Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in children

Pediatric Reports

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

  Donald, Peter R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Antituberculosis chemotherapy; Children; Hepatotoxicity; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampicin

Indexed keywords

AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; ETHAMBUTOL; ISONIAZID; PHENYTOIN; PLACEBO; PROTIONAMIDE; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANOREXIA; ARTHRALGIA; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHILD SAFETY; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONFUSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DUODENAL ULCER BLEEDING; EDEMA; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HEPATOMEGALY; HUMAN; INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS; INSOMNIA; JAUNDICE; LETHARGY; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; LYMPHADENOPATHY; MACULOPAPULAR RASH; MEASLES LIKE RASH; MONOTHERAPY; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PERTUSSIS; RASH; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN PRURITUS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TACHYCARDIA; TOXICITY; TUBERCULOSIS; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; VOMITING; WEAKNESS;

EID: 81555219927     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20367503     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4081/pr.2011.e16     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Graham SM. Treatment of paediatric TB: revised WHO guidelines. Paediatr Respir Rev 2011;12:22-6.
2. Saukkonen JJ, Cohn DL, Jasmer RM, et al. An Official ATS statement: Hepatotoxicity of antituberculosis therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:935-52.
3. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Criteria of druginduced liver disorders. Report of an International Concensus Meeting. J Hepatol 1990;11:272-6.
4. World Health Organization.International Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Drugs: Adverse reaction Terminology. Uppsala: WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring. 1992.
5. Galen RS, Weiner D, Hartman SA. Functional hepatic impairment in pulmonary tuberculosis. Dis Chest 1950;17:524-31.
6. Seife M, Kessler BJ, Hoffman J, Lisa JR. A clinical, functional and needle biopsy study of the liver in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1951;63:202-9.
7. Buckingham WB, Turner GC, Knapp WB, et al. Liver biopsy in a tuberculosis hospital. Dis Chest 1956;29:675-83.
8. Korn RJ, Kellow WF, Heller P, et al. Hepatic involvement in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Med 1959;27:60-71.
9. Choremis C, Vlachos J, Anastassea-Vlachou C, Matsaniotis N. Needle biopsy of the liver in various forms of childhood tuberculosis.J Pediatr 1963;62:203-7.
10. Bolletti M, Sparta D. Le foie dans la tuberculose de l'enfance (recherches histologiques sur le matériel de ponctiobiopsie). Pédiatrie 1959;14:269-78
11. Praharaj KC, Praharaj SC, Nanda BK, Rao PG. Hepatic involvement in childhood tuberculosis. Indian Pediatr 1979;16:497-502.
12. Dieckhoff von J. Funktionelle Untersuchengen zur frage einer Leberschädigung durch Isonikotinsäuerehydrazid (INH) im Kindesalter. Munchen Med Wchskr 1957;99:1408-11.
13. Simon K. Rifampicin behandlung der Tuberkulose im Kindesalter. Med Klin 1975;70:1095-7.
14. Litt IF, Cohen MI, McNamara H. Isoniazid hepatitis in adolescents. J Pediatr 1976;89:133-5.
15. Dickinson DS, Bailey WC, Hirschowitz BI, et al. Risk factors for isoniazid (INH)-induced liver dysfunction J Clin Gastroenterol 1981;3:271-9.
16. Donald PR, Schoeman JF, van Zyl LE, et al. Intensive short course chemotherapy in the management of tuberculous meningitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2:704-11.
17. Robitzek EH, Selikoff IJ. Hydrazine derivatives of isonicotinic acid (Rimifon, Marsalid) in the treatment of active progressive caseous-pneumonic tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1952;65:402-28.
18. Domagk G, Klee P. Die Behandlung der Tuberkulose mit Neoteben (Isonikotinsaurehydrazid). Deutsh Med Wschr 1952;77:578-81.
19. Blattner RJ. Isoniazid prophylaxis in tuberculin reactors. J Pediatr 1968;72: 131-3.
20. Garibaldi RA, Drusin RE, Ferebee SH, Gregg MB. Isoniazid-associated hepatitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972;106:357-65.
21. Comstock GW. Prevention of tuberculosis among tuberculin reactors: maximizing benefits, minimizing risks. JAMA 1985;256:2729-30.
22. Israel HL, Gottleib JE, Maddrey WC. Perspective: preventive isoniazid therapy and the liver. Chest 1992;101:1298-301.
