Synthesis and application of virus-based hybrid nanomaterials

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Volumn 109, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 16-30

  Lee, Sang Yup ^a   Lim, Jung Sun ^b   Harris, Michael T ^c  

^a Yonsei University   (South Korea)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Hybrid; Nanobiotechnology; Nanomaterials; Virus

Indexed keywords

BIO-MOLECULAR; CAPSID PROTEINS; CONTROLLED GROWTH; ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS; GENETIC MODIFICATIONS; HYBRID; HYBRID NANOMATERIALS; INORGANIC AND ORGANIC MATERIALS; LARGE SURFACE AREA; NANOSCALE DIMENSIONS; NANOSCALED; SELECTIVE DEPOSITION; SURFACE FUNCTIONALITIES; VIRUS CAPSID;

BIOSYNTHESIS; GENES; GROWTH (MATERIALS); NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NANOWIRES; VIRUSES;

HYBRID MATERIALS;

CAPSID PROTEIN; NANOMATERIAL; NANOWIRE; SCAFFOLD PROTEIN; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE;

ANIMAL VIRUS; BACTERIOPHAGE M13; CATALYSIS; CONJUGATION; COWPEA CHLOROTIC MOTTLE VIRUS; COWPEA MOSAIC VIRUS; DNA MODIFICATION; DNA TEMPLATE; ELECTRODE; ENERGY CONVERSION; GENE SEQUENCE; HUMAN; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NANOANALYSIS; NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY; NANOCATALYST; NANOENGINEERING; NANOFABRICATION; NONHUMAN; PLANT VIRUS; REVIEW; RNA PROBE; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS; VIRUS CAPSID;

INORGANIC CHEMICALS; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOPARTICLES; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; PROTEIN BINDING; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRUSES;

MIRIDAE;

EID: 81455131512     PISSN: 00063592     EISSN: 10970290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bit.23328     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Adams M, Fraden S. 1998. Phase behavior of mixtures of rods (tobacco mosaic virus) and spheres (polyethylene oxide, bovine serum albumin). Biophys J 74(1): 669-677.
2. Appel W. 1986. Chymotrypsin: Molecular and catalytic properties. Clin Biochem 19(6): 317-322.
3. Balandin AA, Fonoberov VA. 2005. Vibrational modes of nano-template viruses. J Biomed Nanotech 1(1): 90-95.
4. Balci S, Leinberger DM, Knez M, Bittner AM, Boes F, Kadri A, Wege C, Jeske H, Kern K. 2008. Printing and aligning mesoscale patterns of tobacco mosaic virus on surfaces. Adv Mater 20(11): 2195-2200.
5. Balci S, Bittner AM, Schirra M, Thonke K, Sauer R, Hahn K, Kadri A, Wege C, Jeske H, Kern K. 2009. Catalytic coating of virus particles with zinc oxide. Electrochim Acta 54(22): 5149-5154.
6. Banerjee IA, Yu LT, Matsui H. 2003. Cu nanocrystal growth on peptide nanotubes by biomineralization: Size control of Cu nanocrystals by tuning peptide conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(25): 14678-14682.
7. Banerjee IA, Muniz G, Lee SY, Matsui H. 2007. Mineralization of semiconductor nanocrystals on peptide-coated bionanotubes and their pH-dependent morphology changes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7(7): 2287-2292.
8. Blum AS, Soto CM, Wilson CD, Cole JD, Kim M, Gnade B, Chatterji A, Ochoa WF, Lin T, Johnson JE, Ratna BR. 2004. Cowpea mosaic virus as a scaffold for 3-D patterning of gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett 4(5): 867-870.
9. Blum AS, Soto CM, Wilson CD, Brower TL, Pollack SK, Schull TL, Chatterji A, Lin T, Johnson JE, Amsinck C, Franzon P, Shashidhar R, Ratna BR. 2005. An engineered virus as a scaffold for three-dimensional self-assembly on the nanoscale. Small 1(7): 702-706.
