메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 683-707

A review of biomass densification systems to develop uniform feedstock commodities for bioenergy application

Author keywords

Biomass density; Biomass pre treatment; Biomass quality; Densification energy; Densification systems; Solid fuel standards

Indexed keywords

AGGLOMERATOR; AMMONIA FIBER EXPLOSION; BINDING BEHAVIORS; BINDING CHARACTERISTICS; BIO-ENERGY; BIOMASS DENSITY; BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK; BIOMASS QUALITY; END-PRODUCTS; EUROPEAN STANDARDS; FEEDSTOCK COSTS; HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS; INTERNATIONAL MARKETS; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; LIGNOSULFONATES; PRE-TREATMENT; PUBLIC DOMAINS; ROLLER PRESS; SCREW EXTRUDERS; SCREW PRESS; SIZE AND SHAPE; SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION; STEAM EXPLOSION; US GOVERNMENT;

EID: 81255158960     PISSN: 1932104X     EISSN: 19321031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bbb.324     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (534)

References (149)
  • 1
    • 0001276686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and operating experience on fluidized bed boiler burning biomass fuels with high alkali ash
    • ed by Preto FDS. ASME Publishers, New York, USA -
    • Bapat DW, Kulkarni SV and Bhandarkar VP, Design and operating experience on fluidized bed boiler burning biomass fuels with high alkali ash, in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, ed by Preto FDS. ASME Publishers, New York, USA, pp. 165-174 (1997).
    • (1997) Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion , pp. 165-174
    • Bapat, D.W.1    Kulkarni, S.V.2    Bhandarkar, V.P.3
  • 3
    • 84859900702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torrefied biomass: A foresighting study into the business case for pellets from torrefied biomass as a new solid fuel
    • University of Aberdeen, ECN, Doosan Babcock, and ITI Energy.
    • Mitchell P, Kiel J, Livingston B and Dupont-Roc G, Torrefied biomass: A foresighting study into the business case for pellets from torrefied biomass as a new solid fuel, in All Energy 2007. University of Aberdeen, ECN, Doosan Babcock, and ITI Energy.
    • (2007) All Energy
    • Mitchell, P.1    Kiel, J.2    Livingston, B.3    Dupont-Roc, G.4
  • 6
    • 0036826952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of die pressure on relaxation characteristics of briquetted biomass.
    • 2157-2161
    • Ndiema CKW, Manga PN and Ruttoh CR, Influence of die pressure on relaxation characteristics of briquetted biomass. Energy Convers Manage 43:2157-2161 (2002).
    • (2002) Energy Convers Manage , vol.43
    • Ndiema, C.K.W.1    Manga, P.N.2    Ruttoh, C.R.3
  • 9
    • 0033751118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High pressure densification of wood residues to form an upgraded fuel.
    • Li Y and Liu H, High pressure densification of wood residues to form an upgraded fuel. Biomass Bioenerg 19:177-186 (2000).
    • (2000) Biomass Bioenerg , vol.19 , pp. 177-186
    • Li, Y.1    Liu, H.2
  • 10
    • 33646119208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific energy requirement for compacting corn stover
    • Mani S, Tabil LG and Sokhansanj S, Specific energy requirement for compacting corn stover. Bioresour Technol 97:1420-1426 (2006).
    • (2006) Bioresour Technol , vol.97 , pp. 1420-1426
    • Mani, S.1    Tabil, L.G.2    Sokhansanj, S.3
  • 11
    • 0039616373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PhD dissertation, Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
    • Tabil LG, Binding and pelleting characteristics of alfalfa. PhD dissertation, Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Canada (1996).
    • (1996) Binding and pelleting characteristics of alfalfa
    • Tabil, L.G.1
  • 12
    • 0029755146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compression and compaction behavior of alfalfa grinds, Part 1: Compression behavior.
    • Tabil LG and Sokhansanj S, Compression and compaction behavior of alfalfa grinds, Part 1: Compression behavior. Powder Handling Process 8(1):17-23 (1996).
    • (1996) Powder Handling Process , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-23
    • Tabil, L.G.1    Sokhansanj, S.2
  • 13
    • 0030121307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compression and compaction behavior of alfalfa grinds, Part 2: Compaction behavior.
    • Tabil LG and Sokhansanj S, Compression and compaction behavior of alfalfa grinds, Part 2: Compaction behavior. Powder Handling Process 8(2):117-122 (1996).
    • (1996) Powder Handling Process , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 117-122
    • Tabil, L.G.1    Sokhansanj, S.2
  • 14
    • 0001827231 scopus 로고
    • The strength of granules and agglomerates
    • ed by Knepper WA. Interscience Publishers New York, USA
    • Rumpf H, The strength of granules and agglomerates, in Agglomeration, ed by Knepper WA. Interscience Publishers (1962), New York, USA, pp. 379-418.
    • (1962) Agglomeration , pp. 379-418
    • Rumpf, H.1
  • 15
    • 0015587183 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of agglomerate growth in green pelletization.
    • Sastry KVS and Fuerstenau DW, Mechanisms of agglomerate growth in green pelletization. Powder Technol 7:97-105 (1973).
    • (1973) Powder Technol , vol.7 , pp. 97-105
    • Sastry, K.V.S.1    Fuerstenau, D.W.2
  • 16
    • 0015766190 scopus 로고
    • The tensile strength and compression behavior of lactose: Four fatty acids and their mixture in relation to tableting
    • York P and Pilpel N, The tensile strength and compression behavior of lactose: Four fatty acids and their mixture in relation to tableting. J Pharm Pharmacol 25:1-11 (1973).
