Federalism, Lochner, and the individual mandate

Boston University Law Review

Volumn 91, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1723-1747

  Smith, Peter J ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 81355142285     PISSN: 00068047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Nick Wing, South Dakota Legislators Propose Individual Mandate to Require Gun Ownership, HUFFINGTON POST (Feb. 1, 2011), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ 2011/02/01/south-dakota-individual-mandateguns- n-816772.html.
2. Ken Cuccinelli, Accomplishments, http://cuccinelli.com/index.php/ accomplishments (last visited February 11, 2011).
3. Randy E. Barnett, Is Health-Care Reform Constitutional?, WASHINGTON POST (Mar. 21, 2010), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/ content/article/2010/03/ 19/AR2010031901470.html.
4. Jack Balkin, The Civic Republican Roots of the Individual Mandate, BALKANIZATION (Feb. 1, 2011), http://balkin.blogspot.com/2011/02/civic- republican-roots-of-individual.html
5. Jack M. Balkin, Commerce, 109 MICH. L. REV. 1,45 (2010).
6. See Commonwealth v. Sebelius, 728 F. Supp. 2d 768, 779 (E.D. Va. 2010);
7. John Yoo, The 'Individual Mandate' an Intrusion on Civil Society, PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER, Mar. 28, 2010, at C01
8. See United States v. South-Eastem Underwriters Ass'n, 322 U.S. 533, 539 (1944)
9. See, e.g., David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey, Illegal Health Reform, THE WASHINGTON POST, August 22, 2009, at A15
10. See, e.g., Virginia ex rel. Cuccinelli v. Sebelius, 728 F. Supp. 2d 768, 782
11. David B. Rivkin, Jr., Lee A. Casey & Jack M. Balkin, A Healthy Debate: The Constitutionality of an Individual Mandate, 158 U. PA. L. REV. PENNUMBRA 93, 98-99 (2009).
12. Randy Barnett, Nathaniel Stewart & Todd Gaziano, Executive Summary: Why the Personal Mandate to Buy Health Insurance is Unprecedented and Unconstitutional, THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION (Dec. 9, 2009), http://www.heritage. org/Research/- Reports/2009/12/Executive-Summary-Why-the-Personal-Mandate-Buy- Health-Insurance- Is-Unprecedented-Unconstitutional
13. Randy E. Barnett, Obamacare's Individual Mandate is a Dangerous New Federal Power, WASHINGTON EXAMINER (Feb. 15, 2011), http://washingtonexaminer. com/opinion/opeds/
14. Randy E. Barnett & Elizabeth Price Foley, The Nuts and Bolts of the ObamaCare Ruling, WALL ST. J., Feb. 2, 2011, at A17.
15. See, e.g., Mark A. Hall, Commerce Clause Challenges to Health Care Reform, 159 U. PENN. L. REV. 1825,1827-29 (2011).
16. Gillian Metzger & Trevor Morrison, Health Care Reform, the Tax Power, and the Presumption of Constitutionality, BALKINIZATION (October 19, 2010), http://balkin.blogspot.com/2010/10/health-care-reform-tax-power-and.html. I am principally interested here, however, in the challenges that the opponents of the Act have pressed to Congress's power under the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses.
17. Sara Rosenbaum & Jonathan Gruber, Buying Health Care, the Individual Mandate, and the Constitution, 363 NEW ENG. J. MED. 401, 402 (2010)
18. See Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57, 83 (1984) (upholding against constitutional challenge Congress's decision to require registration only of men and not women)
19. see also Randy E. Barnett, Commandeering the People: Why the Individual Health Insurance Mandate is Unconstitutional, 5 N.Y.U. J. L. & LIBERTY 581, 630 (2011) [hereinafter Barnett, Commandeering the People]; Randy Barnett, A Noxious Commandment, N.Y. TIMES (Dec. 13, 2010), http://www.nytimes.com/ roomfordebate/2010/12/13/a-fatal-blow-to-obamas-health-carelaw/ an-unconstitutional-commandment
20. See Dorf, supra note 37; Carlton Lawson, Inactivity and the Commerce Clause, PRAWFSBLAWG (Jan. 12, 2011, 2:28 PM), http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/ prawfsblawg/2011/01/inactivity-and-the-commerceclause.html;
21. See Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241, 251 (1964)
22. Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294, 305 (1964);
23. See Rick Hills, Federalism & Healthcare: The Dangers and Benefits of Confusing Individual Rights with Federalism, PRAWFSBLAWG (Dec. 14, 2010, 10:07 AM), http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2010/12/federalism-healthcare-the- dangersbenefits-of-confusing-individual-rights-with-federalism.html
24. See, e.g., Robert D. Cooter & Neil S. Siegel, Collective Action Federalism: A General Theory of Article I, Section 8, 63 STAN. L. REV. 115, 165 (2010);
25. Donald H. Regan, How to Think About the Federal Commerce Power and Incidentally Rewrite United States v. Lopez, MICH. L. REV. 554, 555 (1995)
26. Robert L. Stern, That Commerce Which Concerns More States than One, 47 HARV. L. REV. 1335, 1340 (1934).
27. See, e.g., Barry Friedman, Valuing Federalism, 82 MINN. L. REV. 317, 321 (1997);
28. Michael W. McConnell, Federalism: Evaluating the Founders' Design, 54 U. CHI. L. REV. 1484,1493-500 (1987)
29. See, e.g., Gary Lawson, The "Proper" Scope of Federal Power: A Jurisdictional Interpretation of the Sweeping Clause, 43 DUKE L.J. 267, 274 (1993).
30. Compare Randy E. Bamett, The Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause, 68 U. CHI. L. REV. 101,104-105 (2001).
31. Brian Galle, The Taxing Power, the Affordable Care Act, and the Limits of Constitutional Compromise, 120 YALE L.J. ONLINE 407, 412 (2011).
32. Rick Hills, What Does it Mean to Have a Theory of Federalism?, PRAWFSBLAWG, (Dec. 17, 2010), http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2010/12/ what-does-it-mean-tohave-a-theory-of-federalism.html#more
33. see Rick Hills, Judge Vinson's Incoherent Extension of Printz's Anti-Commandeering Principle from States to Private Persons, PRAWFSBLAWG (Jan. 31, 2011), http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2011/01/the-folly-of- extending-printzs-anticommandeering-principle-from-states-to-private-persons. html.
34. Ernest A. Young, Making Federalism Doctrine: Fidelity, Institutional Competence, and Compensating Adjustments, 46 WM. & MARY. L. REV. 1733, 1753-54 (2005)
35. Adrian Vermeule, Hume's Second-Best Constitutionalism, 70 U. CHI. L. REV. 421, 426 (2003)).
36. See, e.g., DAVID L. SHAPIRO, FEDERALISM: A DIALOGUE 58-106 (1995) 1493-1511.
37. Cuccinelli v. Sebelius, 728 F. Supp. 2d 768, 788 (E.D. Va. 2010)
38. See Simon Lazarus, The Health Care Lawsuits: Unraveling a Century of Constitutional Law and the Fabric of Modern American Government, AM. CONST. SOC'Y FOR L. & POL'Y, Feb. 8,2011, at 1, 17.
39. See Orin Kerr, Two Variations on "Could the Government Make You Buy a GM Car?," VOLOKH CONSPIRACY (December 17, 2010), http://volokh.com/2010/ 12/17/twovariations-on-could-the-government-make-you-buy-a-gm-car/
40. Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452, 458 (1991)