23. Scharer L, Smith JP. Serum transaminase elevations and other hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving isoniazid. Ann Intern Med 1969;71:1113-20.
24. Lees AW, Asgher B, Hashem MA, Sinha BN. Jaundice after rifampicin. Br J Chest 1970;64:90-5.
25. Black M. Isoniazid and the liver. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974;110:1-3.
26. Riska N. Hepatitis cases in isoniazid treated groups and in a control group. Bull Internat Union Tuberc 1976;51:203-8.
27. Mitchell JR, Zimmerman HJ, Ishak KG, et al. Isoniazid liver injury: clinical spectrum, pathology, and probable pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:181-92.
28. Rubin B, Hassert GL, Thomas BGH, Burke JC. Pharmacology of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (Nydrazid). Am Rev Tuberc 1952;65:392-401.
29. Camba R. Su un caso di avelenamento mortale da isonicotilidrazide. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1953;29:385-6.
30. Grimminger A. Toxische Wirkungen des Isonikotinsäurehydrazids (Suicid mit Neoteben). Beitr Klin Tuberk 1953;110:387-93.
31. Randolph H, Joseph S. Toxic hepatitis with jaunidice occurring in a patient treated with isoniazid. JAMA 1953;152:38-40.
32. Haber E, Osborne RK. Icterus and febrile eactions in response to isonicotinic acid hydrazine. Report of two cases and review of the literature. N Eng J Med 1959;260:417-20.
33. Cohen R, Kalser MH, Thomson RV, Gables C. Fatal hepatic necrosis secondary to isoniazid therapy. JAMA 1961;176:877-9.
34. Perera RD, Cowley RG. Hepatocellular damage due to INH. Transactions of the 28th VA Armed Forces Pulmonary Disease Research Conference. Washington DC: 1969; pp. 12-3.
35. Baron DN, Bell JL. Serum enzyme changes in patients receiving antituberculosis therapy with rifampicin or paminosalicylic acid, plus isoniazid and streptomycin. Tubercle 1964;55:115-20.
36. Berté SJ, Dimase JD, Christianson CS. Isoniazid, para-aminosalicylic acid, and streptomycin intolerance in 1,744 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1964;90:598-606.
37. Ferebee SH. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis. A general review. Adv Tuberc Research 1970;17:28-106.
38. Possuelo LG, Castelan JA, de Brito TC, et al. Association of N-acetyltransferase 2 profile and anti-TBdrug-induced hepatotoxicity in patients from Southern Brazil. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64:673-81.
39. Cho HJ, Hoh WJ, Ryu YJ, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of NAT2 and CYP2E1 associated with antituberculosis druginduced hepatotoxicity in Korean patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 2007;87:551-6.
40. Higuchi N, Tahara N, Yanagihara K, et al. NAT2*6A, a haplotype of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene, is an important biomarker for risk of anti-tuberculosis druginduced hepatotoxicity in Japanese patients with tuberculosis. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:6003-8.
41. Huang Y-S, Chern H-D, Su WJ, et al. Polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene as a susceptibility risk factor for antitubercuolosis drug-induced hepatitis. Hepatology 2002;35:883-9.
42. Musch E, Eichelbaum M, Wang JK, et al. Die Häufigkeit hepatotoxischer Kombinationstherapie Nebenwirkungen der tuberkulostatischen (INH, RMP, EMB) in Abhängigkeit vom Aceyliererphänotyp. Klin Wchschr 1982;60:513-9.
43. Gurumurthy P, Krishnammurthy MS, Nazareth O, et al. Lack of relationship between hepatic toxicity and acetylator phenotype in three thousand South Indian patients during treatment with isoniazid for tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:58-61.
44. Cocchi C. Cortisone and corticotrophin in the treatment of tuberculosis in infancy and childhood. Am Rev Tuberc 1956;74:209-16.
45. Debré R. Systematic treatment of primary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1956;74:191-6.
46. Lincoln EM, Lythcott GI. Tuberculous meningitis developing in the course of isoniazid therapy. Am Rev Tuberc 1956;73:940-3.