    • (1973) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.25 , pp. 1-11
    • York, P.1    Pilpel, N.2
  • 17
    • 0009960879 scopus 로고
    • Size enlargement methods and equipments, part 2: Agglomerate bonding and strength
    • ed by Fayed ME and Otten L. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, USA -
    • Pietsch WB, Size enlargement methods and equipments, part 2: Agglomerate bonding and strength, in Handbook of Powder Science and Technology, ed by Fayed ME and Otten L. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, USA, pp. 231-252 (1984).
    • (1984) Handbook of Powder Science and Technology , pp. 231-252
    • Pietsch, W.B.1
  • 18
    • 5844366870 scopus 로고
    • Hitchcock Publishing Co, Wheaton, IL, USA -
    • Schineberger GL, Understanding Adhesives. Hitchcock Publishing Co, Wheaton, IL, USA, pp. 3.6-3.7 (1971).
    • (1971) Understanding Adhesives , pp. 36-37
    • Schineberger, G.L.1
  • 19
    • 81255125753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compaction Characteristics of Some Biomass Grinds. AIC 2002 Meeting, CSAE/SCGR Program, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 14-17
    • Mani S, Tabil LG and Sokhansanj S, Compaction Characteristics of Some Biomass Grinds. AIC 2002 Meeting, CSAE/SCGR Program, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 14-17 (2002).
    • (2002)
    • Mani, S.1    Tabil, L.G.2    Sokhansanj, S.3
  • 20
    • 54549120577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of compaction equations.
    • Comoglu T, An overview of compaction equations. J Fac Pharm Ankara 36(2):123-133 (2007).
    • (2007) J Fac Pharm Ankara , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-133
    • Comoglu, T.1
  • 21
    • 0037120791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compaction equations: A comparison of the Heckel and Kawakita equations.
    • Denny PJ, Compaction equations: A comparison of the Heckel and Kawakita equations. Powder Technol 127:162-172 (2002).
    • (2002) Powder Technol , vol.127 , pp. 162-172
    • Denny, P.J.1
  • 22
    • 81255154667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidimensional Modeling of Agricultural Fibrous Materials in Densification: Compression Stage. ASAE Paper No. 023151. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), St Joseph, MI, USA
    • Muñoz G and Herrera P, Multidimensional Modeling of Agricultural Fibrous Materials in Densification: Compression Stage. ASAE Paper No. 023151. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), St Joseph, MI, USA (2002).
    • (2002)
    • Muñoz, G.1    Herrera, P.2
  • 23
    • 0033209423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality
    • Briggs JL, Maier DE, Watkins BA and Behnke KC, Effects of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality. Poult Sci 78:1464-1471 (1999).
    • (1999) Poult Sci , vol.78 , pp. 1464-1471
    • Briggs, J.L.1    Maier, D.E.2    Watkins, B.A.3    Behnke, K.C.4
  • 24
    • 0012382362 scopus 로고
    • The functional properties of feed raw materials and the effect on the production and quality of feed pellets
    • Wood JF, The functional properties of feed raw materials and the effect on the production and quality of feed pellets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 18:1-17 (1987).
    • (1987) Anim Feed Sci Technol , vol.18 , pp. 1-17
    • Wood, J.F.1
  • 25
    • 0001344891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of pelleted animal feed, part 2: Contribution of processes and its conditions
    • Thomas M, van Zuilichem DJ and van der Poel AFB, Quality of pelleted animal feed, part 2: Contribution of processes and its conditions. Anim Feed Sci Technol 64:173-192 (1997).
    • (1997) Anim Feed Sci Technol , vol.64 , pp. 173-192
    • Thomas, M.1    van Zuilichem, D.J.2    van der Poel, A.F.B.3
  • 26
    • 1842863700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk, part 1: Lignin as intrinsic thermosetting binder resin
    • van Dam JEG, van den Oever MJA, Teunissen W, Keijsers ERP and Peralta AG, Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk, part 1: Lignin as intrinsic thermosetting binder resin. Ind Crops Prod 19(3):207-216 (2004).
    • (2004) Ind Crops Prod , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 207-216
    • van Dam, J.E.G.1    van den Oever, M.J.A.2    Teunissen, W.3    Keijsers, E.R.P.4    Peralta, A.G.5
  • 28
    • 70450155363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switchgrass.
    • Kaliyan N and Morey RV, Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switchgrass. Bioresource Technol 101:1082-1090 (2010).
    • (2010) Bioresource Technol , vol.101 , pp. 1082-1090
    • Kaliyan, N.1    Morey, R.V.2
  • 29
    • 81255199502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pellet Mill description.
    • Feed Machinery, Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Feed Machinery, Pellet Mill description. [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
  • 30
    • 67749089565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel pelletization with a binder, part 1: Identification of a suitable binder for spent mushroom compost-coal tailing pellets.
    • Finney KN, Sharifi VN and Swithenbank J, Fuel pelletization with a binder, part 1: Identification of a suitable binder for spent mushroom compost-coal tailing pellets. Energ Fuel 23:3195-3202 (2009).
    • (2009) Energ Fuel , vol.23 , pp. 3195-3202
    • Finney, K.N.1    Sharifi, V.N.2    Swithenbank, J.3
  • 33
    • 0010340456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass briquetting: Technology and practices
    • Tech. Report GCP/RAS/154/NET. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand
    • Grover PD and Mishra SK, Biomass briquetting: Technology and practices, in Regional Wood Energy Development Program in Asia, Tech. Report GCP/RAS/154/NET. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand (1996).
    • (1996) Regional Wood Energy Development Program in Asia
    • Grover, P.D.1    Mishra, S.K.2
  • 34
    • 81255181108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online]. United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Hassan A, Biomass Briquetting in Sudan: A feasibility study. [Online]. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2010). Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • (2010) Biomass Briquetting in Sudan: A feasibility study.