10. Braun EL, Eichen Y, Sivan U, Ben-Yoseph G. 1998. DNA-templated assembly and electrode attachment of a conducting silver wire. Nature 391(6669): 775-778.
11. Bruton J, Bouwer GT, Ward VK. 2005. Metal nanoshell assembly on a virus bioscaffold. Nano Lett 5(6): 1187-1191.
12. Cao YC, Jin R, Mirkin CA. 2002. Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. Science 297(5586): 1536-1540.
13. Carbone M, Rizzo P, Pass HI. 1997. Simian virus 40, poliovaccines and human tumors: A review of recent developments. Oncogene 15(16): 1877-1888.
14. Cha JN, Shimizu K, Zhou Y, Christiansen SC, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD, Morse DE. 1999. Silicatein filaments and subunits from a marine sponge direct the polymerization of silica and silicones in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(2): 361-365.
15. Chant SR. 1959. Viruses of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.), in Nigeria. Ann Appl Biol 47(3): 565-572.
16. Chen CL, Rosi NL. 2010. Peptide-based methods for the preparation of nanostructured inorganic materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(11): 1924-1942.
17. Chen X, Gerasopoulos K, Guo J, Brown A, Wang C, Ghodssi R, Culver JN. 2010. Virus-enabled silicon anode for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 4(9): 5366-5372.
18. Cheung CL, Camarero JA, Woods BW, Lin T, Johnson JE, De Yoreo JJ. 2003. Fabrication of assembled virus nanostructures on templates of chemoselective linkers formed by scanning probe nanolithography. J Am Chem Soc 125(23): 6848-6849.
19. Choi JY, Lee I, Lee SY. 2009. Deposition of polypyrrole thin film through the molecular interaction with a designer peptide. Langmuir 25(19): 11495-11502.
20. Culver JN, Stubbs G, Dawson WO. 1994. Structure-function relationship between tobacco mosaic virus coat protein and hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris. J Mol Biol 242(2): 130-138.
21. Culver JN, Dawson WO, Plonk K, Stubbs G. 1995. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms the involvement of carboxylate groups in the disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 206(1): 724-730.
22. Dang X, Yi H, Ham MH, Qi J, Yun DS, Ladewski R, Strano MS, Hammond PT, Belcher AM. 2011. Virus-templated self-assembled single-walled carbon nanotubes for highly efficient electron collection in photovoltaic devices. Nat Nanotech 6(6): 377-384.
23. Dedeo MT, Duderstadt KE, Berger JM, Francis MB. 2010. Nanoscale protein assemblies from a circular permutant of the tobacco mosaic virus. Nano Lett 10(1): 181-186.
24. Demir M, Stowell MHB. 2002. A chemoselective biomolecular template for assembling diverse nanotubular materials. Nanotechnology 13(4): 541-544.
25. Dogic Z, Fraden S. 2000. Cholesteric phase in virus suspensions. Langmuir 16(20): 7820-7824.
26. Dogic Z, Fraden S. 2006. Ordered phases of filamentous viruses. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 11(1): 47-55.
27. Douglas T, Young M. 1998. Host-guest encapsulation of materials by assembled virus protein cages. Nature 393(6681): 152-155.
28. Douglas T, Young M. 1999. Virus particles as templates for materials synthesis. Adv Mater 11(8): 679-681.
29. Douglas T, Young M. 2006. Viruses: Making friends with old foes. Science 312(5775): 873-875.
30. Douglas T, Strable E, Willits D, Aitouchen A, Libera M, Young M. 2002. Protein engineering of a viral cage for constrained nanomaterials synthesis. Adv Matter 14(6): 415-418.
31. Dujardin E, Peet C, Stubbs G, Culver JN, Mann S. 2003. Organization of metallic nanoparticles using tobacco mosaic virus templates. Nano Lett 3(3): 413-417.
