Effects of Social Exclusion on Depressive Symptoms: Elderly Chinese Living Alone in Shanghai, China

Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 349-364

  Tong, Hong Mei ^a   Lai, Daniel W L ^a,c   Zeng, Qun ^b   Xu, Wen Yan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Chinese, Elderly; Depression; Mental health; Social exclusion

Indexed keywords

EID: 81255136139     PISSN: 01693816     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10823-011-9150-1     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2006). Depression and social involvement among elders, The Internet Journal of Health, 5(1). Retrieved June 19, 2011, from http://www. ispub. com/ostia/index. php?xmlPrinter=true&xmlFilePath=journals/ijh/vol5n1/depression. xml.
2. Adams, K. B. (2004). Loneliness and depression in independent living retirement communities: risk and resilience factors. Aging & Mental Health, 8(6), 475-485.
3. Almeida, O. P., & Almeida, S. A. (1999). Short versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a study of their validity for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(10), 858-65.
4. Atkinson, R., & Davoudi, S. (2000). The concept of social exclusion in the European Union: context, development and possibilities. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(3), 427-448.
5. Barnes, M. (2005). Social exclusion in Great Britain: An empirical investigation and comparison with other European Union member states. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
6. Barnes, M., Blom, A., Cox, K., Lessof, C., & Walker, A. (2006). The social exclusion of older people: Evidence from the first wave of the English longitudinal study of ageing (ELSA). London: Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
7. Carnelley, K. B., Wortman, C. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1999). The impact of widowhood on depression: findings from a prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1111-1123.
8. Carvalhais, S. M. M. (2008). The influence of socio-economic conditions on the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its covariates in an elderly population with slight income differences: The Bambuí Health and Aging Study (Bhas). International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54(5), 447-456.
9. Chang, C. M., & Tsai, C. N. (2003). Comprehensive geriatric assessment. Formosan Journal of Medicine, 7(3), 364-374.
10. Chen, F., & Short, S. E. (2008). Household context and subjective well-being among the oldest old in China. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 1379-1403.
11. Chen, F., & Liu, G. (2009). Population aging in China. In P. Uhlenberg (Ed.), International handbook of population aging (pp. 157-171). New York: Springer Verlag.
12. Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2000). Comparison between elderly Chinese living alone and those living with others. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 33, 51-66.
13. Chou, K. L., Chi, I., & Boey, K. W. (1999). Determinants of depressive symptoms among elderly Chinese living alone. Clinical Gerontologist, 20(4), 15-27.
14. Chou, K. L., Ho, A. H. Y., & Chi, I. (2006). Living alone and depression in Chinese older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 10(6), 583-59.
15. Dean, A., Kolody, B., Wood, P., & Matt, G. E. (1992). The influence of living alone on depression in elderly persons. Journal of Aging & Health, 4, 3-18.
16. Duffy, K. (1995). Final report of the HDSE Project: Opportunity and risk: trends of social exclusion in Europe. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe. Retrieved June 18, 2011, from http://www. coe. int/t/e/social_cohesion/hdse/2_hdse_reports/3_Final_Report/index. asp#TopOfPage.
17. Evans, G. W., Wells, N. M., Chan, H. Y. E., & Saltzman, H. (2000). Housing quality and mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 526-530.
18. Galabuzi, G., & Labonte, R. (2002). Social inclusion as a determinant of health. Ottawa: Health Canada, Retrieved June 15, 2011, from http://www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/ph-sp/oi-ar/pdf/03_inclusion_e. pdf.
19. Ge, L., & Shu, L. (2002). Making the transition from family support for the elderly to social support for the elderly. Chinese Sociology and Anthropology, 34(1), 35-48.
20. Geerlings, S. W., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Tilburg, W. (2000). Physical health and the onset of and persistence of depression in older adults: an eight-wave prospective community-based study. Psychological Medicine, 30, 369-380.
21. Gore, C. (1995). Introduction: Markets, citizenship and social exclusion. In G. Rodgers, C. Gore, & J. B. Figueiredo (Eds.), Social exclusion: rhetoric, reality, responses (pp. 1-40). Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
22. Hyman, I. (2001). Immigration and health. Health Policy Working Paper Series. (Working Paper 01-05). Ottawa: Health Canada.
23. Jehoel-Gijsbers, G., & Vrooman, C. (2008). Social exclusion of the elderly: A comparative study of EU member states (ENEPRI Research Report No. 57). Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. Retrieved June 2, 2011, from http://kms1. isn. ethz. ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/92913/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/569c610b-6cef-47c4-89b8-b0eb6cf74c5b/en/RR+057. pdf.
24. Jones, R. N., Marcantonio, E. R., & Rabinowitz, T. (2003). Prevalence and correlates of recognized depression in U. S. nursing homes. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 51, 1404-1409.
25. Kawamoto, R., Yoshida, O., Oka, Y., & Kodama, A. (2005). Influence of living alone on emotional well-being in community-dwelling elderly persons. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 5, 152-158.
26. Kennedy, G. J. (2001). The dynamics of depression and disability. American Journal of Geriatrics Psychiatry, 9, 99-101.
27. Kuo, B. C. H., & Guan, J. (2006). Sociocultural predictors of depression for Chinese immigrant elderly in Canada: Acculturation, relationship with adult children, social support, and perceived services barriers. In D. Zinga (Ed.), Navigating multiculturalism: Negotiating change (pp. 373-392). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
28. Lai, D. W. L. (2004a). Impact of culture on depressive symptoms of elderly Chinese immigrants. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(12), 820-827.
29. Lai, D. W. L. (2004b). Depression among elderly Chinese-Canadian immigrants from Mainland China. Chinese Medical Journal, 117, 677-683.
30. Lai, D. W. L. (2005). Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms of older Taiwanese immigrants in Canada. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 68(3), 118-125.
