The effect of altitude and slope on the spatial patterning of burglary

Applied Geography

Volumn 34, Issue , 2012, Pages 66-75

  Breetzke, Gregory Dennis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Altitude; Burglary; Slope; South africa; Topography

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; CRIME; DECISION MAKING; LEAST SQUARES METHOD; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SLOPE; TOPOGRAPHY;

GAUTENG; PRETORIA; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 81355161164     PISSN: 01436228     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.017     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Armitage, R. (2007). Sustainability versus safety: confusion, conflict and contradiction in designing out crime. In G. Farrell, K. Bowers, S. D. Johnson, & M. Townsley (Eds.), Imagination for crime prevention: Essays in honour of Ken Pease. Crime prevention studies (pp. 81-110). Monsey, NY/Cullompton, Devon: Criminal Justice Press and Willan Publishing.
2. Baumer, E., & Wright, R. (1996). Crime seasonality and serious scholarship: a comment on Farrell and Pease. British Journal of Criminology, 36, 579-581.
3. Bernasco, W., & Luykx, F. (2003). Effects of attractiveness, opportunity and accessibility to burglars on residential burglary rates of urban neighborhoods. Criminology, 41, 981-1002.
4. Bernasco, W., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2005). How do residential burglars select target areas? A new approach to the analysis of criminal location choice. British Journal of Criminology, 44, 296-315.
5. Bichler, G., Christie-Merrall, J., & Sechrest, D. (2011). Examining juvenile delinquency within activity space: building a context for offender travel patterns. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48, 472-506.
6. Bowers, K., Johnson, S. D., & Hirschfield, A. F. G. (2004). Closing off opportunities for crime: an evaluation of alley-gating. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 10, 285-308.
7. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1981). Environmental criminology. Beverly Hills: Sage.
8. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1991). Environmental criminology (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
9. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1993). Nodes, paths and edges: considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 3-28.
10. Brantingham, P. L., Brantingham, P. J. (2000). A conceptual model for anticipating crime displacement. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA.
11. Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (2003). Anticipating the displacement of crime using the principles of environmental criminology. Crime Prevention Studies, 16, 119-148.
12. Breetzke, G. D. (2006). Geographical information systems (GIS) and policing in South Africa: a review. Policing: An International Journal of Policing Strategies and Management, 29, 723-740.
13. Breetzke, G. D., & Horn, A. C. (2009). A geodemographic profiler for high offender propensity areas in the city of Tshwane, South Africa. Environment and Planning A, 41, 112-127.
14. Brown, B. B., & Altman, I. (1981). Territoriality and residential crime: a conceptual framework. In P. J. Brantingham, & P. L. Brantingham (Eds.), Environmental criminology (pp. 55-76). Prospect Heights, Ill: Waveland Press.
15. Brunsdon, C., Corcoran, J., Higgs, G., & Ware, A. (2009). The influence of weather on local geographical patterns of police calls for service. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 36, 906-926.
16. Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A. S., & Charlton, M. (1998). Spatial nonstationarity and autoregressive models. Environment and Planning A, 30, 957-973.
17. Byrne, J. M., & Sampson, R. J. (1986). Key issues in the social ecology of crime. In J. M. Byrne, & R. J. Sampson (Eds.), The social ecology of crime (pp. 1-22). New York: Springer-Verlag.
18. Cahill, M. E., & Mulligan, G. F. (2003). The determinants of crime in Tucson, Arizona. Urban Geography, 24, 582-610.
19. Cahill, M. E., & Mulligan, G. F. (2007). Using geographically weighted regression to explore local crime patterns. Social Science Computer Review, 25, 174-193.
20. Ceccato, V. (2005). Homicide in São Paulo, Brazil: assessing spatial-temporal and weather variations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 307-321.
21. Ceccato, V., & Dolmen, L. (2011). Crime in rural Sweden. Applied Geography, 31, 119-135.
22. Chainey, S., & Ratcliffe, J. (2005). GIS and crime mapping. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
23. Clare, J., Fernandez, J., & Morgan, F. (2009). Formal evaluation of the impact of barriers and connectors on residential burglars' macro-level offending location choices. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42, 139-158.
24. Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-608.
25. Cohn, E. G., & Rotton, J. (2000). Weather, seasonal trends and property crimes in Minneapolis, 1987-1988. A moderator-variable time-series analysis of routine activities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20, 257-272.
26. Cornish, D., & Clarke, R. V. (1986). The reasoning criminal. New York: Springer-Verlag.
27. Coupe, T., & Blake, L. (2006). Daylight and darkness targeting strategies and the risks of being seen at residential burglaries. Criminology, 44, 431-464.
28. Dahlbäck, O. (1998). Modelling the influence of societal factors on municipal theft rates in Sweden: methodological concerns and substantive findings. Acta Sociologica, 31, 37-57.
29. Edney, J. J. (1972). Place and space: the effects of experience with a physical locale. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 124-135.
30. Feldman, H. S.,&Jarmon, R. G. (1979). Factors influencing criminal behavior inNewark: a local study in forensic psychiatry. Journal of Forensic Science, 24, 234-239.
31. Felson, M. (2002). The topography of crime. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 4, 47-51.
32. Gao, J., & Li, S. (2011). Detecting spatially non-stationary and scale-dependent relationships between urban landscape fragmentation and related factors using geographically weighted regression. Applied Geography, 31, 292-302.
33. Garofalo, J., & Clark, D. (1992). Guardianship and residential burglary. Justice Quarterly, 9, 443-463.
34. Graif, C., & Sampson, R. J. (2009). Spatial heterogeneity in the effects of immigration and diversity on neighborhood homicide rates. Homicide Studies, 13, 242-260.