32. Endo M, Wang H, Fujitsuka M, Majima T. 2006. Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold. Chem Eur J 12(14): 3735-3740.
33. Endo M, Fujitsuka M, Majima T. 2007. Porphyrin light-harvesting arrays constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus scaffold. Chem Eur J 13(31): 8660-8666.
34. Flynn CE, Lee SW, Peelle BR, Belcher AM. 2003a. Viruses as vehicles for growth, organization and assembly of materials. Acta Mater 51(19): 5867-5880.
35. Flynn CE, Mao C, Hayhurst A, Williams JL, Georgiou G, Iverson B, Belcher AM. 2003b. Synthesis and organization of nanoscale II-VI semiconductor materials using evolved peptide specificity and viral capsid assembly. J Mater Chem 13(10): 2414-2421.
36. Fowler CE, Shenton W, Stubbs G, Mann S. 2001. Tobacco mosaic virus liquid crystals as templates for the interior design of silica mesophases and nanoparticles. Adv Mater 13(16): 1266-1269.
37. Fraden S. 1995. Phase transitions in colloidal suspension of virus particles. In: Baus M, Rull LF, Ryckaert JP, editors. Observation, prediction, and simulation of phase transitions in complex fluids (Nato Science Series C, Vol. 460). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p 113-164.
38. Fujikawa S, Kunitake T. 2003. Surface fabrication of hollow nanoarchitectures of ultrathin titania layers from assembled latex particles and tobacco mosaic viruses as templates. Langmuir 19(16): 6545-6552.
39. Garber EA, Seidman MM, Levine AJ. 1980. Intracellular SV40 nucleoprotein in complexes: Synthesis to encapsidation. Virology 107(2): 389-401.
40. Gazit E. 2007. Use of biomolecular templates for the fabrication of metal nanowires. FEBS J 274(2): 317-322.
41. Gerasopoulos K, McCarthy M, Royston E, Culver JN, Ghodssi R. 2008. Nanostructured nickel electrodes using the tobacco mosaic virus for microbattery applications. J Micromech Microeng 18(10): 104003.
42. Gerlt JA, Kreevoy MM, Cleland WW, Frey PA. 1997. Understanding enzymic catalysis: The importance of short, strong hydrogen bonds. Chem Biol 4(4): 259-267.
43. Gillitzer E, Willits D, Young M, Douglas T. 2002. Chemical modification of a viral cage for multivalent presentation. Chem Commun 20: 2390-2391.
44. Goicochea NL, De M, Rotello VM, Mukhopadhyay S, Dragnea B. 2007. Core-like particles of an enveloped animal virus can self-assemble efficiently on artificial templates. Nano Lett 7(8): 2281-2290.
45. Gorzny ML, Walton AS, Wnek M, Stockley PG, Evans SD. 2008. Four-probe electrical characterization of Pt-coated TMV-based nanostructures. Nanotechnology 19(16): 165704.
46. Gorzny ML, Walton AS, Evans SD. 2010. Synthesis of high-surface-area platinum nanotubes using a viral template. Adv Funct Mater 20(8): 1295-1300.
47. Graf H, Löwen H. 1999. Phase diagram of tobacco mosaic virus solutions. Phys Rev E 59(2): 1932-1942.
48. Han D, Pal S, Liu Y, Yan H. 2010. Folding and cutting DNA into reconfigurable topological nanostructures. Nat Nanotech 5(10): 712-717.
49. Harrison BD, Wilson TMA. 1999. Milestones in the research on tobacco mosaic virus. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 354(1383): 521-529.
50. He J, Niu Z, Tangirala R, Wang JY, Wei X, Kaur G, Wang Q, Jutz G, Böker A, Lee B, Pingali SV, Thiyagarajan P, Emrick T, Russell TP. 2009. Self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus at oil/water interface. Langmuir 25(9): 4979-4987.