    • Hassan, A.1
  • 36
    • 81255154663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A/S, Briquetting presses and total solutions.
    • Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • C.F. Nielsen A/S, Briquetting presses and total solutions. [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Nielsen, C.F.1
  • 37
    • 81255199501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy tablet-making machine for biomass. [Online]. US Department of Energy. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Vanengelenhoven J, Energy tablet-making machine for biomass. [Online]. US Department of Energy. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Vanengelenhoven, J.1
  • 38
    • 81255181104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy tablets. [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Gibson L, Energy tablets. [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Gibson, L.1
  • 39
    • 6344291448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass densification: Cubing operations and costs for corn stover.
    • Sokhansanj S and Turhollow AF, Biomass densification: Cubing operations and costs for corn stover. App Eng Agr 20(4):495-499 (2004).
    • (2004) App Eng Agr , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 495-499
    • Sokhansanj, S.1    Turhollow, A.F.2
  • 41
    • 34547668926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of roll press design parameters based on the assessment of a particular nip region.
    • Yehia KA, Estimation of roll press design parameters based on the assessment of a particular nip region. Powder Technol 177:148-153 (2007).
    • (2007) Powder Technol , vol.177 , pp. 148-153
    • Yehia, K.A.1
  • 42
    • 67049098916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roll press briquetting and pelleting of corn stover and switchgrass.
    • Kaliyan N, Morey RV, White MD and Doering A, Roll press briquetting and pelleting of corn stover and switchgrass. Transactions of the ASABE 52(2):543-555 (2009).
    • (2009) Transactions of the ASABE , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 543-555
    • Kaliyan, N.1    Morey, R.V.2    White, M.D.3    Doering, A.4
  • 43
    • 81255199498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific principles: Materials science and technology teacher's workshop.
    • Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Brewer J, Scientific principles: Materials science and technology teacher's workshop. [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Brewer, J.1
  • 47
    • 81255154662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cotton stalk charcoal agglomeration in the Sudan
    • 198900. [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Siemons RV, Ahmed Dr. and Hood H, Cotton stalk charcoal agglomeration in the Sudan, Boiling Point, 198900. [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Boiling Point
    • Siemons, R.V.1    Ahmed, D.2    Hood, H.3
  • 48
    • 0003205569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size reduction and size enlargement
    • 7th edition, ed by Perry RH, Green DW and Maloney JO, McGraw-Hill (), New York, U. S. A.
    • Snow RH, Allen T, Ennis BJ and Litster JD, Size reduction and size enlargement, in Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th edition, ed by Perry RH, Green DW and Maloney JO, McGraw-Hill (1997), New York, U. S. A., pp. 20-189.
    • (1997) Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook , pp. 20-189
    • Snow, R.H.1    Allen, T.2    Ennis, B.J.3    Litster, J.D.4
  • 49
    • 58349095167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-up and control of binder agglomeration process-flow and stress fields.
    • Mort PR, Scale-up and control of binder agglomeration process-flow and stress fields. Powder Technol 189:313-317 (2009).
    • (2009) Powder Technol , vol.189 , pp. 313-317
    • Mort, P.R.1
  • 50
    • 0019091652 scopus 로고
    • Biomass densification energy requirements
    • in American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA -
    • Reed TB, Trezek G and Diaz L, Biomass densification energy requirements, in Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA, pp. 169-177 (1980).
    • (1980) Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass , pp. 169-177
    • Reed, T.B.1    Trezek, G.2    Diaz, L.3
  • 52
    • 0141645270 scopus 로고
    • Berechung der druckverteilung an stroh-und heupressen (Calculation of the pressure distribution in straw and hay balers).
    • Mewes E, Berechung der druckverteilung an stroh-und heupressen (Calculation of the pressure distribution in straw and hay balers). Landtechnische Forschung 9(6):160-170 (1959).
    • (1959) Landtechnische Forschung , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 160-170
    • Mewes, E.1
  • 53
    • 0001197054 scopus 로고
    • Stress relaxation and energy requirements in compaction of unconsolidated materials.
    • Mohsenin N and Zaske J, Stress relaxation and energy requirements in compaction of unconsolidated materials. J Agric Eng Res 11:193-205 (1975).
    • (1975) J Agric Eng Res , vol.11 , pp. 193-205
    • Mohsenin, N.1    Zaske, J.2
  • 54
    • 0002360512 scopus 로고
    • Compression of straw to high densities in closed cylindrical dies.
    • O'Dogherty MJ and Wheeler JA, Compression of straw to high densities in closed cylindrical dies. J Agric Eng Res 29:61-72 (1984).
    • (1984) J Agric Eng Res , vol.29 , pp. 61-72
    • O'Dogherty, M.J.1    Wheeler, J.A.2
  • 55
    • 0026883109 scopus 로고
    • Densification of preheated sawdust for energy conservation
    • Aqa S and Bhattacharya SC, Densification of preheated sawdust for energy conservation. Energy 17(6):575-578 (1992).
    • (1992) Energy , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 575-578
    • Aqa, S.1    Bhattacharya, S.C.2
  • 57
    • 0001235689 scopus 로고
    • Densification systems for agricultural residues
    • American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., U. S. A.
    • Miles TR and Miles Jr., TR, Densification systems for agricultural residues, in Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 179-191 (1980).
    • (1980) Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass , pp. 179-191
    • Miles, T.R.1    Miles Jr., T.R.2
  • 58
    • 30144438463 scopus 로고
    • Straw compaction research.