47. Miller FJW, Seal RME, Taylor MD. Tuberculosis in children. J & A Churchill. London: 1963; pp. 163-87.
48. Comstock GW. Isoniazid prophylaxis in an undeveloped area. Am Rev Respir Dis 1962;82:810-22.
49. Egsmose T, Ang'awa JOW, Poti SJ. The use of isoniazid among household contacts of open cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Bull Wld Hlth Org 1965;33:419-33.
50. Curry FJ. Prophylactic effect of isoniazid in young tuberculin reactors.N Eng J Med 1967;277:562-7.
51. Chevrel B, Rifampicine et foie. Presse Med 1971;79:1911-2.
52. Hughes F-C, Marche C, Marche J. Effets hépato-biliares de l'association rifampicine-isoniazide. I -Etude histologique chez le rat. Thérapie 1969;24: 899-906.
53. Lees AW, Allan GW, Smith J, et al. Toxicity from rifampicin plus isoniazid and rifampicin plus ethambutol therapy. Tubercle 1971;52:182-90.
54. Lees AW, Allan GW, Smith J, et al. Rifampin plus isoniazid in initial therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampin and ethambutol in retreatment cases. Chest 1972;61:579-82.
55. Binda G, Domenichini E, Gottardi A, et al. Rifampicin, a general review. Arzneimittel-forschung 1971;21:1907-62.
56. Askgaard D, Wilcke T, Døssing M. Hepatotoxicity caused by the combined action of isoniazid and rifampicin. Thorax 1995;50:213-4.
57. Sarma GR, Immanuel C, Kailasam S, Narayana ASL. Rifampin-induced release of hydrazine from isoniazid. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:1072-5.
58. McDermott W, Ormond L, Muschenheim C, et al. Pyrazinamide-isoniazid in tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1954;69:319-33.
59. Muschenheim C, Organick A, McCune R, et al. Pyrazinamide-isoniazid in tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc Pulmon 1954;72:851-5.
60. Girling DJ. The hepatic toxicity of antituberculosis regimens containing isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Tubercle 1978;59:13-32.
61. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council. Controlled trial of 2, 4, and 6 months of pyrazinamide in 6-month, three-times-weekly regimens for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, including an assessment of a combined preparation of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:700-6.
62. Graczyk J, O'Brien RJ, Bek E, et al. Assessment of rifampin-containing regimens for tuberculosis preventive therapy: preliminary results of a pilot study in Poland. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:A119.
63. Gordin F, Chaisson RE, Matts JP, et al. Rifampin and pyrazinamide vs isoniazid for prevention of tuberculosis in HIVinfected persons. JAMA 2000;283:1445-50.
64. Halsey NA, Coberly JS, Desmoreaux J, et al. Randomised trial of isoniazid versus rifampicin and pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1998;351:786-92.
65. Mwinga A, Hosp M Godfrey-Fausset P, et al. Twice weekly tuberculosis preventive therapy in HIV infection in Zambia. AIDS 1998;12:2447-57.
66. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:S221-47.
67. Hofmann J, Osborn M, Hoffman B. Adverse events associated with the use of pyrazinamide and rifampin for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1146.
68. King MD, Abdulrahman S, Oladele A, et al. A randomized trial of 2 months of rifampin and pyrazinamide vs 6 months of isoniazid for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV negative patients. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1146.
69. Cook PP, McNeil EL. Comparison of a two month regimen of pyrazinamide and rifampin with a six month regimen of isoniazid for treatment of patients with latent tuberculous infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1147.
70. McNeil L, Allen M, Estrada C, Cook P. Pyrazinamide and rifampin vs isoniazid for the treatment of latent tuberculosis: improved completion rates but more hepatotoxicity. Chest 2003;123:102-26.
71. Stout JE, Engemann JJ, Cheng AC, et al. Safety of 2 months of rifampin and pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:824-7.
72. Lee AM, Mennone JZ, Jones RC, Paul WS. Risk factors for hepatotoxicity associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: experience from three public health tuberculosis clinics. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:995-1000.
73. Kandula N, Dworkin M, Carrol MR, Lauderdale DS. Tuberculosis prevention in Mexican immigrants. Limitations of short-course therapy. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:163-6.
74. McElroy PD, Ijaz K, Lambert LA, et al. National survey to measure rates of liver injury, hospitalization, and death associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1125-33.
75. Chang KC, Leung CC, Yew WW, et al. Hepatotoxicity of pyrazinamide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:1391-6.
