Terrestrial perspective on authigenic clay mineral production in ancient martian lakes

Clays and Clay Minerals

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 339-358

  Bristow, Thomas F ^a   Milliken, Ralph E ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b University of Notre Dame   (United States)

Author keywords

Authigenic clay minerals; Lacustrine clay minerals; Martian phyllosilicates; Mineral facies; Neoformation; Transformation

Indexed keywords

AUTHIGENIC CLAYS; LACUSTRINE CLAY; MARTIAN PHYLLOSILICATES; NEOFORMATION; TRANSFORMATION;

CLAY DEPOSITS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DEPOSITS; GALLIUM; LAKES; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; SEDIMENTARY ROCKS; SILICATES; STRATIGRAPHY; VOLCANIC ROCKS; WEATHERING;

CLAY MINERALS;

AUTHIGENIC MINERAL; CLAY MINERAL; LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT; MARS; MINERALOGY; PERCEPTION; PHYLLOSILICATE; SEDIMENTARY ROCK; SMECTITE; TERRAIN; VOLCANIC ROCK; WEATHERING PROFILE;

EID: 81355132663     PISSN: 00098604     EISSN: 15528367     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1346/CCMN.2011.0590401     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Ahn, J.H. and Peacor, D.R. (1986) Transmission and analytical electron microscopy of the smectite-to-illite transition. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 165-179.
2. Altaner, S.P. and Ylagan, R.F. (1997) Comparison of structural models of mixed-layer illite/smectite and reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 517-533.
3. April, R.H. (1981a) Clay petrology of the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic terrestrial strata of the Newark Supergroup, Connecticut Valley, USA. Sedimentary Geology, 29, 283-307.
4. April, R.H. (1981b) Trioctahedral smectite and interstratified chlorite-smectite in Jurassic strata of the Connecticut Valley. Clays and Clay Minerals, 29, 31-39.
5. Badaut, D. and Risacher, F. (1983) Authigenic smectite on diatom frustules in Bolivian saline lakes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47, 363-375.
6. Banfield, J.F., Jones, B.F., and Veblen, D.R. (1991a) An AEMTEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: 1. Weathering reactions in the volcanics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 2781-2793.
7. Banfield, J.F., Jones, B.F., and Veblen, D.R. (1991b) An AEMTEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon. 2. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 2795-2810.
8. Bell, J.F. III, Morris, R.V., and Adams, J.B. (1993) Thermally altered palagonitic tephra: A spectral and process analog to the soils and dust of Mars. Journal ofGeo physical Research, 98, 3373-3385.
9. Bellanca, A., Calvo, J.P., Censi, P., Neri, R., and Pozo, M. (1992) Recognition of Lake-Level Changes in Miocene Lacustrine Units, Madrid Basin, Spain Evidence from Facies Analysis, Isotope Geochemistry and Clay Mineralogy. Sedimentary Geology, 76, 135-153.
10. Berg-Madsen, V. (1983) High-alumina glaucony from the middle Cambrian of Oland and Bornholm, southern Baltoscandia. Journal ofS edimentary Petrology, 53, 875-893.
11. Bibring, J.P., Langevin, Y., Gendrin, A., Gondet, B., Poulet, F., Berthe ́, M., So ufflot, A., Arvidso n, R., Mango ld, N., Mustard, J., Drossart, P., and the OMEGA team (2005) Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations. Science, 307, 1576-1581.
12. Bibring, J.P., Arvidson, R.E., Gendrin, A., Gondet, B., Langevin, Y., Le Mouelic, S., Mangold, N., Morris, R.V., Mustard, J.F., Poulet, F., Quantin, C., and Sotin, C. (2007) Coupled ferric oxides and sulfates on the Martian surface. Science, 317, 1206-1210.
13. Birsoy, R. (2002) Formation of sepiolite-palygorskite and related minerals from solution. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 736-745.