51. Hemminga MA, Vos WL, Nazarov PV, Koehorst RBM, Wolfs CJAM, Spruijt RB, Stopar D. 2010. Viruses: Incredible nanomachines. New advances with filamentous phages. Eur Biophys J 39(4): 541-550.
52. Holder PG, Finley DT, Stephanopoulos N, Walton R, Clark DS, Francis MB. 2010. Dramatic thermal stability of virus-polymer conjugates in hydrophobic solvents. Langmuir 26(22): 17383-17388.
53. Huang Y, Chiang CY, Lee SK, Gao Y, Hu EL, De Yoreo J, Belcher AM. 2005. Programmable assembly of nanoarchitectures using genetically engineered viruses. Nano Lett 5(7): 1429-1434.
54. Kehoe JW, Kay BK. 2005. Filamentous phage display in the new millennium. Chem Rev 105(11): 4056-4072.
55. Keren K, Krueger M, Gilad R, Ben-Yoseph G, Sivan U, Braun E. 2002. Sequence-specific molecular lithography on single DNA molecules. Science 297(5578): 72-75.
56. Khalil AS, Ferrer JM, Brau RR, Kottmann ST, Noren CJ, Lang MJ, Belcher AM. 2007. Single M13 bacteriophage tethering and stretching. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(12): 4892-4897.
57. Klem MT, Young M, Douglas T. 2005. Biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles. Mater Today 8(9): 28-37.
58. 2 inside a viral capsid. J Mater Chem 18(32): 3821-3823.
59. Klug A. 1999. The tobacco mosaic virus particle: Structure and assembly. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 354(1383): 531-535.
60. Knez M, Bittner AM, Boes F, Wege C, Jeske H, Maiβ E, Kern K. 2003. Biotemplate synthesis of 3-nm nickel and cobalt nanowires. Nano Lett 3(8): 1079-1082.
61. Knez M, Sumser M, Bittner AM, Wege C, Jeske H, Martin TP, Kern K. 2004. Spatially selective nucleation of metal clusters on the tobacco mosaic virus. Adv Funct Mater 14(2): 116-124.
62. Kostiainen MA, Hiellataipale P, de la Torre JA, Nolte RJM, Cornelissen JJLM. 2011. Electrostatic self-assembly of virus-polymer complexes. J Mater Chem 21(7): 2112-2117.
63. Kung SD, Yang SF. 1998. Discoveries in plant biology. Hong Kong: World Publishing Co.
64. 4 facilitated by a virus for 3V lithium ion battery cathodes. J Mater Chem 21(4): 1033-1039.
65. Lee SW, Mao C, Flynn CE, Belcher AM. 2002. Ordering of quantum dots using genetically engineered viruses. Science 296(5569): 892-895.
66. Lee SW, Lee SK, Belcher AM. 2003a. Virus-based alignment of inorganic, organic, and biological nanosized materials. Adv Mater 15(9): 689-692.
67. Lee SW, Wood BM, Belcher AM. 2003b. Chiral smectic C structures of virus-based films. Langmuir 19(5): 1592-1598.
68. Lee SY, Royston E, Culver JN, Harris MT. 2005. Improved metal cluster deposition on a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus template. Nanotech 16(7): s435-s441.
69. Lee SY, Choi J, Royston E, Janes DB, Culver JN, Harris MT. 2006a. Deposition of platinum clusters on surface-modified tobacco mosaic virus. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6(4): 974-981.
70. Lee SK, Yun DS, Belcher AM. 2006b. Cobalt ion mediated self-assembly of genetically engineered bacteriophage for biomimetic Co-Pt hybrid material. Biomacromolecules 7(1): 14-17.
71. Lee YJ, Yi H, Kim WJ, Kang K, Yun DS, Strano MS, Ceder G, Belcher AM. 2009. Fabricating genetically engineered high-power lithium-ion batteries using multiple virus genes. Science 324(5930): 1051-1055.
72. Lee YJ, Lee Y, Oh D, Chen T, Ceder G, Belcher AM. 2010. Biologically activated noble metal alloys at the nanoscale: For lithium ion battery anodes. Nano Lett 10(7): 2433-2440.