    • Neale MA, Straw compaction research. Agricultural Engineer, 4(4): 126-130 (1986).
    • (1986) Agricultural Engineer , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 126-130
    • Neale, M.A.1
  • 60
    • 30144444814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A process and energy analysis of pelletizing switchgrass: Final report [Online]
    • Available at: () [August 15, 2011].
    • Jannasch R, Quan Y, and Samson R, A process and energy analysis of pelletizing switchgrass: Final report [Online]. Available at: (2001) [August 15, 2011].
    • (2001)
    • Jannasch, R.1    Quan, Y.2    Samson, R.3
  • 61
    • 3042735397 scopus 로고
    • Energy requirements for dehydrating and pelleting coastal Bermuda grass
    • 355
    • Balk WA, Energy requirements for dehydrating and pelleting coastal Bermuda grass, Trans of the ASAE, 7: 349-351, 355 (1964).
    • (1964) Trans of the ASAE , vol.7 , pp. 349-351
    • Balk, W.A.1
  • 62
    • 81255181103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Briquetting agricultural and wood residues: Experience gained with a heated die cylindrical screw press, in Handling and Processing of Biomass for Energy: Report and Proceedings, ed by Keller P, CNRE Bulletin (FAO), no. 18, 1987) Rome, Italy 45-52. European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy: First Workshop on Handling and Processing of Biomass for Energy, Hamburg, Germany, Sept. 14-15, 1987) Rome, Italy 45-52. European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy: First Workshop on Handling and Processing of Biomass for Energy, Hamburg, Germany, Sept. 14-15, 1987.
    • Carre J, Hebert L, Lacrosse L and Schenkel Y, Briquetting agricultural and wood residues: Experience gained with a heated die cylindrical screw press, in Handling and Processing of Biomass for Energy: Report and Proceedings, ed by Keller P, CNRE Bulletin (FAO), no. 18, (1987) Rome, Italy, pp. 45-52. European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy: First Workshop on Handling and Processing of Biomass for Energy, Hamburg, Germany, Sept. 14-15, 1987) Rome, Italy, pp. 45-52. European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy: First Workshop on Handling and Processing of Biomass for Energy, Hamburg, Germany, Sept. 14-15, 1987.
    • Carre, J.1    Hebert, L.2    Lacrosse, L.3    Schenkel, Y.4
  • 63
    • 3643118763 scopus 로고
    • Additives for physical quality of animal feed
    • ed by Beaven DA. Turret-Wheatland Ltd, Herts, England -
    • MacMahon MJ, Additives for physical quality of animal feed, in Manufacturing of Animal Feed, ed by Beaven DA. Turret-Wheatland Ltd, Herts, Englpp. 69-70 (1984).
    • (1984) Manufacturing of Animal Feed , pp. 69-70
    • MacMahon, M.J.1
  • 64
    • 70350011155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PhD dissertation submitted to Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
    • Shaw M, Feedstock and process variables influencing biomass densification. PhD dissertation submitted to Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (2008).
    • (2008) Feedstock and process variables influencing biomass densification
    • Shaw, M.1
  • 65
    • 0141534142 scopus 로고
    • Heated-die wafer formation of alfalfa and bermudagrass
    • Hall GE and Hall CW, Heated-die wafer formation of alfalfa and bermudagrass. Trans ASAE 11:578-581 (1968).
    • (1968) Trans ASAE , vol.11 , pp. 578-581
    • Hall, G.E.1    Hall, C.W.2
  • 67
    • 63049107417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ASABE Paper No. 066174, ASABE Annual International Meeting, PortlOR. ASAE, St Joseph, MI, USA, July 9-12
    • Kaliyan N and Morey R, Densification characteristics of corn stover and switchgrass, ASABE Paper No. 066174, ASABE Annual International Meeting, PortlOR. ASAE, St Joseph, MI, USA, July 9-12, (2006).
    • (2006) Densification characteristics of corn stover and switchgrass
    • Kaliyan, N.1    Morey, R.2
  • 70
    • 0013191231 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the pelleting of hay.
    • Butler JL and McColly HF, Factors affecting the pelleting of hay. Agric Eng 40:442-446 (1959).
    • (1959) Agric Eng , vol.40 , pp. 442-446
    • Butler, J.L.1    McColly, H.F.2
  • 72
    • 0028978168 scopus 로고
    • Durability and relaxation of sawdust and wheat-straw briquettes as possible fuels for Kenya. Biomass Bioenerg ():-
    • Wamukonya L and Jenkins B, Durability and relaxation of sawdust and wheat-straw briquettes as possible fuels for Kenya. Biomass Bioenerg 8(3):175-179 (1995).
    • (1995) , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 175-179
    • Wamukonya, L.1    Jenkins, B.2
  • 74
    • 33846016989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward an understanding of controlling parameters in softwood and hardwood pellets production
    • Holm JK, Henriksen UB, Hustad JE and Sørensen LH, Toward an understanding of controlling parameters in softwood and hardwood pellets production. Energy Fuels 20:2686-2694 (2006).
    • (2006) Energy Fuels , vol.20 , pp. 2686-2694
    • Holm, J.K.1    Henriksen, U.B.2    Hustad, J.E.3    Sørensen, L.H.4
  • 76
    • 0042153251 scopus 로고
    • Gelatinization during pelleting
    • Heffiner LE and Pfost HB, Gelatinization during pelleting. Feedstuffs, 45(23):33 (1973).
    • (1973) Feedstuffs , vol.45 , Issue.23 , pp. 33
    • Heffiner, L.E.1    Pfost, H.B.2
  • 78
    • 60749127909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products.
    • Kaliyan N and Morey RV, Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. Biomass Bioenerg 33(3):337-359 (2009).