14. Bischoff, J.L., Fitts, J.P., and Fitzpatrick, J.A. (1997) Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment. Pp. 37-47 in: An 800,000 Year Paleoclimatic Record from Core OL-92 (G. I. Smith and J. L. Bischoff, J.L. editors). Special Paper 317, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
15. Cabrol, N.A. and Grin, E.A. (1999) Distribution, classification and ages of Martian impact crater lakes. Icarus, 142, 160-172.
16. Cabrol, N.A., Grin, E.A., and Dawidowicz, G. (1996) Ma'adim Vallis revisited through new topographic data: Evidence for an ancient intravalley lake. Icarus, 123, 269-283.
17. Cabrol, N.A., Grin, E.A., Newsom, H.E., Landheim, R., and McKay, C.P. (1999) Hydrogeologic evolution of Gale Crater and its relevance to the exobiological exploration of Mars. Icarus, 139, 235-245.
18. Calvo, J.P., Blanc-Valleron, M.M., Rodrigue-Arandia, J.P., Rouchy, J.M., and Sanz, M.E. (1999) Authigenic clay minerals in continental evaporitic environments. Pp. 129-151 in: Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Related Continental Deposits (M. Thiry and R. Simon-Coincon, editors). Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists, 27, Blackwell Sciences, Oxford, UK.
19. Carroll, A.R. and Bohacs, K.M. (1999) Stratigraphic classification of ancient takes: Balancing tectonic and climatic controls. Geology, 27, 99-102.
20. Carter, J., Poulet, F., Bibring, J.-P. and Murchie, S. (2010) Detection of hydrated silicates in crustal outcrops in the Northern Plains of Mars. Science, 328, 1682-1686.
21. Chamley, H. (1989) Clay Sedimentology. Springer-Verlag, New York, 623 pp.
22. Christensen, P.R., Bandfield, J.L., Clark, R.N., Edgett, K.S., Hamilton, V.E., Hoefen, T., Kieffer, H.H., Kuzmin, R.O., Lane, M.D., Malin, M.C., Morris, R.V., Pearl J.C., Pearson R., Roush, T.L., Ruff, S.W., and Smith, M.D. (2000) Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer: Evidence for nearsurface water. Journal ofGeophys ical Research, 105, 9632-9642.
23. Christensen, P.R., Morris, R.V., Lane, M.D., Bandfield, J.L., and Malin, M.C. (2001) Global mapping of Martian hematite mineral deposits: Remnants of water-driven processes on Mars. Journal ofGeo physical Research, 106, 23,873-23.
24. Cohen, A.S. (2003) Paleolimnology: The History and Evolution ofLa ke Systems. Oxford University Press, New York, 528 pp.
25. Cole, R.D. and Picard, M.D. (1978) Comparitive mineralogy of mearshore and offshore lacustrine lithofaces, Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation, Piceance
26. Creek Basin, Colorado, and eastern Uinta Basin, Utah. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, 89, 1441-1454.
27. Crowell, J.C. (2003) Introduction to Geology of Ridge Basin, Southern California. Pp. 1-15 in: Evolution ofRi dge Basin, southern California: An interplay of Sedimentation and Tectonics (J.C. Crowell, editor). Special Paper 367, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. USA.
28. Cuevas, J., Ramirez, S., Petit, S., Meunier, A., and Leguey, S. (2003) Chemistry of Mg smectites in lacustrine sediments from the Vicalvaro sepiolite deposit, Madrid Neogene Basin (Spain). Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 457-472.
29. Darragi, F. and Tardy, Y. (1987) Authigenic trioctahedral smectites controlling pH, alkalinity, silica and magnesium concentrations in alkaline lakes. Chemical Geology, 63, 59-72.
30. Deb, S.P. and Fukuoka, M. (1998) Fe-illites in a proterozoic deep marine slope deposit in the Penganga Group of the Pranhita Godavari Valley: Their origin and environmental significance. Journal ofGeol ogy, 106, 741-749.