73. Lewis CL, Lin Y, Yang C, Manocchi AK, Yuet KP, Doyle PS, Yi H. 2010. Microfluidic fabrication of hydrogel microparticles containing functionalized viral nanotemplates. Langmuir 26(16): 13436-13441.
74. Li F, Li K, Cui ZQ, Zhang ZP, Wei HP, Gao D, Deng JY, Zhang XE. 2010. Viral coat proteins as flexible nano-building blocks for nanoparticle encapsulation. Small 6(20): 2301-2308.
75. Li F, Gao D, Zhai X, Chen Y, Fu T, Wu D, Zhang ZP, Zhang XE, Wang Q. 2011. Tunable, discrete, three-dimensional hybrid nanoarchitectures. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(18): 4202-4205.
76. Liepold LO, Revis J, Allen M, Oltrogge L, Young M, Douglas M. 2005. Structural transitions in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). Phys Biol 2(4): s166-s172.
77. Lim JS, Kim SM, Lee SY, Stach EA, Culver JN, Harris MT. 2010a. Formation of Au/Pd alloy nanoparticles on TMV. J Nanomater 2010: 620505.
78. Lim JS, Kim SM, Lee SY, Stach EA, Culver JN, Harris MT. 2010b. Biotemplated aqueous-phase palladium crystallization in the absence of external reducing agents. Nano Lett 10(10): 3863-3867.
79. Lim JS, Kim SM, Lee SY, Stach EA, Culver JN, Harris MT. 2011. Surface functionalized silica as a toolkit for studying aqueous phase palladium adsorption and mineralization on thiol moiety in the absence of external reducing agents. J Colloid Interface Sci 356(1): 31-36.
80. Lin Y, Su Z, Xiao G, Balizan E, Kaur G, Niu Z, Wang Q. 2011. Self-assembly of virus particles on flat surfaces via controlled evaporation. Langmuir 27(4): 1398-1402.
81. Liu WL, Alim K, Balandin AA, Mathews DM, Dodds JA. 2005. Assembly and characterization of hybrid virus-inorganic nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett 86(25): 253108.
82. Lu B, Stubbs G, Culver JN. 1996. Carboxylate interactions involved in the disassembly of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus. Virology 225(1): 11-20.
83. Lu B, Taraporewala F, Stubbs G, Culver JN. 1998. Intersubunit interactions allowing a carboxylate mutant coat protein to inhibit tobamovirus disassembly. Virology 244(1): 13-19.
84. Makowski L. 1994. Phage display: Structure, assembly and engineering of filamentous bacteriophage M13. Curr Opin Struct Biol 4(2): 225-230.
85. Manocchi AK, Horelik NE, Lee B, Yi H. 2010a. Simple, readily controllable palladium nanoparticle formation on surface-assembled viral nanotemplates. Langmuir 26(5): 3670-3677.
86. Manocchi AK, Seifert S, Lee B, Yi H. 2010b. On the thermal stability of surface-assembled viral-metal nanoaparticle complexes. Langmuir 26(10): 7516-7522.
87. Mao C, Flynn CE, Hayhurst A, Sweeney R, Qi J, Georgiou G, Iverson B, Belcher AM. 2003. Viral assembly of oriented quantum dot nanowires. Proc Natl Acad Soc USA 100(12): 6946-6951.
88. Mao C, Solis DJ, Reiss BD, Kottmann ST, Sweeney RY, Hayhurst A, Georgiou G, Iverson B, Belcher AM. 2004. Virus-based toolkit for the directed synthesis of magnetic and semiconducting nanowires. Science 303(5655): 213-217.
89. Mao JY, Belcher AM, van Vliet KJ. 2010. Genetically engineered phage fibers and coatings for antibacterial applications. Adv Funct Mater 20(2): 209-214.
