Water, partial melting and the origin of the seismic low velocity and high attenuation zone in the upper mantle

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 157, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 193-207

  Karato, Shun Ichiro ^a   Jung, Haemyeong ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANELASTICITY; ASTHENOSPHERE; LITHOSPHERE; PARTIAL MELTING; UPPER MANTLE; WATER;

EID: 0001150387     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00034-X     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Shankland T.J., O'Connell R.J., Waff H.S. Geophysical constraints on partial melt in the upper mantle. Rev. Geophys. 19:1981;394-406.
2. D.W. Forsyth, Geophysical constraints on mantle flow and melt generation beneath mid-ocean ridges, in: J. Phipps Morgan, D.K. Blackman, J.M. Sinton (Eds.), Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC, 1992, pp. 1-65.
3. Anderson D.L., Sammis C.G. Partial melting in the upper mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 3:1970;41-50.
4. A.E. Ringwood, Composition and Petrology of the Earth's Mantle, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975, 618 pp.
5. D.L. Kohlstedt, Structure, rheology and permeability of partially molten rocks at low melt fractions, in: J. Phipps Morgan, D.K. Blackman, J.M. Sinton (Eds.), Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC, 1992, pp. 102-121.
6. Schmeling H. Numerical model of partial melt on elastic, anelastic and electric properties of rocks, Part I. Elasticity and anelasticity. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 41:1985;34-57.
7. p-melting temperature relation in peridotite at high pressure and temperature: attenuation mechanism and implications for the mechanical properties of the upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 94:1989;10647-10661.
8. Karato S., Paterson M.S., Fitz Gerald J.D. Rheology of synthetic olivine aggregates: influence of grain size and water. J. Geophys. Res. 91:1986;8151-8176.
9. Karato S. The role of hydrogen in the electrical conductivity of the upper mantle. Nature. 347:1990;272-273.
10. C.W. Burnham, The importance of volatile constituents, in: J.S. Yoder (Ed.), The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1979, pp. 439-482.
11. 4 Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 123:1996;345-357.
12. Karato S. Does partial melting reduce the strength of the upper mantle? Nature. 319:1986;309-310.
13. Hirth G., Kohlstedt D.L. Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implications for rheology, melt extraction and the evolution of the lithosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144:1996;93-108.
14. Gaherty J.B., Jordan T.H., Gee L.S. Seismic structure of the upper mantle in a central Pacific corridor. J. Geophys. Res. 101:1996;22291-22309.
15. Revenaugh J., Jordan T.H. Mantle layering from ScS reverberations, 3. The upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1991;19781-19810.
16. Karato S. Effects of water on seismic wave velocities in the upper mantle. Proc. Jpn. Acad. B 70:1995;61-66.
17. Y. Gueguen, J.-C.-C. Mercier, High attenuation and the low-velocity zone, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 7, 39-46.
18. Minster J.B., Anderson D.L. A model of dislocation-controlled rheology for the mantle. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A. 299:1981;319-356.
19. Spetzler H.A., Anderson D.L. The effect of temperature and partial melting on velocity and attenuation in a simple binary mixture. J. Geophys. Res. 73:1968;6051-6060.
20. Plank T., Langmuir C.H. Effects of the melting regime on the composition of the oceanic crust. J. Geophys. Res. 97:1992;19749-19770.
21. Yoshii T. Regionality of group velocities of Rayleigh waves in the Pacific and thickening of the plate. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 25:1975;305-312.
22. Forsyth D.W. The evolution of the upper mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges. Tectonophysics. 38:1977;89-118.
23. Kumazawa M., Anderson O.L. Elastic moduli, pressure derivatives, and temperature derivatives of single-crystal olivine and single-crystal forsterite. J. Geophys. Res. 74:1969;5961-5972.
24. D.J. Weidner, Elastic properties of rocks and minerals, in: C.G. Sammis, T.L. Henyey (Eds.), Methods of Experimental Physics, 24A (Geophysics), Academic Press, New York, 1987, pp. 1-30.
25. Karato S., Spetzler H.A. Defect microdynamics in minerals and solid state mechanisms of seismic wave attenuation and velocity dispersion. Rev. Geophys. 28:1990;399-421.
26. S. Karato, Defects and plastic deformation of olivine, in: S. Karato, M. Toriumi (Eds.), Rheology of Solids and of the Earth, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989, pp. 176-208.