31. Decarreau, A. (1980) Cristallogenese experimentale des smectites magnesiennes: Hectorite, stevensite. Bulletin de Mineralogie, 103, 579-590.
32. Decarreau, A. (1985) Partitioning of divalent transitionelements between octahdedral sheets of trioctahedral smectites and water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 1537-1544.
33. Dekov, V.M., Kamenov, G.D., Stummeyer, J., Thiry, M., Savelli, C., Shanks, W.C., Fortin, D., Kuzmann, E., and Vertes, A. (2007) Hydrothermal nontronite formation at Eolo seamount (Aeolian volcanic arc, Tyrrhenian Sea). Chemical Geology, 245, 103-119.
34. Dekov, V.M., Cuadros, J., Shanks, W.C., and Koski, R.A. (2008) Deposition of talc, kerolite-smectite, smectite at seafloor hydrothermal vent fields: Evidence from mineralogical, geochemical and oxygen isotope studies. Chemical Geology, 247, 171-194.
35. Deocampo, D.M. (2004) Authigenic clays in East Africa: Regional trends and paleolimnology at the Plio-Pleistocene boundary, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Paleolimnology, 31, 1-9.
36. Deocampo, D.M. (2005) Evaporative evolution of surface waters and the role of aqueous CO2 in magnesium silicate precipitation: Lake Eyasi and Ngorongoro Crater, northern Tanzania. South African Journal of Geology, 108, 493-504.
37. Deocampo, D.M., Blumenschine, R.J., and Ashley, G.M. (2002) Wetland diagenesis and traces of early hominids, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Quaternary Research, 57, 271-281.
38. Deocampo, D.M., Cuadros, J., Wing-Dudek, T., Olives, J., and Amouric, M. (2009) Saline lake diagenesis as revealed by coupled minerogy and geochemistry of multiple ultrafine clay phases: Pliocene Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. American Journal ofSci ence, 309, 834-868.
39. Drever, J.I. (1997) The Geochemistry ofN atural Waters: Surface and Groundwater Environments. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 436 pp.
40. Dyni, J.R. (1976) Trioctahedral smectite in the Green River Formation, Duchesne County, Utah. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 967, 14 pp.
41. Eberl, D.D. (1984) Clay mineral formation and transformation in rocks and soils. Philosophical Transactions ofth e Royal Society ofLon don Series A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 311, 241-257.
42. Eberl, D.D., Velde, B., and McCormick, T. (1993) Synthesis of illite-smectite at Earth surface temperatures and high pH. Clay Minerals, 28, 49-60.
43. Ehlmann, B.L., Mustard, J.F., Fassett, C.I., Schon, S.C., Head, J.W., Marais, D.J.D., Grant, J.A., and Murchie, S.L. (2008a) Clay minerals in delta deposits and organic preservation potential on Mars. Nature Geoscience, 1, 355-358.
44. Ehlmann, B.L., Mustard, J.F., Murchie, S.L., Poulet, F., Bishop, J.L., Brown, A.J., Calvin, W.M., Clark, R.N., Marais, D.J.D., Milliken, R.E., Ro ach, L.H., Ro ush, T.L., Swayze, G.A., and Wray, J.J. (2008b) Orbital identification of carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars. Science, 322, 1828-1832.
45. Ehlmann, B.L., Mustard, J.F., Swayze, G.A., Clark, R.N., Bishop, J.L., Poulet, F., Marais, D.J.D., Roach, L.H., Milliken, R.E., Wray, J.J., Barnouin-Jha, O., and Murchie, S.L. (2009) Identification of hydrated silicate minerals on Mars using MRO-CRISM: Geologic context near Nili Fossae and implications for aqueous alteration. Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, 114, E00D08.
46. Ehlmann, B.L., Mustard, J.F., and Murchie, S.L. (2010) Geologic setting of serpentine deposits on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L06201.
47. Fassett, C.I. and Head III, J.W. (2005) Fluvial sedimentary deposits on Mars: Ancient deltas in a crater lake in the Nili Fossae region. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L14201.