90. McMillan RA, Paavola CD, Howard J, Chan SL, Zaluzec NJ, Trent JD. 2002. Ordered nanoparticle arrays formed on engineered chaperonin protein templates. Nat Mater 1(4): 247-252.
91. Mertig M, Ciacchi LC, Seidel R, Pompe W, De Vita A. 2002. DNA as a selective metallization template. Nano Lett 2(8): 841-844.
92. Miller RA, Presley AD, Francis MB. 2007. Self-assembling light-harvesting systems from synthetically modified tobacco mosaic virus coat proteins. J Am Chem Soc 129(11): 3104-3109.
93. Mukhopadhyay S, Zhang W, Gabler S, Chipman PR, Strauss EG, Strauss JH, Baker TS, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG. 2006. Mapping the structure and function of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins in alphaviruses. Structure 14(1): 63-73.
94. Naik RR, Stringer SJ, Agarwal G, Jones SE, Stone MO. 2002. Biomimetic synthesis and patterning of silver nanoparticles. Nat Mater 1(3): 169-172.
95. Nam KT, Kim DW, Yoo PJ, Chiang CY, Meethong N, Hammond PT, Chiang YM, Belcher AM. 2006. Virus-enabled synthesis and assembly of nanowires for lithium ion battery electrodes. Science 312(5775): 885-888.
96. Nam KT, Lee YJ, Krauland EM, Kottmann ST, Belcher AM. 2008. Peptide-mediated reduction of silver ions on engineered biological scaffolds. ACS Nano 2(7): 1480-1486.
97. Nam YS, Shin T, Park H, Magyar AP, Choi K, Fantner G, Nelson KA, Belcher AM. 2010a. Virus-templated assembly of porphyrins into light-harvesting nanoantennae. J Am Chem Soc 132(5): 1462-1463.
98. Nam YS, Magyar AP, Lee D, Kim JW, Yun DS, Park H, Pollom TS Jr, Weitz DA, Belcher AM. 2010b. Biologically templated photocatalytic nanostructures for sustained light-driven water oxidation. Nat Nanotech 5(5): 340-344.
99. Namba K, Pattanayek R, Stubbs G. 1989. Visualization of protein-nucleic acid interactions in a virus: Refined structure of intact tobacco mosaic virus at 2.9 Å resolution by X-ray fiber diffraction fiber diffraction. J Mol Biol 208(2): 307-325.
100. Neltner B, Peddie B, Xu A, Doenlen W, Durand K, Yun DS, Speakman S, Peterson A, Belcher AM. 2010. Production of hydrogen using nanocrystalline protein-templated catalysts on M13 phage. ACS Nano 4(6): 3227-3235.
101. Park SJ, Taton TA, Mirkin CA. 2002. Array-based electrical detection of DNA with nanoparticle probes. Science 295(5559): 1503-1506.
102. Purdy KR, Fraden S. 2004. Isotropic-cholesteric phase transition of filamentous virus suspensions as a function of rod length and charge. Phys Rev E 70(61): 061703.
103. Reiss BD, Mao C, Solis DJ, Ryan KS, Thomson T, Belcher AM. 2004. Biological routes to metal alloy ferromagnetic nanostructures. Nano Lett 4(6): 1127-1132.
104. Rong J, Oberbeck F, Wang X, Li X, Oxsher J, Niu Z, Wang Q. 2009. Tobacco mosaic virus templated synthesis of one dimensional inorganic-polymer hybrid fibres. J Mater Chem 19(18): 2841-2845.
105. Royston E, Lee SY, Culver JN, Harris MT. 2006. Characterization of silica-coated tobacco mosaic virus. J Colloid Interface Sci 298(2): 706-712.
106. Royston E, Ghosh A, Kofinas P, Harris MT, Culver JN. 2008. Self-assembly of virus-structured high surface area nanomaterials and their application as battery electrodes. Langmuir 24(3): 906-912.