76. Bock NN, Rogers T,Tapia JR, et al. Acceptability of short-course rifampin and pyrazinamide treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among jail inmates. Chest 2001;119:833-7.
77. Magdorf K, Arrizi-Rusche AF, Geiter LJ, et al. Compliance und Toleranzer neuer antituberkulotischer Kurzzeit-Chemopräventions regime im Kindesalter-eine Pilotstudie. Pneumologie 1994;48:761-4.
78. Le Bourgeois M, de Blic J, Paupe J, Scheinmann P. Good tolerance of pyrazinamide in children with pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child 1989;64:177-8.
79. Sánchez-Albisua I, Vidal ML, Joya-Verde G, et al. Tolerance of pyrazinamide in short course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:760-3.
80. Ohkawa K, Hashiguchi M, Ohno K, et al. Risk factors for antituberculous chemotherapy induced hepatotoxicity in Japanese pediatric patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:220-6.
81. van Aalderen WMC, Knoester H, Knol K. Fulminant hepatitis during treatment with rifampicin, pyrazinamid and ethambutol. Eur J Pediatr 1987;146;290-1.
82. Wu J-C, Lee S-D,Yeh PF, et al. Isoniazidrifampin-induced hepatitis in hepatitis B carriers. Gastroenterology 1990;98:502-4.
83. Hwang S-J, Wu J-C, Lee C-N, et al. A prospective clinical study of isoniazidrifampicin-pyrazinamide-induced liver injury in an area endemic for hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;12:87-91.
84. Lee BH, Koh W-J, Choi SC, et al. Inactive hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state and hepatotoxicity during antituberculosis chemotherapy. Chest 2005;127:1304-11.
85. McGlynn KA, Lustbader ED, Sharrar RG, et al. Isonaizid prophylaxis in hepatitis B carriers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:666-8.
86. Hoffmann CJ, Charalambous SA, Thio CL, et al. Hepatotoxicity in an African antiretroviral therapy cohort: the effect of tuberculosis and hepatitis B. AIDS 2007;21:1301-8.
87. Türktas H, Ünsal M, Tülek N, Örük O. Hepatotoxicity of antituberculosis therapy (rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide) or viral hepatitis. Tuberc Lung Dis 1994;75:58-60.
88. Ungo JR, Jones D, Ashkin D, et al. Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The role of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Crit Care 1998;157:1871-6.
89. Sarda P, Sharma SK, Mohan A, et al. Role of acute viral hepatitis as a confounding factor in antituberculosis treatment induced hepatotoxicity. Indian J Med Res 2009;129:64-7.
90. Sharma SK, Singla R, Sreenivas V, et al. Acute viral hepatitis as a confounding factor in patients with antituberculosis treatment induced hepatotoxicity. Indian J Med Res 2009;130:200-1.
91. Singla R, Sharma SK, Mohan A, et al. Evaluation of risk factors for antituberculosis treatment induced hepatotoxicity. Indian J Med Res 2010;132:81-6.
92. Sweetnam WP, Murphy EF. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children. Lancet 1952;2:160-1.
93. Dieu M J-C, Adenis-Lamarre F, Bitar M, Dabagh M. La rifampicine dans le traitement des formes ganglio-pulmonaires de la tuberculose initiale du nourisson et de l'enfant. Rev Tuberc Pneumol 1970;34: 320-31.
94. Kramer R, Simon K. Eigene Erfahrungen mit Rifampicin. Prax Pneumol 1971;25: 610-4.
95. Stein MT, Liang D. Clinical hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in children. Pediatrics 1979;64:499-505.
96. Donald PR, Schoeman JF, O'Kennedy A. Hepatic toxicity during chemotherapy for severe tuberculous meningitis. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:741-3.
97. Ramachandran P, Kripasankar AS, Duraipandian M. Short course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Indian J Tuberc 1998;45:83-7.
98. Kumar A, Misra PK, Mehotra R, et al. Hepatotoxicity of rifampin and isoniazid. Is it all drug-induced? Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:1350-2.
99. Dieu M J-C. Role de l'Isoniazide dans l'hepatotocicite de l'association INHrifampicine dans la tuberculose de l'enfant. J Med Lyon 1972;53:1323-7.
100. Burghard G, Peter MO, Girondel P. Utilasation de la rifampicine dans le traitment de la tuberculose chez l'enfant. J Med Strasbourg 1973;4:665-71.