48. Fassett, C.I. and Head, J.W. (2008) Valley network-fed, openbasin lakes on Mars: Distribution and implications for Noachian surface and subsurface hydrology. Icarus, 198, 37-56.
49. Furquim, S.A.C., Graham, R.C., Barbiero, L., Neto, J.P.D., and Valles, V. (2008) Mineralogy and Genesis of Smectites in an Alkaline-Saline Environment of Pantanal Wetland, Brazil. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 579-595.
50. Gac, J.Y., Droubi, A., Fritz, B., and Tardy, Y. (1977) Geochemical behaviour of silica and magnesium during the evaporation of waters in Chad. Chemical Geology, 19, 215-228.
51. Gendrin, A., Mangold, N., Bibring, J.-P, Langevin, Y., Gondet, B., Po ulet, F., Bo nello, G., Quantin, C., Mustard, J., Arvidson, R., and LeMoue ́ lic, S. (2005) Sulfates in Martian layered terrains: The OMEGA/Mars Express view. Science, 307, 1587-1591.
52. Grant, J.A. and Parker, T.J. (2002) Drainage evolution in the Margaritifer Sinus region, Mars. Journal ofGeo physical Research Planets, 107, E95066.
53. Grant, J.A., Irwin, R.P., Grotzinger, J.P., Milliken, R.E., Tornabene, L.L., McEwen, A.S., Weitz, C.M., Squyres, S.W., Glotch, T.D., and Thomson, B.J. (2008) HiRISE imaging of impact megabreccia and sub-meter aqueous strata in Holden Crater, Mars. Geology, 36, 195-198.
54. Grin, E.A. and Cabrol, N.A. (1997) Limnologic analysis of Gusev crater paleolake, Mars. Icarus, 130, 461-474.
55. Hagerty, J.J. and Newsom, H.E. (2003) Hydrothermal alteration at the Lonar Lake impact structure, India: implications for impact cratering on Mars. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 38, 365-381.
56. Harder, H. (1972) Role of magnesium in formation of smectite minerals. Chemical Geology, 10, 31-39.
57. Harder, H. (1976) Nontronite synthesis at low-temperatures. Chemical Geology, 18, 169-180.
58. Hay, R.L. and Kyser, T.K. (2001) Chemical sedimentology and paleoenvironmental history of Lake Olduvai, a Pliocene lake in northern Tanzania. Geological Society ofA merica Bulletin, 113, 1505-1521.
59. Hay, R.L., Guldman, S.G., Matthews, J.C., Lander, R.H., Duffin, M.E., and Kyser, T.K. (1991) Clay mineral diagenesis in Core Km-3 of Searles Lake, California. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39, 84-96.
60. Hay, R.L., Hughes, R.E., Kyser, T.K., Glass, H.D., and Liu, J. (1995) Magnesium-rich clays of the Meerschaum mines in the Amboseli Basin, Tanzania and Kenya: Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 455-466.
61. Hillier, S. (1993) Origin, diagenesis, and mineralogy of chlorite minerals in Devonian lacustrine mudrocks, Orcadian Basin, Scotland. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 240-259.
62. Hover, V.C. and Ashley, G.M. (2003) Geochemical signatures of paleodepositional and diagenetic environments: A STEM/AEM study of authigenic clay minerals from an arid rift basin, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 231-251.
63. Hover, V.C., Walter, L.M., Peacor, D.R. and Martini, A.M. (1999) Mg-smectite authigenesis in a marine evaporative environment, Salina Ometepec, Baja California. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 252-268.
64. Jamoussi, F., Ben Aboud, A., and Lopez-Galindo, A. (2003) Palygorskite genesis through silicate transformation in Tunisian continental Eocene deposits. Clay Minerals, 38, 187-199.
65. Johnson, J., Bell III. J.F., Cloutis, E., Staid, M., Farrand, W., McCoy, T., Rice, M., Wang, A., and Yen, A. (2007) Mineralogic constraints on sulfur-rich soils from Pancam spectra at Gusev crater, Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L13202.