107. Royston E, Brown AD, Harris MT, Culver JN. 2009. Preparation of silica stabilized tobacco mosaic virus templates for the production of metal and layered nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 332(2): 402-407.
108. Sainsbury F, Canizares MC, Lomonossoff GP. 2010. Cowpea mosaic virus: The plant virus-based biotechnology workhorse. Annu Rev Phytopathol 48: 437-455.
109. Sanghvi AB, Miller KPH, Belcher AM, Schmidt CE. 2005. Biomaterials functionalization using a novel peptide that selectively binds to a conducting polymer. Nat Mater 4(6): 496-502.
110. Sarikaya M, Tamerler C, Jen AKY, Schulten K, Baneyx F. 2003. Molecular biomimetics: Nanotechnology through biology. Nat Mater 2(9): 577-585.
111. Sarikaya M, Tamerler C, Schwartz DT, Baneyx F. 2004. Materials assembly and formation using engineered polypeptides. Annu Rev Mater Res 34: 373-408.
112. Seeman NC. 2003. DNA in a material world. Nature 421(6921): 427-431.
113. Seeman NC. 2010. Nanomaterials based on DNA. Annu Rev Biochem 79: 65-87.
114. Shenton W, Douglas T, Young M, Stubbs G, Mann S. 1999. Inorganic-organic nanotube composites from template mineralization of tobacco mosaic virus. Adv Mater 11(3): 253-256.
115. Sinensky AK, Belcher AM. 2006. Biomolecular recognition of crystal defects: A diffuse-selection approach. Adv Mater 18(8): 991-996.
116. Singh P, Gonzalez MJ, Manchester M. 2006. Viruses and their uses in nanotechnology. Drug Dev Res 67(1): 23-41.
117. Sleytr UB, Messner P, Pum D, Sara M. 1999. Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S layers): From supramolecular cell structure to biomimetics and nanotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed 38(8): 1034-1054.
118. Sleytr UB, Gyorvary E, Pum D. 2003. Crystallization of S-layer protein lattices on surfaces and interfaces. Prog Org Coat 47(3-4): 279-287.
119. Slocik JM, Naik RR, Stone MO, Wright DW. 2005. Viral templates for gold nanoparticle synthesis. J Mater Chem 15(7): 749-753.
120. Smith JC, Lee KB, Wang Q, Finn MG, Johnson JE, Mrksich M, Mirkin CA. 2003. Nanopatterning the chemospecific immobilization of cowpea mosaic virus capsid. Nano Lett 3(7): 883-886.
121. Soto CM, Ratna BR. 2010. Virus hybrids as nanomaterials for biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21(4): 426-438.
122. Soto CM, Blum AS, Vora GJ, Lebedev N, Meador CE, Won AP, Chatterji A, Johnson JE, Ratna BR. 2006. Fluorescent signal amplification of carbocyanine dyes using engineered viral nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 128(15): 5184-5189.
123. Speir JA, Munshi S, Wang G, Baker TS, Johnson JE. 1995. Structures of the native and swollen forms of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Structure 3(1): 63-78.
124. Stanley WM. 1937. Chemical studies on the virus of tobacco mosaic VIII. The isolation of a crystalline protein possessing the properties of aucuba mosaic virus. J Biol Chem 117(1): 325-340.
125. Steinmetz NF, Evans DJ. 2007. Utilisation of plant viruses in bionanotechnology. Org Biomol Chem 5: 2891-2902.
126. Steinmetz NF, Findlay KC, Noel TR, Parker R, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. 2008. Layer-by-layer assembly of viral nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes: The film architecture is different for spheres versus rods. ChemBioChem 9(10): 1662-1670.
127. Steinmetz NF, Lin T, Lomonossoff GP, Johnson JE. 2009. Structure-based engineering of an icosahedral virus for nanomedicine and nanotechnology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 327: 23-58.
128. Strauss JH, Strauss EG. 1994. The alphaviruses: Gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol Rev 58(3): 491-562.