    • (2009) Biomass Bioenerg , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 337-359
    • Kaliyan, N.1    Morey, R.V.2
  • 79
  • 80
    • 0028189293 scopus 로고
    • Water activity, glass transition, and microbial stability in concentrated/semimoist food systems
    • Chirife J and Del Pilar M, Water activity, glass transition, and microbial stability in concentrated/semimoist food systems. J Food Sci 59(5):921-927 (1994).
    • (1994) J Food Sci , vol.59 , Issue.5 , pp. 921-927
    • Chirife, J.1    Del Pilar, M.2
  • 81
    • 0004028855 scopus 로고
    • American Feed Manufacturers Association, Arlington, VA, USA
    • MacBain R, Pelleting Animal Feed. American Feed Manufacturers Association, Arlington, VA, USA (1966).
    • (1966) Pelleting Animal Feed
    • MacBain, R.1
  • 82
    • 0043213981 scopus 로고
    • Improving quality of pellet feeds.
    • Payne JD, Improving quality of pellet feeds. Mill Feed Fert 161:34-41 (1978).
    • (1978) Mill Feed Fert , vol.161 , pp. 34-41
    • Payne, J.D.1
  • 83
    • 60749088798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online]. American Soybean Association Tech. Bulletin #MITA (P) NO. 044/11/96 (FT40-1997)Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Payne JD, Troubleshooting the pelleting process. [Online]. American Soybean Association Tech. Bulletin #MITA (P) NO. 044/11/96 (FT40-1997) (1997). Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • (1997) Troubleshooting the pelleting process.
    • Payne, J.D.1
  • 84
    • 33745684311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical review.
    • Mohan D, Pittman CU and Steele PH, Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical review. Energy Fuel 20:848-889 (2006).
    • (2006) Energy Fuel , vol.20 , pp. 848-889
    • Mohan, D.1    Pittman, C.U.2    Steele, P.H.3
  • 85
    • 0009991574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical quality of pelleted animal feed, part 3: Contribution of feedstuff components
    • Thomas M, van Vliet T and van der Poel AFB, Physical quality of pelleted animal feed, part 3: Contribution of feedstuff components. Anim Feed Sci Technol 70:59-78 (1998).
    • (1998) Anim Feed Sci Technol , vol.70 , pp. 59-78
    • Thomas, M.1    van Vliet, T.2    van der Poel, A.F.B.3
  • 86
    • 4644233781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Starch properties and functionalities
    • ed by Kaletunç G and Breslauer KJ. Marcel Dekker, Inc., York, USA -
    • Collado LS and Corke H, Starch properties and functionalities, in Characterization of Cereals and Flours, ed by Kaletunç G and Breslauer KJ. Marcel Dekker, Inc., York, USA, pp. 473-506 (2003).
    • (2003) Characterization of Cereals and Flours , pp. 473-506
    • Collado, L.S.1    Corke, H.2
  • 87
    • 0032812177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of process conditions during expander processing and pelleting on starch modification and pellet quality of tapioca
    • Thomas M, Huijnen PTHJ, van Vliet T, van Zuilichem DJ and van der Poel AFB, Effects of process conditions during expander processing and pelleting on starch modification and pellet quality of tapioca. J Sci Food Agric 79:1481-1494 (1999).
    • (1999) J Sci Food Agric , vol.79 , pp. 1481-1494
    • Thomas, M.1    Huijnen, P.T.H.J.2    van Vliet, T.3    van Zuilichem, D.J.4    van der Poel, A.F.B.5
  • 88
    • 0035990527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compression characteristics of native and pregelatinized forms of sorghum, plantaand corn starches and the mechanical properties of their tablets
    • Alebiowu G and Itiola OA, Compression characteristics of native and pregelatinized forms of sorghum, plantaand corn starches and the mechanical properties of their tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 28(6):663-672 (2002).
    • (2002) Drug Dev Ind Pharm , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 663-672
    • Alebiowu, G.1    Itiola, O.A.2
  • 89
    • 0009423341 scopus 로고
    • Effect of processing temperature on detergent-solubilized protein in extrusion-cooked cornstarch/soy protein subunit blends
    • Nyanzi FA and Maga JA, Effect of processing temperature on detergent-solubilized protein in extrusion-cooked cornstarch/soy protein subunit blends. J Agric Food Chem 40:131-133 (1992).
    • (1992) J Agric Food Chem , vol.40 , pp. 131-133
    • Nyanzi, F.A.1    Maga, J.A.2
  • 90
    • 81255125752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ASAE Paper No. 056061, ASAE Annual International Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA, July 17-20, 2005. ASAE, St Joseph, MI, USA
    • Sokhansanj S, Mani S, Bi X, Zaini P and Tabil LG, Binderless pelletization of biomass, ASAE Paper No. 056061, ASAE Annual International Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA, July 17-20, 2005. ASAE, St Joseph, MI, USA (2005).
    • (2005) Binderless pelletization of biomass
    • Sokhansanj, S.1    Mani, S.2    Bi, X.3    Zaini, P.4    Tabil, L.G.5
  • 92
    • 0014624455 scopus 로고
    • Semimicro determination of cellulose in biological materials
    • Updegraff DM, Semimicro determination of cellulose in biological materials. Anal Biochem 32(3):420-424 (1969).
    • (1969) Anal Biochem , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 420-424
    • Updegraff, D.M.1
  • 93
    • 0742304341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular modeling of cellulose in amorphous state, part I: Model building and plastic deformation study
    • Chen W, Lickfield GC and Yang CQ, Molecular modeling of cellulose in amorphous state, part I: Model building and plastic deformation study. Polymer 45:1063-1071 (2004).