66. Jones, B.F. (1986) Clay mineral diagenesis in lacustrine sediments. Pp. 291-300 in: Studies in Diagenesis (F.A. Mumpton, editor). US Geological Survey Bulletin, 1578.
67. Jones, B.F. and Deocampo, D.M. (2003) Geochemistry of Saline Lakes. Pp. 393-424 in: Freshwater Geochemistry, Weathering and Soils. Treatise on Geochemistry (J.I. Drever, H.D. Holland, and K.K. Turekian, editors). 5.13, Elsevier, New York.
68. Jones, B.F. and Galan, E. (1988) Sepiolite and palygorskite. Pp. 631-674 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) (S.W. Bailey, editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
69. Jones, B.F. and Spencer, R.J. (1999) Clay mineral diagenesis at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Reykjavik, 5th International Symposium on the Geochemistry ofthe Earth's Surface, 293-297.
70. Jones, B.F. and Weir, A.H. (1983) Clay-Minerals of Lake Abert, an Alkaline, Saline Lake. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31, 161-172.
71. Keller, W.D. (1958) Glauconitic mica in the Morrison Fo rmatio n i n Co l o r ado. Clays and Clay Minerals, 5, 120-128.
72. Khoury, H.N., Eberl, D.D., and Jones, B.F. (1982) Origin of magnesium clays from the Amargosa Desert, Nevada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 327-336.
73. Klingelhofer, G., Morris, R.V., Bernhardt, B., Schroder, C., Rodionov, D.S., de Souza, Jr., P.A., Yen, A., Gellert, R., Evlanov, E.N., Zubkov, B., Foh, J., Bonnes, U., Kankeleit, E., Gutlich, P., Ming, D.W., Renz, F., Wdowiak, T., Squyres, S.W., and Arvidson, R.E. (2004) Jarosite and hematite at Meridiani Planum from Opportunity's Mö ssbauer Spectrometer. Science, 306, 1740-1745.
74. Kloprogge, J.T., Komarneni, S., and Amonette, J.E. (1999) Synthesis of smectite clay minerals: A critical review. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 529-554.
75. Kossovskaya, A.G. and Drits, V.A. (1970) Variability of micaceous minerals in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentology, 15, 83-101.
76. Larsen, D. (2008) Revisiting silicate authigenesis in the Pliocene-Pleistocene Lake Tecopa beds, southeastern California: Depositional and hydrological controls. Geosphere, 4, 612-639.
77. Le Deit, L., Mouelic, S., Bourgeois, O., Co mbe, J.P., Mege, D., Sotin, C., Gendrin, A., Hauber, E., Mangold, N., and Bibring, J.P. (2008) Ferric oxides in East Candor Chasma, Valles Marineris (Mars) inferred from analysis of OMEGA/Mars Express data: Identification and geological interpretation. Journal ofGeoph ysical Research Planets, 113, E07001.
78. Link, M.H. (2003) Depositional systems and sedimentary facies of the Miocene-Pliocene Ridge Basin Group, Ridge Basin, southern California. Pp. 17-87 in: Evolution of Ridge Basin, southern California: An interplay of sedimentation and tectonics (J.C. Crowell, editor). Special Paper 367, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
79. Malin, M.C. and Edgett, K.S. (2003) Evidence for persistent flow and aqueous sedimentation on early Mars. Science, 302, 1931-1934.
80. Martini, A.M., Walter, L.M., Lyons, T.W., Hover, V.C., and Hansen, J. (2002) Significance of early-diagenetic waterrock interactions in a modern marine siliciclastic/evaporate environment: Salina Ometepec, Baja California. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, 114, 1055-1069.
81. Mayayo, M.J., Bauluz, B., and Lopez, J.M.G. (2000) Variations in the chemistry of smectites from the Calatayud Basin (NE Spain). Clay Minerals, 35, 365-374.