129. Tama F, Brooks CL III. 2002. The mechanism and pathway of pH induced swelling in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. J Mol Biol 318(3): 733-747.
130. Tan WS, Lewis CL, Horelik NE, Pregibon DC, Doyle PS, Yi H. 2008. Hierarchical assembly of viral nanotemplates with encoded microparticles via nucleic acid hybridization. Langmuir 24(21): 12483-12488.
131. Tellinghuisen TL, Hamburger AE, Fisher BR, Ostendorp R, Kuhn RJ. 1999. In vitro assembly of alphavirus cores by using nucleocapsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli. J Virol 73(7): 5309-5319.
132. Tseng RJ, Tsai C, Ma L, Ouyang J, Ozkan CS, Yang Y. 2006. Digital memory device based on tobacco mosaic virus conjugated with nanoparticles. Nat Nanotech 1(1): 72-77.
133. Tsukamoto R, Muraoka M, Seki M, Tabaata H, Yamashita I. 2007. Synthesis of CoPt and FePt3 nanowires using the central channel of tobacco mosaic virus as a biotemplate. Chem Mater 19(10): 2389-2391.
134. van Regenmortel MHV, Frankel-Cornat H. 1986. The plant viruses. Vol. 2: The rod-shaped plant viruses. New York: Plenum Press.
135. Wang Q, Lin T, Tang L, Johnson JE, Finn MG. 2002. Icosahedral virus particles as addressable nanoscale building blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed 41(3): 459-462.
136. Wargacki SP, Pate B, Vaia RA. 2008. Fabrication of 2D ordered films of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV): Processing morphology correlations for convective assembly. Langmuir 24(10): 5439-5444.
137. Whaley SR, English DS, Hu EL, Barbara PF, Belcher AM. 2000. Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly. Nature 405(6787): 665-668.
138. Yang C, Yi H. 2010. Facile approaches to control catalytic activity of viral-templated palladium nanocatalysts for dichromate reduction. Biochem Eng J 52(2-3): 160-167.
139. Yang C, Manocchi AK, Lee B, Yi H. 2010. Viral templated palladium nanocatalysts for dichromate reduction. Appl Catal B 93(3-4): 282-291.
140. Yang C, Manocchi AK, Lee B, Yi H. 2011. Viral-templated palladium nanocatalysts for Suzuki coupling reaction. J Mater Chem 21(1): 187-194.
141. Yi H, Nisar S, Lee SY, Powers MA, Bentley WE, Payne GF, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Harris MT, Culver JN. 2005. Patterned assembly of genetically modified viral nanotemplates via nucleic acid hybridization. Nano Lett 5(10): 1931-1936.
142. Yi H, Rubloff GW, Culver JN. 2007. TMV microarrays: Hybridization-based assembly of DNA-programmed viral nanotemplates. Langmuir 23(5): 2663-2667.
143. Yoo PJ, Nam KT, Qi J, Lee SK, Park J, Belcher AM, Hammond PT. 2006. Spontaneous assembly of viruses on multilayered polymer surfaces. Nat Mater 5(3): 234-240.
144. Yoo PJ, Zacharia NS, Doh J, Nam KT, Belcher AM, Hammond PT. 2008a. Controlling surface mobility in interdiffusing polyelectrolyte multilayers. ACS Nano 2(3): 561-571.
145. Yoo PJ, Nam KT, Belcher AM, Hammond PT. 2008b. Solvent-assisted patterning of polyelectrolyte multilayers and selective deposition of virus assemblies. Nano Lett 8(4): 1081-1089.
146. Young M, Willits D, Uchida M, Douglas T. 2008. Plant viruses as biotemplates for materials and their use in nanotechnology. Annu Rev Phytopathol 46: 361-384.
147. Zhou Y, Shimizu K, Cha JN, Stucky GD, Morse DE. 1999. Efficient catalysis of polysiloxane synthesis by silicatein α requires specific hydroxy and imidazole functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed 38(6): 779-782.