    • (2004) Polymer , vol.45 , pp. 1063-1071
    • Chen, W.1    Lickfield, G.C.2    Yang, C.Q.3
  • 94
    • 85052165912 scopus 로고
    • Composition of biomass
    • ed by Goldstein IS. CRC Press In., Boca Raton, FL, USA -
    • Goldstein IS, Composition of biomass, in Organic Chemicals from Biomass, ed by Goldstein IS. CRC Press In., Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 9-18 (1981).
    • (1981) Organic Chemicals from Biomass , pp. 9-18
    • Goldstein, I.S.1
  • 96
    • 0024867186 scopus 로고
    • Cellulosic adhesives
    • ed by Hemmingway RW and Conner AH. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA -
    • Hon DNS, Cellulosic adhesives, in Adhesives from Renewable Resources, ed by Hemmingway RW and Conner AH. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA, pp. 289-304 (1989).
    • (1989) Adhesives from Renewable Resources , pp. 289-304
    • Hon, D.N.S.1
  • 98
    • 58349086956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of lignin in seaweed reveals convergent evolution of cell-wall architecture
    • Martone PT, Estevez JM, Lu F, Ruel K, Denny MW, Somerville C and Ralph J, Discovery of lignin in seaweed reveals convergent evolution of cell-wall architecture. Curr Biol 19(2):169-175 (2009).
    • (2009) Curr Biol , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-175
    • Martone, P.T.1    Estevez, J.M.2    Lu, F.3    Ruel, K.4    Denny, M.W.5    Somerville, C.6    Ralph, J.7
  • 101
    • 0035000080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality properties of pelletised sawdust: Logging residues and bark.
    • Lehtikangas P, Quality properties of pelletised sawdust: Logging residues and bark. Biomass Bioenerg 20:351-360 (2000).
    • (2000) Biomass Bioenerg , vol.20 , pp. 351-360
    • Lehtikangas, P.1
  • 102
    • 79961192302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MSc thesis. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University
    • Wilson TO, Factors affecting the wood pellet durability, MSc thesis. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University (2010).
    • (2010) Factors affecting the wood pellet durability
    • Wilson, T.O.1
  • 103
    • 0021183789 scopus 로고
    • Effect of species and wood to bark ratio on pelleting of southern woods.
    • 61-63
    • Bradfield J and Levi MP, Effect of species and wood to bark ratio on pelleting of southern woods. For Prod J 34:61-63 (1984).
    • (1984) For Prod J , vol.34
    • Bradfield, J.1    Levi, M.P.2
  • 104
    • 0030647429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of different binders during alfalfa pelleting.
    • Tabil LG, Sokhansanj S and Tyler RT, Performance of different binders during alfalfa pelleting. Can Agric Eng 39(1):17-23 (1997).
    • (1997) Can Agric Eng , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-23
    • Tabil, L.G.1    Sokhansanj, S.2    Tyler, R.T.3
  • 105
    • 0030149531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Process conditions affecting the physical quality of alfalfa pellets.
    • Tabil LG and Sokhansanj S, Process conditions affecting the physical quality of alfalfa pellets. Am Soc Agric Eng 12(3):345-350 (1996c).
    • (1996) Am Soc Agric Eng , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 345-350
    • Tabil, L.G.1    Sokhansanj, S.2
  • 106
    • 3643112503 scopus 로고
    • Special report, Binders.
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous, Special report, Binders. Milling 166(2):31-33 (1983).
    • (1983) Milling , vol.166 , Issue.2 , pp. 31-33
  • 107
    • 81255154659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advanced regional biomass processing depots: A key to the logistical challenges of the cellulosic biofuels industry.
    • under review)
    • Eranki PL, Bals BD and Dale BE, Advanced regional biomass processing depots: A key to the logistical challenges of the cellulosic biofuels industry. BioFPR (under review) (2011).
    • (2011) BioFPR
    • Eranki, P.L.1    Bals, B.D.2    Dale, B.E.3
  • 108
    • 85015662965 scopus 로고
    • Flowability of food powders and methods for its evaluation-A review
    • Peleg M, Flowability of food powders and methods for its evaluation-A review. J Food Process Eng 1:303-328 (1977).
    • (1977) J Food Process Eng , vol.1 , pp. 303-328
    • Peleg, M.1
  • 109
    • 0015556244 scopus 로고
    • Effect of conditioners on the flow properties of powdered sucrose.
    • Peleg M and Mannheim CH, Effect of conditioners on the flow properties of powdered sucrose. Powder Technol 7:45-50 (1973).
    • (1973) Powder Technol , vol.7 , pp. 45-50
    • Peleg, M.1    Mannheim, C.H.2
  • 111
    • 0027614509 scopus 로고
    • State-of-the-art of utilizing residues and other types of biomass as an energy source.
    • Bhattacharya SC, State-of-the-art of utilizing residues and other types of biomass as an energy source. RERIC Int Energ J 15(1):1-21 (1993).
    • (1993) RERIC Int Energ J , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-21
    • Bhattacharya, S.C.1
  • 112
    • 23844492843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial flow of compressed-hot water through corn stover to enhance hemicellulose sugar recovery and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose.
    • Liu C and Wyman CE, Partial flow of compressed-hot water through corn stover to enhance hemicellulose sugar recovery and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. Bioresource Technol 96:1978-1985 (2005).
    • (2005) Bioresource Technol , vol.96 , pp. 1978-1985
    • Liu, C.1    Wyman, C.E.2
  • 113
    • 79955376921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy input and quality of pellets made from steam exploded Douglas Fir (pseudotsugamenziesii).
    • in press.
