, and M.H. Chin 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation 119 14 2009 e391 e479
93. B.A. Bart Treatment of congestion in congestive heart failure: ultrafiltration is the only rational initial treatment of volume overload in decompensated heart failure Circ Heart Fail 2 5 2009 499 504
94. M.D. Okusa, and D.H. Ellison Physiology and pathophysiology of diuretic action R.J. Alpern, S.C. Herbert, D.W. Seldin, G.H. Giebisch, Seldin and Giebisch's The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology 4th ed. 2008 Elsevier/Academic Press Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 v. (xxiii, 2871 p., [2832] p. of plates)
95. W. Johnson, T. Omland, and C. Hall Neurohormonal activation rapidly decreases after intravenous therapy with diuretics and vasodilators for class IV heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 39 10 2002 1623 1629 (Pubitemid 34494285)
96. G. Marenzi, S. Grazi, and F. Giraldi Interrelation of humoral factors, hemodynamics, and fluid and salt metabolism in congestive heart failure: effects of extracorporeal ultrafiltration Am J Med 94 1 1993 49 56 (Pubitemid 23021171)
97. S.S. Ali, C.C. Olinger, and P.A. Sobotka Loop diuretics can cause clinical natriuretic failure: a prescription for volume expansion Congest Heart Fail 15 1 2009 1 4
98. S.S. Gottlieb, D.C. Brater, and I. Thomas BG9719 (CVT-124), an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, protects against the decline in renal function observed with diuretic therapy Circulation 105 11 2002 1348 1353 (Pubitemid 34260427)
99. R.W. Schrier, and W.T. Abraham Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure N Engl J Med 341 8 1999 577 585 (Pubitemid 29384167)
100. M. Oppermann, P.B. Hansen, H. Castrop, and J. Schnermann Vasodilatation of afferent arterioles and paradoxical increase of renal vascular resistance by furosemide in mice Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293 1 2007 F279 F287
101. CHF Solutions Aquapheresis therapy prescription http://www.chfsolutions. com/ourtherapy-whositformd.html Accessed January 4, 2011
102. H.A. Bazan Why "fistula first" matters: increased durability, less interventions, and decreased costs Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 75 1 2010 22
103. A. Kazory, A.A. Ejaz, and E.A. Ross Ultrafiltration for heart failure: how fast should we move? Am Heart J 157 2 2009 205 207
104. M. Guglin, and L. Polavaram Ultrafiltration in heart failure Cardiol Rev 15 5 2007 226 230 (Pubitemid 47282031)
105. S.M. Bradley, W.C. Levy, and D.L. Veenstra Cost-consequences of ultrafiltration for acute heart failure: a decision model analysis Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2 6 2009 566 573
106. E.A. Ross, and A. Kazory Overcoming financial constraints of ultrafiltration for heart failure Am J Cardiol 105 10 2010 1504 1505
107. R. Mehrotra, and R. Khanna Peritoneal ultrafiltration for chronic congestive heart failure: rationale, evidence and future Cardiology 96 3-4 2001 177 182 (Pubitemid 34114127)
108. N. Khalifeh, A. Vychytil, and W.H. Horl The role of peritoneal dialysis in the management of treatment-resistant congestive heart failure: a European perspective Kidney Int Suppl 103 2006 S72 S75
109. J.E. Sanchez, C. Rodriguez, I. Gonzalez, A. Fernandez-Vina, M. Nunez, and B. Pelaez [Analysis of the advantages of peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of chronic refractory heart failure] Nefrologia 30 5 2010 487 489
110. Heart Failure Society of America J. Lindenfeld, N.M. Albert, and J.P. Boehmer HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline J Card Fail 16 6 2010 e1 e194