101. Ramachandran P. Chemotherapy of tuberculous meningitis with isoniazid plus rifampicin - interim findings in a trial in children. Ind J Tuberc 1980;27:54-62.
102. Rugamini PS, Mehta S. Hepatotoxicity of isoniazid and rifampin in children. Indian Pediatr 1984;21:119-26.
103. Tsagaropoulou-Stinga H, Mataki-Emmanouilidou T, Karida-Kavalioti S, Manios S. Hepatotoxic reactions in children with severe tuberculosis treated with isoniazid-rifampin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1985;4:270-3.
104. Donald PR, Gent WLG, Siefart HI, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid isoniazid concentrations in children with tuberculous meningitis: the influence of dosage and acetylation status. Pediatrics 1992;89:247-50.
105. Gismão Filho FAR, Marques-Dias MJ, Marques HH de S, Ramos SRT de S. Tuberculose do system nervosa central em criancas. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2001;59:77-82.
106. Brügger Von H. Leber schäden durch Isonikotinylhydrazin (INH) bei kleinkindern. Tuberkuloseartz 1956;10:339-46.
107. Davies D, Glowinski JJ. Jaundice due to isoniazid. Tubercle 1961;42:504-6.
108. Bonnet RJH, Pages P, Dumas R, Greze J. Hépatite médicamenteuse ai cours d'un traitment associant isoniazide et rifampicine. Ann Pédiatr 1972;19:307-11.
109. Rudoy R, Stuemky J, Poley JR. Isoniazid administration and liver injury. Am J Dis Child 1973;125:733-6.
110. Merlin D, Vest M, Just M, Bianchi L. Ein Fall Isoniazid-Hepatitis beim Kind. Schweiz med Wschr 1974;104:1326-30.
111. Casteels-Van Daele M, Igodt-Ameye L, et al. Hepatotoxicity of rifampicin and isoniazid in children. J Pediatr 1975;86:739-41.
112. Allué X, Sanjurjo P, Fidalgo I, Bilbao F. Hepatic toxicity of antituberculous drugs in children. Helv Paediatr Acta 1976;31:381-7.
113. Brasfield DM, Goodloe TB, Tiller RE. Isoniazid hepatotoxicity in childhood. Pediatrics 1976;58:291.
114. Vanderhoof JA, Ament ME. Fatal hepatic necrosis due to isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in a 15-year old girl. J Pediatr 1976;88:867-8.
115. Walker SH, Park-Hah JO. Possible isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity in a two-yearold child. J Pediatr 1977;91:344-5.
116. Chapoy P, Ferraci JP, Mattei JF, et al. Hepatopathie grave induite par chimiothérapie anti-tuberculeuse chez l'enfant. Pediatrie 1978;33:637-45.
117. Gutman L. More adverse reactions to rifampicin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1978;4:283-94.
118. Bistritizer T, Barzilay Z, Jonas A. Isoniazid-rifampin-induced fulminant liver disease in an infant. J Pediatr 1980;97:480-2.
119. Bonora G, De La Pierre L, Perletti L. Epatotossicitatà dell'associzione rifampicina-isoniazide nel bambino. Min Pediatr 1981;33:835-6.
120. Urzainqui SU, Aliberch RMM, Pau JS, Bernaldo AMB. Hidracida-rifampicina: hepatotoxicidad en el niňo. An Esp Pediatr 1981;15:401-3.
121. Palusci VJ, O'Hare D, Lawrence RM. Hepatotoxicity and transaminase measurement during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in children.Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:144-8.
122. Gal AA, Klatt EC. Fatal isoniazid hepatitis in a child. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:490-1.
123. Moulding TS, Redeker AG, Kanel GC. Twenty isoniazid associated deaths in one state. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:700-5.
124. Hasagawa T, Reyes J, Nour B, et al. Successful liver transplantation for isoniazid-induced liver failure - a case report. Transplantation 1994; 57:1274-7.
125. Meyers BR, Halpern M, Sheiner P, et al. Acute hepatic failure in seven patients after prophylaxis and therapy with antituberculous agents. Transplantation 1994;58:372-7.
126. Berkowitz FE, Henderson SL, Fajman N, et al. Acute liver failure caused by isoniazid in a child receiving carbamazepine. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2:603-6.