35. Hammond, L., & Youngs, D. (2011). Decay functions and criminal spatial processes: geographical offender profiling of volume crime. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8, 90-102.
36. Harries, K. (2006). Property crimes and violence in the United States: an analysis of the influence of population density. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 1, 24-34.
37. Heller, N. B., & Markland, R. E. (1970). A climatological model for forecasting the demand for police service. Journal of Research in Crimeand Delinquency, 7,167-176.
38. Herbert, D. T., & Harries, K. D. (1986). Area-based policies for crime prevention. Applied Geography, 6, 281-295.
39. Huang, Y., & Leung, Y. (2002). Analyzing regional industrialization in Jiangsu Province using geographically weighted regression. Journal of Geographical Systems, 4, 233-249.
40. Jacob, J. C. (2006). Male and female youth crime in Canadian communities: assessing the applicability of social disorganization theory. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 48, 31-60.
41. Johnson, S. D., & Bowers, K. (2010). Permeability and burglary risk: are cul-de-sacs safer? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26, 89-111.
42. Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 33, 343-367.
43. Landau, S. F., & Fridman, D. (1993). The seasonality of violent crime: the case of robbery and homicide in Israel. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 163-191.
44. Landman, K., & Schönteich, M. (2002). Urban fortresses: gated communities as a reaction to crime. African Security Review, 11, 71-85.
45. Lee, S.-I. I. (2004). Spatial data analysis for the US regional income convergence, 1969-1999: a critical appraisal of b-convergence. Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 39, 212-228.
46. McDowall, D., & Loftin, C. (1992). Comparing the UCR and NCS over time. Criminology, 30, 125-132.
47. Martino, D. (2008). Gender and urban perceptions of nature and protected areas in Bañados del Este biosphere reserve. Environmental Management, 41, 654-662.
48. Meier, R. F., & Miethe, T. D. (1993). Understanding theories of criminal victimization. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (pp. 459-499). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
49. Miethe, T. D., & Meier, R. F. (1990). Opportunity, choice, and criminal victimization: a test of a theoretical model. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27, 243-266.
50. Miethe,T.D.,&Meier,R. F. (1994). Crime and its social context: Toward an integrated theory of offenders, victims, and situations. Albany: State University of New York Press.
51. National Spatial Development Perspective. (2006). Chief police analyst. Republic of South Africa: The Presidency.
52. Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design. New York: Macmillan.
53. Peeters, M. P., & Elffers, H. (2010). Do physical barriers affect urban crime trips? Crime Patterns and Analysis, 3, 38-49.
54. Perry, J. D., & Simpson, M. E. (1987). Violent crimes in a city: environmental determinants. Environment and Behavior, 19, 77-90.
55. Proffitt, D. R., Bhalla, M., Gossweiler, R., & Midgett, J. (1995). Perceiving geographical slant. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 409-428.
56. Ratcliffe, J. H. (2003). Suburb boundaries and residential burglars (No. 246). Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology.
57. Rengert, G. F., Piquero, A. R., & Jones, P. R. (1999). Distance decay re-examined. Criminology, 37, 427-443.
58. Rice, K. J., & Smith, W. R. (2002). Socioecological models of automotive theft: integrating routine activity and social disorganization approaches. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 304-336.
59. Richards, P. (1974). Kant's geography and mental maps. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 61, 1-16.
60. Rotton, J., & Frey, J. (1985). Air pollution, weather, and violent crimes: concomitant time-series analysis of archival data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1207-1220.
61. Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774-802.
62. Sampson, R. J., & Wooldredge, J. D. (1987). Linking the micro- and macro-level dimensions of lifestyle-routine activity and oppotunity models of predatory victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3, 371-393.
63. Schönteich, M., & Louw, A. (2001). Crime in South Africa: a country and cities profile, Institute for Security Studies Paper 49, April 2001.
64. Shaw, C., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Snook, B. (2004). Individual differences in distance travelled by serial burglars.". Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 1, 53-66.
66. Stefanucci, J. K., & Proffitt, D. R. (2009). The roles of altitude and fear in the perception of height. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35, 424-438.
67. Stefanucci, J. K., Proffitt, D. R., Clore, G. L., & Parekh, N. (2008). Skating down a steeper slope: fear influences the perception of geographical slant. Perception, 37, 321-323.
68. Turvey, B. E. (2008). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral analysis (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
69. United Nations Development Program. (2003). South Africa human development report 2003. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press.
70. Van Koppen, P. J., & Jansen, R.W. (1999). The time to rob: variation in time of number of commercial robberies. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 36, 7-29.
71. Van Koppen, P. J., & de Keijser, J. W. (1997). Desisting distance decay: on the aggregation of individual crime trips. Criminology, 35, 505-515.
72. Vélez, M. B. (2001). The role of public social control in urban neighbourhoods: a multi-level analysis of victimization risk. Criminology, 39, 837-864.
73. Wyant, B. R. (2008). Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime: isolating endogenous impacts. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45, 39-64.
74. Zhang, L., Messner, S. F., & Liu, J. (2007). A multilevel analysis of the risk of household burglary in the city of Tianjin, China. British Journal of Criminology, 47, 918-937.
75. Zinn, R. (2008). The incidence of house robberies in South Africa. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa.
76. Zipf, G. K. (1949). Human behavior and the principle of least effort: An introduction to human ecology. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley Press.