82. Mees, F. (2001) An occurrence of lacustrine Mg-smectite in a pan of the southwestern Kalahari, Namibia. Clay Minerals, 36, 547-556.
83. Menkin, K.M. (1997) Climatic signals in clay mineralogy and grain-size variation in Owens Lake core OL-92, southest California, Pp. 25-36 in: An 800,000 Year Paleoclimatic Record from Core OL-92 (G.I. Smith and J.L. Bischoff, editors). Special Paper 317, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
84. Meunier, A. (2005) Clays. Springer, Berlin, 472 pp.
85. Meunier, A. and El Albani, A. (2007) The glauconite-Fe-illite-Fe-smectite problem: a critical review. Terra Nova, 19, 95-104.
86. Milliken, R.E. and Bish, D.L. (2010) Sources and sinks of clay minerals on Mars: Philosophical Magazine, 90, 2293-2308.
87. Milliken, R.E., Swayze, G.A., Arvidson, R.E., Bishop, J.L., Clark, R.N., Ehlmann, B.L., Green, R.O., Gro tzinger, J.P., Mo rris, R.V., Murchie, S.L., Mustard, J.F., and Weitz, C. (2008) Opaline silica in young deposits on Mars. Geology, 36, 847-850.
88. Milliken, R.E., Fisher, W.W., and Hurowitz, J. (2009) Missing salts on early Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L11202.
89. Milliken, R.E., Grotzinger, J.P., and Thomson, B.J. (2010) Paleoclimate of Mars as captured by the stratigraphic record in Gale Crater. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L04201.
90. Milliken, R.E., Bristow, T., and Bish, D.L. (2011) Diagenesis of clay minerals on Mars and implications for the Mars Science Laboratory rover. 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #2230, Houston, Texas, USA.
91. Millot, G. (1964) Geologie des Argiles. Masson, Paris, 510 pp.
92. Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C. (1997) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxfo rd University Press, New York, 378 pp.
93. Morrill, C., Small, E.E. & Sloan, L.C. (2001) Modeling orbital forcing of lake level change: Lake Gosiute (Eocene), North America. Global and Planetary Change, 29, 57-76.
94. Morris, R.V., Agresti, D.G., Lauer, H.V., Newcomb, J.A., Shelfer, T.D., and Murali, A.V. (1989) Evidence for pigmentary hematite on Mars based on optical, magnetic, and Mö ssbauer studies of super paramagnetic (nanocrystalline) hematite. Journal ofGeop hysical Research, 94, 2760-2778.
95. Morris, R.V., Klingelhofer, G., Schroder, C., Rodionov, D.S., Yen, A., Ming, D.W., de So uza, P.A., Fleischer, I., Wdowiak, T., Gellert, R., Bernhardt, B., Evlanov, E.N., Zubkov, B., Foh, J., Bonnes, U., Kankeleit, E., Gutlich, P., Renz, F., Squyres, S.W., and Arvidson, R.E. (2006) Mö ssbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. Journal ofGeoph ysical Research, 111, E02S13.
96. Morris, R.V., Ruff, S.W., Gellert, R., Ming, D.W., Arvidson, R.E., Clark, B.C., Go lden, D.C., Siebach, K., Klingelho fer, G., Schroder, C., Fleischer, I., Yen, A.S., and Squyres, S.W. (2010) Identification of carbonate-rich outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover. Science, 329, 421-424.
97. Murchie, S.L., Mustard, J., Ehlmann, B., Milliken, R.E., Bishop, J., McKeown, N., Noe Dobrea, E., Seelos, F., Buczkowski, D., Wiseman, S., Arvidson, R., Wray, J., Swayze, G., Clark, R., Des Marais, D., McEwen, A., and Bibring, J.-P. (2009) A synthesis of Martian aquous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Journal ofGeoph ysical Research, 114, E00D06, doi:10.1029/2009JE003342.