127. Cillo U, Bassanello M, Vitale A, et al. Isoniazid-related fulminant hepatic failure in a child: assessment of the native liver's early regeneration after auxillary partial orthoptic liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2005;17:713-6.
128. Lobato MN, Jereb JJ, Starke JR. Unintended consequences: mandatory tuberculin skin testing and severe isoniazid hepatotoxicity. Pediatrics 2008;121:e1732-3.
129. Wu SS, Chao CS, Vargas JH, et al. Isoniazid related hepatic failure in children: a survey of liver transplantation centers. Transplantation 2007;84:173-9.
130. Snider DE, Caras GJ. Isoniazid-associated hepatitis deaths: a review of available information. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:494-7.
131. Mount FW, Ferebee SH. Preventive effects of isoniazid in the treatment of primary tuberculosis in children. New Eng J Med 1961;265:713-21.
132. Litt I F, Cohen M I, McNamara H. Isoniazid hepatitis in adolescents. J Pediatr 1976;89:133-5.
133. Spyridis P, Sinaniotis C, Papadea I, et al. Isoniazid liver injury during chemoprophylaxis. Arch Dis Child 1979;54:65-7.
134. Tortajada C, Martinez-Lacasa J, Sánchez F, et al. Is the combination of pyrazinamide plus rifampicin safe for treating latent tuberculosis infection in persons not infected by the human immunodeficiency virus? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:276-81.
135. Ito K, Hoshino H, Nakazono T, et al. Liver damage in treatment of latent tuberculous infection by isoniazid. Kekkaku 2006;81:651-60.
136. Marais BJ, van Zyl S, Schaaf HS, et al. Adherence to isoniazid preventive chemotherapy: a prospective community based study. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:762-5.
137. Beaudry PH, Brickman HF, Wise MB. Liver enzyme disturbances during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in children Am Rev Respir Dis 1974;110:581-4.
138. Nakajo MM, Rao M, Steiner P. Incidence of hepatotoxicity in children receiving isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:649-50.
139. Spyridis NP, Spyridis PG, Gelesme A, et al. The effectiveness of a 9-month regimen of isoniazid alone versus 3- and 4-month regimens of isoniazid and rifampin for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children: results of an 11-year ramdomized study. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45;715-22.
140. Kopanoff DE, Snider DE, Caras GJ. Isoniazid-related hepatitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;117:991-1001.
141. Hsu K-HK, Isoniazid in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. JAMA 1974;229:528-33.
142. Rapp RS, Campbell RW, Howell JC, Kendig EL. Isoniazid hepatotoxicity in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;118;794-6.
143. Byrd RB, Horn BR, Solomon DA, Griggs GA. Toxic effects of isoniazid in tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis. Role of biochemical monitoring in 1,000 patients. JAMA 1979;241:1239-41.
144. Dash LA, Comstock GW, Flynn JPG. Isoniazid preventive therapy. Retrospect and prospect. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;121:1039-44.
145. Nolan CM, Goldberg SV, Buskin SE. Hepatotoxicity associated with isoniazid preventive therapy. JAMA 1999;281:1014-18.
146. LoBue PA, Moser KS. Use of isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection in a public health clinic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:443-7.
147. Villarino ME, Ridzon R, Weismuller PC, et al. Rifampin preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection: experience with 157 adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1735-8.
148. Lardizabal A, Passannante M, Kojakali F, et al. Enhancement of treatment completion for latent tuberculosis infection with 4 months of rifampin. Chest 2006;130:1712-7.
149. Hong Kong Chest Service, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras, British Medical Research Council. A double-blind placebocontrolled clinical trial of three antituberculosis chemoprophylaxis regimens in patients with silicosis in Hong Kong. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:36-41.
150. Polesky A, Farber H, Gottlieb D, et al. Rifampin preventive therapy for tuberculosis in Boston's homeless. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1473-7.
151. Menzies D, Dion M-J, Rabinovitch B, et al. Treatment completion and costs of a randomized trial of rifampin versus isoniazid for 9 months. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:445-9.
152. Menzies D, Long R, Trajman A, et al. Adverse events with 4 months of rifampin therapy or 9 months of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:689-97.
153. Wales JM, Buchan AR, Cookson JB, et al. Tuberculosis in a primary school: the Uppingham outbreak. Br Med J 1985;291:1039-40.