27. Kohlstedt D.L., Evans B., Mackwell S.J. Strength of the lithosphere: constraints imposed by laboratory experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1995;17587-17602.
28. Jackson I., Paterson M.S., FitzGerald J.D. Seismic wave dispersion and attenuation in Aheim dunite: an experimental study. Geophys. J. Int. 108:1992;517-534.
29. 4 up to 15 GPa. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 27:1981;32-38.
30. Dziewonski A.M., Anderson D.L. Preliminary reference Earth model. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 25:1981;297-356.
31. Schilling J.-G., Bergeron M.B., Evans R. Halogens in the mantle beneath the North Atlantic. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A. 297:1980;147-178.
32. Galer S.J.G., O'Nions R.K. Magmagenesis and the mapping of chemical and isotopic variations in the mantle. Chem. Geol. 56:1986;45-61.
33. C.H. Langmuir, E.M. Klein, T. Plack, Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges, in: J. Phipps Morgan, D.K. Blackman, J.M. Sinton (Eds.), Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC, 1992, pp. 183-280.
34. Stolper E., Newman S. The role of water in the petrogenesis of Mariana trough magmas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121:1994;293-325.
35. Bottinga Y., Steinmetz L. A geophysical, geochemical, petrological model of the sub-marine lithosphere. Tectonophysics. 55:1979;311-347.
36. D.L. Turcotte, G. Schubert, Geodynamics, Wiley, New York, 1982.
37. McKenzie D.P. Some remarks on heat flow and gravity anomalies. J. Geophys. Res. 72:1967;6261-6271.
38. McKenzie D., Bickle M.J. The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. J. Petrol. 29:1988;625-679.
39. P.C. Hess, Phase equilibria constraints on the origin of ocean floor basalts, in: J. Phipps Morgan, D.K. Blackman, J.M. Sinton (Eds.), Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC, 1992, pp. 67-102.
40. Olafsson M., Eggler D.H. Phase relations of amphibole, amphibole-carbonate, and phlogopite-carbonate peridotite: petrologic constraints on the asthenosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 64:1983;305-315.
41. Shen Y., Forsyth D.W. Geochemical constraints on initial and final depths of melting beneath mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1995;2211-2237.
42. Shaw D.M. Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 34:1970;237-243.
43. Scott D.R., Stevenson D.J. A self-consistent model of melting, magma migration and buoyancy-driven circulation beneath mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 94:1989;2973-2988.
44. Blackman D.K., Kendall J.-M., Dawson P.R., Wenk H.-R., Boyce D., Phipps Morgan J. Teleseismic imaging of subaxial flow at mid-ocean ridges: traveltime effects of anisotropic mineral texture in the mantle. Geophys. J. Int. 127:1996;415-426.
45. Zhang S., Karato S. Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear. Nature. 375:1995;774-777.
46. Parsons B., Sclater J.G. An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age. J. Geophys. Res. 82:1977;803-827.
47. Cazanave A., Parsons B., Calcagno P. Geoid lineations of 1000 km wavelength over the central Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22:1995;97-100.
48. Blackman D.K., Orcott J.A., Forsyth D.W., Kendall J.-M. Seismic anisotropy in the mantle beneath an oceanic spreading center. Nature. 366:1993;675-677.
49. Zhang S., Zimmerman M.E., Daines M.J., Karato S., Kohlstedt D.L. Lattice preferred orientation and melt distribution in experimentally sheared olivine-basalt rocks. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. 76:1995;281.
50. Garbin H.D., Knopoff L. Elastic moduli of a medium with liquid-filled cracks. Q. Appl. Math. 33:1975;301-301.
51. Yu Y., Park J. Hunting for azimuthal anisotropy beneath the Pacific ocean region. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;15399-15421.
52. Tanimoto T., Anderson D.L. Mapping mantle convection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11:1984;287-290.
53. Montagner J.-P., Tanimoto T. Global upper mantle tomography of seismic velocities. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1991;20337-20351.
54. Berckhemer H., Kampfmann W., Aulbach E., Schmeling H. Shear modulus and Q of forsterite and dunite near partial melting from forced oscillation experiments. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 29:1982;30-41.
55. Hirth G., Kohlstedt D.L. Experimental constraints on the dynamics of partially molten upper mantle: deformation in the diffusion creep regime. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1995;1981-2001.