98. Mustard, J.F., Murchie, S.L., Pelkey, S.M., Ehlmann, B.L., Milliken, R.E., Grant, J.A., Bibring, J.P., Poulet, F., Bishop, J., Dobrea, E.N., Roach, L., Seelos, F., Arvidson, R.E., Wiseman, S., Green, R., Hash, C., Humm, D., Malaret, E., McGovern, J.A., Seelos, K., Clancy, T., Clark, R., Des Marais, D., Izenberg, N., Knudson, A., Langevin, Y., Martin, T., McGuire, P., Morris, R., Robinson, M., Roush, T., Smith, M., Swayze, G., Taylor, H., Titus, T., and Wolff, M. (2008) Hydrated silicate minerals on mars observed by the Mars reconnaissance orbiter CRISM instrument. Nature, 454, 305-309.
99. Osinski, G.R. (2005) Hydrothermal activity associated with the Ries impact event, Germany. Geofluids, 5, 202-220.
100. Osterloo, M.M., Hamilton, V.E., Bandfield, J.L., Glotch, T.D., Baldridge, A.M., Christensen, P.R., Tornabene, L.L., and Anderson, F.S. (2008) Chloride-bearing materials in the southern highlands of Mars. Science, 319, 1651-1654.
101. Parry, W.T. and Reeves, C.C. (1966) Lacustrine glauconitic mica from pluvial Lake Mound, Lynn and Terry Counties, Texas. American Mineralogist, 51, 229-235.
102. Pedro, G., Carmouze, J.P., and Velde, B. (1978) Peloidal nontronite formation in recent sediments of Lake Chad. Chemical Geology, 23, 139-149.
103. Poulet, F., Bibring, J.P., Mustard, J.F., Gendrin, A., Mangold, N., Langevin, Y., Arvidson, R.E., Gondet, B., Gomez, C., and Omega, T. (2005) Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early martian climate. Nature, 438, 623-627.
104. Pozo, M. and Casas, J. (1999) Origin of kerolite and associated Mg clays in palustrine-lacustrine environments. The Esquivias deposit (Neogene Madrid Basin, Spain): Clay Minerals, 34, 395-418.
105. Remy, R.R. and Ferrell, R.E. (1989) Distribution and origin of analcime in marginal lacustrine mudstones of the Green River Formation, South-central Uinta Basin, Utah. Clays and Clay Minerals, 37, 419-432.
106. Roach, L., Mustard, J., Swayze, G., Milliken, R.E., Bishop, J., Murchie, S., and Lichtenberg, K. (2010) Hydrated mineral stratigraphy of Ius Chasma, Valles Marineris. Icarus, 206, 253-268.
107. Saez, A., Ingles, M., Cabrera, L., and de las Heras, A. (2003) Tectonic-palaeoenvironmental forcing of clay-mineral assemblages in nonmarine settings: the Oligocene-Miocene As Pontes Basin (Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 159, 305-324.
108. Sarrazin, P., Blake, D., Feldman, S., Chipera, S., Vaniman, D., and Bish, D. (2005) Field deployment of a portable X-ray diffraction/X-ray flourescence instrument on Mars analog terrain. Powder Diffraction, 20, 128-133.
109. Schwenzer, S.P. and Kring, D.A. (2009) Impact-generated hydrothermal systems capable of forming phyllosilicates on Noachian Mars. Geology, 37, 1091-1094.
110. Setti, M., Marinoni, L., and Lopez-Galindo, A. (2004) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics (major, minor, trace elements and REE) of detrital and authigenic clay minerals in a Cenozoic sequence from Ross Sea, Antarctica. Clay Minerals, 39, 405-421.
111. Siffert, B. (1962) Quelques re ́actions de la silice en solution: la formation des argiles. Me ́moires du Service de la Carte Ge ́ologique d'Alsace et de Lorraine, 21, 1-86.
112. Singer, A. and Stoffers, P. (1980) Clay mineral diagenesis in twoEa st African lake sediments. Clay Minerals, 15, 291-307.