    • Lam PK, Sokhansanj S, Lim CJ, Bi X and Melin S, Energy input and quality of pellets made from steam exploded Douglas Fir (pseudotsugamenziesii). J Energ Fuel (2011) in press.
    • (2011) J Energ Fuel
    • Lam, P.K.1    Sokhansanj, S.2    Lim, C.J.3    Bi, X.4    Melin, S.5
  • 114
    • 23844499442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of pH-controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover.
    • Mosier N, Henderson R, Ho N, Sedlak M and Ladisch MR, Optimization of pH-controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover. Bioresource Technol 96:1986-1993 (2005).
    • (2005) Bioresource Technol , vol.96 , pp. 1986-1993
    • Mosier, N.1    Henderson, R.2    Ho, N.3    Sedlak, M.4    Ladisch, M.R.5
  • 118
    • 0345947770 scopus 로고
    • Optimization of steam explosion pretreatment
    • DOE Contract AC02-79ET23050, Final Report.
    • Foody P, Optimization of steam explosion pretreatment, DOE Contract AC02-79ET23050, Final Report. 1 B80 (1980).
    • (1980) , vol.1
    • Foody, P.1
  • 119
    • 0031783597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steam explosion of sugarcane bagasse as a pretreatment for conversion to ethanol.
    • Kaar WE, Gutierrez CV and Kinoshita CM, Steam explosion of sugarcane bagasse as a pretreatment for conversion to ethanol. Biomass Bioenerg 14(3):277-287 (1998).
    • (1998) Biomass Bioenerg , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-287
    • Kaar, W.E.1    Gutierrez, C.V.2    Kinoshita, C.M.3
  • 120
    • 0002543181 scopus 로고
    • Effect of steam explosion treatment on the physico-chemical characteristics and enzymic hydrolysis of poplar cell wall components
    • Toussaint B, Excoffier G and Vignon MR, Effect of steam explosion treatment on the physico-chemical characteristics and enzymic hydrolysis of poplar cell wall components. Anim Feed Sci Technol 32:235-242 (1991).
    • (1991) Anim Feed Sci Technol , vol.32 , pp. 235-242
    • Toussaint, B.1    Excoffier, G.2    Vignon, M.R.3
  • 123
    • 0041993895 scopus 로고
    • Proceedings conference on bioenergy.
    • Bourgeois J and Doat J, Proceedings conference on bioenergy. Göteborg 3:153 (1985).
    • (1985) Göteborg , vol.3 , pp. 153
    • Bourgeois, J.1    Doat, J.2
  • 124
    • 78149478079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New process for torrefied wood manufacturing.
    • Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Arcate JR, New process for torrefied wood manufacturing. Bioenergy Update 2 (2000) [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • (2000) Bioenergy Update , vol.2
    • Arcate, J.R.1
  • 125
    • 56849109770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global markets and technologies for torrefied wood in 2002.
    • Wood Energy 5:26-28 (2002).
    • Arcate JR, Global markets and technologies for torrefied wood in 2002. Wood Energy 5:26-28 (2002. Wood Energy 5:26-28 (2002).
    • (2002) Wood Energy , vol.5 , pp. 26-28
    • Arcate, J.R.1
  • 126
    • 0001882329 scopus 로고
    • Pyrolytic reactions and products of biomass
    • ed by Overend RP, Milne TA and Mudge LK. Elsevier, London, UK -
    • Shafizedeh F, Pyrolytic reactions and products of biomass, in Fundamentals of Biomass Thermochemical Conversion, ed by Overend RP, Milne TA and Mudge LK. Elsevier, London, UK, pp. 183-217 (1985).
    • (1985) Fundamentals of Biomass Thermochemical Conversion , pp. 183-217
    • Shafizedeh, F.1
  • 127
    • 0030103701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of temperature and heating rate on the slow pyrolysis of biomass.
    • Williams PT and Besler S, The influence of temperature and heating rate on the slow pyrolysis of biomass. Renew Energ 7:233-250 (1996).
    • (1996) Renew Energ , vol.7 , pp. 233-250
    • Williams, P.T.1    Besler, S.2
  • 129
    • 81255125748 scopus 로고
    • Progress in thermochemical, solid-state refining of biofuels: From research to commericalisation
    • Bridgwater
    • Koukios EG, Progress in thermochemical, solid-state refining of biofuels: From research to commericalisation, Adv Th Ch Biomass Conv, 2, Bridgwater (1993).
    • (1993) Adv Th Ch Biomass Conv , vol.2
    • Koukios, E.G.1
  • 130
    • 81255181100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined torrefaction and pelletisation: The TOP process, ECN Report # ECN-C-05-073
    • Bergman PCA, Combined torrefaction and pelletisation: The TOP process, ECN Report # ECN-C-05-073 (2005).
    • (2005)
    • Bergman, P.C.A.1
  • 131
    • 23844533296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover
    • Teymouri F, Laureano-Perez L, Alizadeh H and Dale BE, Optimization of the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Bioresour Technol 96(18):2014-2018 (2005).
    • (2005) Bioresour Technol , vol.96 , Issue.18 , pp. 2014-2018
    • Teymouri, F.1    Laureano-Perez, L.2    Alizadeh, H.3    Dale, B.E.4
  • 132
    • 81255181098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Densifying and handling AFEX biomass: A cooperative research project. Northern Plains Biomass Economy. Fargo, ND, USA, September 22
    • Dale BE, Densifying and handling AFEX biomass: A cooperative research project. Northern Plains Biomass Economy. Fargo, ND, USA, September 22 (2009).
    • (2009)
    • Dale, B.E.1
  • 134
    • 26444489050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of raw material moisture content: Densification pressure and temperature on some properties of Norway spruce pellets.