154. Ormerod LP. Reduced incidence of tuberculosis by prophylactic chemotherapy in subjects showing strong reactions to tuberculin testing. Arch Dis Child 1987;62:1005-8.
155. Ormerod LP. Rifampicin and isoniazid prophylactic chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child 1998;78:169-71.
156. Rahaju NN, Rahaju SS, Sutejo IB. Rifampicin in combination with isoniazid in the treatment of childhood tuberculosis. Paediatr Indones 1976;16:544-53.
157. Quevedo SI, Bravo GR. Quimioterapia abreviada de 6 meses en tuberculosis pulmonary infantile. Rev Chilina Pediatr 1980;51:249-52.
158. Abernathy RA, Dutt AK, Stead WWS, Moers DJ. Short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics 1983;72:801-6.
159. Jawahar MS, Sivasubramanian S, Vijayan VK, et al. Short course chemotherapy for tuberculous lymphadenitis. Br Med J 1990;301:359-62.
160. Kumar L, Dhand R, Singhi PD, et al. A randomized trial of fully intermittent vs. daily followed by intermittent short course chemotherapy for childhood tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;19:802-6.
161. Te Water Naude JM, Donald PR, Hussey GD, et al. Twice weekly vs. daily chemotherapy for childhood tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:405-10.
162. Al-Dossary FS, Ong LT, Correa AG, Starke JR. Treatment of childhood tuberculosis with a six month directly observed regimen of only two weeks of daily therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:91-7.
163. Hsu K-H. Should primary tuberculosis in children continue to be neglected. J Pediatr 1956;45:501-19.
164. Kuske F-A. Über Nebenerscheinungen bei der INH behandlung der Tuberkulose des kindes. Artzl Wschr 1953;8:765-9.
165. Sifontes JE, De Garau PD, Vicens CN, Acosta R. The treatment of primary tuberculosis in children. Bol Asoc Med Puerto Rico 1955;47:58-63.
166. Gerbeaux J, Hanateau J. Médications récented dans le traitement de la tuberculose primaire. Ann Péditr 1970;17:638-43.
167. Hsu KHK. Thirty years after isoniazid. JAMA 1984; 251:1283-5.
168. Rahajoe NN, Rahajoe N, Boediman I, et al. The treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children with a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin - a preliminary report. Tubercle 1979;60:245-50.
169. Bassetti D, Ciravegna B, Viscoli C. Rifampicin's tolerance in paediatrics. Drugs Exptl Clin Res 1982;8:255-7.
170. Mantero E, Penco G, Marazzi MG, et al. Hepatic toxicity caused by isoniazid (INH) in children affected by tuberculosis: an investigation on the relations with the acetylator phenotype and the isoniazid plasmatic levels. Gio Malat Infect Parasit 1983;25:1385-7.
171. O'Brien RJ, Long MW, Cross FS. Hepatotoxicity from isoniazid and rifampin among children treated for tuberculosis. Pediatrics 1983;72:491-9.
172. Varadkar BL. Short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis in children. Indian J Pediatr 1985;52:593-7.
173. Nemir RL, O'Hare D. Tuberculosis in children 10 years of age and younger: three decades of experience during the chemotherapeutic era. Pediatrics 1991;88:236-41.
174. Seth V, Beotra A. Hepatic function in relation to acetylator phenotype in children treated with antitubercular drugs. Indian J Med Res 1989;89:306-9.
175. Reis FJC, Bedran MBM, Moura JAR, et al. Six-month isoniazid-rifampin treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:996-9.
176. Linna O, Uhari M. Hepatotoxicity of rifampicin and isoniazid in children treated for tuberculosis.Eur J Pediatr 1980;134:227-9.
177. Beltran POR, Pelosi, Budani H, et al. The treatment of child tuberculosis with isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), and pyrazinamide (Z). Bull Int Union Tuberc 1986;61:17.
178. Martinez-Roíg A, Camí J, Llorens-Terol J, et al. Acetylation phenotype and hepatotoxicity in the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics 1986;77:912-5.
179. Rhakit A, Khandelwal PG, Mukherjee SK, Dey AK. Intensive short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian Pediatr 1986;53:243-8.
180. Medical Research Council Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit. Management and outcome of chemotherapy for childhood tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child 1989;64:1004-12.
181. Anane T, Cernay J, Bensenouci A, et al. An Algerian experiment: short chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Children in the Tropics 1992;78-82.