113. Singer, R.B. (1982) Spectral evidence for the mineralogy of high-albedoso ils and dust on Mars. Journal of Geo physical Research, 87, 10,159-10.
114. Smith, P.R. (1982) Paleolimnology of Miocene lakes in Ridge Basin, southern California. Pp. 259-264 in: Evolution of Ridge Basin, southern California: An interplay of sedimentation and tectonics (J.C. Crowell, editor). Special Paper 367, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
115. Squyres, S.W., Arvidso n, R.E., Ruff, S., Gellert, R., Mo rris, R.V., Ming, D.W., Crumpler, L., Farmer, J.D., Des Marais, D.J., Yen, A., McLennan, S.M., Calvin, W., Bell, III. J.F., Clark, B.C., Wang, A., McCoy, T.J., Schmidt, M.E., and de Souza, Jr. P.A. (2008) Detection of silica-rich deposits on Mars. Science, 320, 1063-1067.
116. Summons, R.E., Amend, J.P., Bish, D.L., Buick, R., Cody, G.D., Des Marais, D.J., Dro mart, G., Eigenbro de, J.L., Knoll, A.H., and Sumner, D.Y. (2011) Preservation of Martian organic and environmental records: Final report of the Mars Biosignature Working Group. Astrobiology, 11, 157-181.
117. Surdam, R.C. and Sheppard, R.A. (1978) Zeolites in saline, alkaline-lake deposits. Pp. 145-174 in: Natural Zeolites, Occurrence, Properties, Use (L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton, editors). Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
118. Tettenhorst, R. and Moore, G.E. (1978) Stevensite oolites from Green River Formation of Central Utah. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 48, 587-594.
119. Torres-Ruiz, J., Lopez-Galindo, A., Gonzalez-Lopez, J.M., and Delgado, A. (1994) Geochemistry of Spanish sepiolitepalygorskite deposits: Genetic considerations based on trace elements and isotopes. Chemical Geology, 112, 221-245.
120. Tosca, N.J. and Knoll, A.H. (2009) Juvenile chemical sediments and the long term persistence of water at the surface of Mars. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 286, 379-386.
121. To sca, N., Mclennan, S., Clark, B., Gro tzinger, J., Huro witz, J., Knoll, A., Schroder, C., and Squyres, S. (2005) Geochemical modeling of evaporation processes on Mars: Insight from the sedimentary record at Meridiani Planum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 240, 122-148.
122. Turner, C.E. and Fishman, N.S. (1991) Jurassic Lake T'oo'dichi': A large alkaline, saline lake, Morrison Formation, eastern Colorado Plateau. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, 103, 538-558.
123. Velde, B. and Meunier, A. (2008) The Origin ofCl ay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks. Springer, Berlin, 405 pp.
124. Weaver, C.E. and Beck, K.C. (1977) Miocene ofth e SE United States: a model for chemical sedimentation in a peri-marine environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 234 pp.
125. Weaver, C.E. (1989) Clays, Muds, and Shales. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 820 pp.
126. Webster, D.M. and Jones, B.F. (1994) Paleoenvironmental implications of lacustrine clay minerals from the Double Lakes Formation, Southern High Plains, Texas. Pp. 159-172 in: Sedimentology and Geochemistry ofMod ern and Ancient Saline Lakes (R.W. Renaut and W.M. Last, editors). Special Publication 50, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
127. Wray, J.J., Murchie, S.L., Squyres, S.W., Seelos, F.P., and Tornabene, L.L. (2009) Diverse aqueous environments on ancient Mars revealed in the southern highlands. Geology, 37, 1043-1046.
128. Wray, J.J., Milliken, R.E., Dundas, C., Swayze, G., Andrews-Hanna, J., Baldridge, A., Bishop, J., Ehlmann, B., Murchie, S., Clark, R., Seelos, F., Tornabene, L., and Squyres, S. (2010) Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars. Journal ofGeo physical Research, 116, E01001.