    • Rhen C, Gref R, Sjöström M and Wästerlund I, Effects of raw material moisture content: Densification pressure and temperature on some properties of Norway spruce pellets. Fuel Process Technol 87(1):11-16 (2005).
    • (2005) Fuel Process Technol , vol.87 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-16
    • Rhen, C.1    Gref, R.2    Sjöström, M.3    Wästerlund, I.4
  • 135
    • 77949541592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of process variables on the quality characteristics of pelleted wheat distiller's dried grains with soluble (DDGS).
    • Tumuluru JS, Tabil LG, Opoku A, Mosqueda MR and Fadeyi O, Effect of process variables on the quality characteristics of pelleted wheat distiller's dried grains with soluble (DDGS). Bio Eng 105(4):466-475 (2010d).
    • (2010) Bio Eng , vol.105 , Issue.4 , pp. 466-475
    • Tumuluru, J.S.1    Tabil, L.G.2    Opoku, A.3    Mosqueda, M.R.4    Fadeyi, O.5
  • 136
    • 0141534141 scopus 로고
    • Temperature, pressure, and time relationships in forming dense hay wafers
    • 749-751
    • Reece FN, Temperature, pressure, and time relationships in forming dense hay wafers, Trans of the ASAE 9:749-751 (1966).
    • (1966) Trans of the ASAE , vol.9
    • Reece, F.N.1
  • 137
    • 0042654344 scopus 로고
    • Pelleting properties of dairy compounds with molasses, alkali-treated straw and other byproducts
    • Israelsen M, Busk J and Jensen J, Pelleting properties of dairy compounds with molasses, alkali-treated straw and other byproducts. Feedstuffs 7:26-28 (1981).
    • (1981) Feedstuffs , vol.7 , pp. 26-28
    • Israelsen, M.1    Busk, J.2    Jensen, J.3
  • 138
    • 0043152780 scopus 로고
    • Wheat and pellet quality.
    • Winowiski T, Wheat and pellet quality. Feed Management 39:58-64 (1988).
    • (1988) Feed Management , vol.39 , pp. 58-64
    • Winowiski, T.1
  • 141
    • 0009992881 scopus 로고
    • Effect of varying levels of added fat in broiler diets on pellet quality
    • Richardson W and Day EJ, Effect of varying levels of added fat in broiler diets on pellet quality. Feedstuffs 48:24 (1976).
    • (1976) Feedstuffs , vol.48 , pp. 24
    • Richardson, W.1    Day, E.J.2
  • 142
    • 0043134967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a Sepiolite product on pellet durability in pig diets differing particle size and in broiler starter and finisher diets
    • Angulo E, Brufau J and Esteve-Garcia E, Effect of a Sepiolite product on pellet durability in pig diets differing particle size and in broiler starter and finisher diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 63:25-34 (1996).
    • (1996) Anim Feed Sci Technol , vol.63 , pp. 25-34
    • Angulo, E.1    Brufau, J.2    Esteve-Garcia, E.3
  • 143
    • 77956717890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing the calorific value of rye straw pellets with biogenous and fossil fuel additives.
    • Satyanarayana N, Tao Y, Glaser C, Hans-J€org G and Ay P, Increasing the calorific value of rye straw pellets with biogenous and fossil fuel additives. Energy Fuel 24:5228-5234 (2010).
    • (2010) Energy Fuel , vol.24 , pp. 5228-5234
    • Satyanarayana, N.1    Tao, Y.2    Glaser, C.3    Hans-J€org, G.4    Ay, P.5
  • 144
    • 70249132163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvements of biomass physical and thermochemical characteristics via torrefaction process.
    • Sadaka S and Negi S, Improvements of biomass physical and thermochemical characteristics via torrefaction process. Environ Prog Sustainable Energy 28(3):427-434 (2009).
    • (2009) Environ Prog Sustainable Energy , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 427-434
    • Sadaka, S.1    Negi, S.2
  • 145
    • 81255125749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of international developments in torrefaction. Central European Biomass Conference 2011, Graz, Austria (2011, Graz, Austria[Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Kleinschmidt C, Overview of international developments in torrefaction. Central European Biomass Conference 2011, Graz, Austria (2011, Graz, Austria (2011). [Online]. Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • (2011)
    • Kleinschmidt, C.1
  • 146
    • 81255125743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Committee for Standardization/Technical Specification (CEN/TS), Solid biofuels: Fuel specification and Bradfield classes. Technical specification CEN/TS 14961, Brussels, Belgium
    • European Committee for Standardization/Technical Specification (CEN/TS), Solid biofuels: Fuel specification and Bradfield classes. Technical specification CEN/TS 14961, Brussels, Belgium (2005).
    • (2005)
  • 147
    • 81255181099 scopus 로고
    • Wood chemistry, in Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA 292.
    • Sjostrom E, Wood chemistry, in Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 292. (1993).
    • (1993)
    • Sjostrom, E.1
  • 148
    • 0344843924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative densities of pharmaceutical powders, blends, dry granulations, and immediate-release tablets. [Online]
    • Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • Hancock BC, Colvin JT, Mullarney MP and Zinchuk AV, The relative densities of pharmaceutical powders, blends, dry granulations, and immediate-release tablets. [Online]. Pharmaceutical Technology. (2003) Available at: [June 22, 2011].
    • (2003) Pharmaceutical Technology
    • Hancock, B.C.1    Colvin, J.T.2    Mullarney, M.P.3    Zinchuk, A.V.4
  • 149
    • 81255125750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shimida Systems [Online]. Available at: [July 20,
    • Shimida Systems [Online]. Available at: [July 20, 2011].
    • (2011)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.