182. Tsakalidis D, Pratsidou P, Hitoglou-Makedou A, et al. Intensive short course chemotherapy for treatment of Greek children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:1036-42.
183. Ormerod LP, Horsfield N. Frequency and type of reactions to antituberculosis drugs: observations in routine treatment Tuberc Lung Dis 1996;77:37-42.
184. Corrigan D, Paton J. Hepatic enzyme abnormalities in children on triple therapy for tuberculosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999;27:37-42.
185. Kabra SK, Lodha R, Seth V. Category based treatment of tuberculosis in children. Indian Pediatr 2004;41:927-37.
186. Jacobs RF, Abernathy RS. The treatment of tuberculosis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:513-7.
187. Gendrel D, Nardou M, Mouba JF, et al. Hépatotoxicité de l'association isoniazide-rifampicine chez l'enfant Africain. Arch Fr Pediatr 1989;46:645-8.
188. Starke JR, Taylor-Watts KT. Six-month chemotherapy of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:A314.
189. Toppet M, Malfroot A, Hofman B, et al. Tuberculosis in children: a 13 year follow up of 1714 patients in a Belgian home care centre Eur J Pediatr 1991;150:331-5.
190. Padmini R, Srinivasan S, Nalini P, Mahadevan S. Short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis in children. J Trop Pediatr 1993;39:361-4.
191. Vallejo JG, Ong LT, Starke JR. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in infants. Pediatrics 1995;94:1-7.
192. Parasarathy R, Sarma GR, Janardhanam B, et al. Hepatic toxicity in South Indian patients during treatment of tuberculosis with short-course regimens containing isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Tubercle 1986;67:99-108.
193. Jacobs RF, Sunakorn P, Chotpityaya-sunonah T, et al. Intensive short course chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:194-8.
194. Donald PR, Seifart HI, Parkin DP, van Jaarsveld PP. Hydrazine production in children receiving isoniazid for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:1340-3.
195. Sunakorn P, Wongsaroj P. Rifampin in treatment of tuberculous meningitis. J Med Ass Thailand 1978;61:93-8.
196. Ramachandran P, Duraipandian M, Nagarajan M, et al. Three chemotherapy studies of tuberculous meningitis in children. Tubercle 1986;67:17-29.
197. Altman C, Biour M, Grange JD. Toxicité hépatique des antituberculeux. Róle de différents medicaments. 199 observations. Presse Med 1993;22:1212-6.
198. Zierski M. Pharmakologie, toxikologie und klinische Anwendung von Pyrazinamid. Prax Pneumol 1981;35: 1075-105.
199. Gumbo T, Siyambalapitiyage CSW, Meek C, Leff R. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of pyrazinamide in a novel in vitro model of tuberculosis for sterilizing effect: a pardigm for faster assessment of new antituberculosis drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3197-204.
200. Pasipanodya JG, Gumbo T. Clinical and toxicodynamic evidence that high-dose pyrazinamide is not more hepatotoxic than the low doses currently used. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010:54:2847-54.
201. Lal S, Singhal SN, Burley DM, Crossley G. Effect of rifampicin and isoniazid on liver function. Br Med J 1972;1:148-50.
202. Grönhagen-Riska C, Hellstrom P-E, Fröseth B. Predisposing factors in hepatitis induced by isonaizid-rifampin treatment of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;118:461-6.
203. Agal S, Baijal R, Pramanik S, et al. Monitoring and management of antituberculosis drug induced hepatotoxicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20:1745-52.
204. Steele MA, Burk RF, DesPrez RM. Toxic hepatitis with isoniazid and rifampin. A meta-analysis. Chest 1991;99:465-71.
205. Donald PR, Martiz JS, Diacon AH. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rifampicin in adults and children in relation to the dosage recommended for children. Tuberculosis 2011; 91: 196-207.
206. Whalen CC, Johnson JL, Okwera A, et al. A trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. New Eng J Med 1997;337:801-8.
207. Bucher HC, Griffith L, Guyatt G, et al. Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis in HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. AIDS 1999;13:501-7.
208. Zar HJ, Cotton MF, Strauss S, et al. Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;334:136-42.
209. Kumar R, Shalimar D, Bhatia V, et al. Antituberculosis therapy-induced acute liver failure: magnitude, profile, prognosis, and predictors of outcome. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1665-1674.