31. Lai, D. W. L., & Yuen, C. T. Y. (2003). Gender, physical limitation, and depression among elderly Chinese. ECOMMUNITY: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1(1), 18-32.
32. Lesher, E. L., & Berryhill, J. S. (1994). Validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale-short Form among inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(2), 256-260.
33. McCall, N. T., Parks, P., Smith, K., Pope, G., & Griggs, M. (2002). The prevalence of major depression or dysthymia among aged Medicare Fee-for service beneficiaries. International Journal of Geriatrics Psychiatry, 17, 557-565.
34. Melchior, M., Berkman, L. F., Niedhammer, I., Chea, M., & Goldberg, M. (2003). Social relations and self-reported health: a prospective analysis of the French Gazel cohort. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1817-1830.
35. Mojtabai, R., & Olfson, M. (2004). Major depression in community dwelling middle-aged and older adults: prevalence and 2- and 4-years follow-up symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 34, 623-634.
36. Mui, A. C. (1998). Living alone and depression among older Chinese immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 30, 147-166.
37. Noh, S., Beiser, M., Kaspar, V., Hou, F., & Rummens, J. (1999). Perceived racial discrimination, discrimination, and coping: a study of South East Asian refugees in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 193-207.
38. Ogg, J. (2005). Social exclusion and insecurity among older Europeans: the influence of welfare regimes. Aging and Society, 25, 69-90.
39. Payne, S. (2006). Mental health, poverty and social exclusion. In C. Pantazis, D. Gordon, & R. Levitas (Eds.), Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain: The millennium survey (pp. 285-311). Bristol: The Policy.
40. Podnieks, E. (2006). Social inclusion: an interplay of the determinants of health - new insights into elder abuse. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 46(3/4), 57-79.
41. Qiao, X. C., Zhang, K. T., & Sun, L. J. (2006). Zhong Guo Lao Nian Ren Kou de Te Zheng Fen Xi [Analysis on population characteristic of the aged poor in China]. Ren Kou Xue Kan, 158(4), 3-8.
42. Raphael, D. (2001). From increasing poverty to societal disintegration: How economic inequality affects the health of individuals and communities. In H. Armstrong, P. Armstrong, & D. Coburn (Eds.), Unhealthy times: The political economy of health and care in Canada (pp. 223-246). Toronto: Oxford University Press.
43. Renee, D. (2003). Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 36(6), 698-703.
44. Russell, D., & Taylor, J. (2009). Living alone and depressive symptoms: the influence of gender, physical disability, and social support among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic older adults. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(1), 95-104.
45. Saito, E., Sagawa, Y., & Kanagawa, K. (2005). Social support as a predictor of health status among older adults living alone in Japan. Nursing and Health Sciences, 7, 29-36.
46. Santanna, P. (2002). Poverty, social exclusion and health in Portugal. Social Science and Medicine, 55(1), 33-45.
47. Saraceno, C. (2001). Social exclusion: Cultural roots and diversities of a popular concept. Paper presented at the conference on Social Exclusion and Children, The Institute for Child and Family Politics, Columbia University, New York, May 3-4, 2001. Retrieved June 15 2011, from http://www. childpolicyintl. org/publications/Saraceno. pdf.
48. Saxena, S., van Ommeren, M., Tang, K. C., & Armstrong, T. P. (2005). Mental health benefits of physical activity. Journal of Mental Health, 14(5), 445-451.
49. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C. Kingston, P., & Smith A. E. (2000). Social exclusion and older people: towards a conceptual framework. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www. keele. ac. uk/research/lcs/csg/downloads/social%20exclusion. pdf.
50. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., Kingston, P., & Smith, A. E. (2001). Social exclusion and older people: exploring the connections. Education and Ageing, 16, 303-320.
51. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., Smith, A. E., & Kingston, P. (2002). Growing older in socially deprived areas. London: Help the Aged.
52. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., & Smith, A. E. (2004). Poverty and social exclusion - growing older in deprived urban neighbourhoods. In A. Walker & C. H. Hennessy (Eds.), Growing older - Quality of life in old age (pp. 81-106). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
53. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., & Smith, A. E. (2005a). Social exclusion and quality of life of excluded older people. Working with Older People, 9(3), 32-35.
54. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., & Smith, A. E. (2005b). Multiple exclusion and quality of life amongst excluded older people in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. London: Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
55. Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Geerlings, M. I., Jonker, C., & Tilburg, W. (2000). Risk factors for depression in later life: results of a prospective community based study (AMSTEL). Journal of Affective Disorders, 59, 127-137.
56. Shanghai Lao Nian Xue Xue Hui (2011. 4. 19). 2010 Shang Hai Shi Lao Nian Ren Kou He Lao Nian Shi Ye Jian Ce Tong Ji Xin Xi [2010 aging population in Shanghai and examination of statistical information on aging enterprises]. Retrieved June 18, 2011 from http://www. shanghaigss. org. cn/news_view. asp?newsid=7892.
57. Social Exclusion Unit. (2005). Excluded older people: Social exclusion unit interim report. London: The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
58. Thisted, C. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140-151.
59. Walker, A., & Walker, C. (1997). Britain divided: the growth of social exclusion in the 1980s and 1990s. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
60. Wilkinson, R. (1996). Unhealthy societies: The afflictions of inequality. New York: Routledge.
61. Wilson, K., Eyles, J., Elliott, S., Keller, S., & Devic, D. (2007). Linking social exclusion and health: explorations in contrasting neighborhoods in Hamilton, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 16(2), 126-148.
62. Wilson, K., Mottram, P., & Sixsmith, A. (2007). Depressive symptoms in the very old living alone: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(4), 361-366.
63. World Health Organization. (2003). Social determinants of determinants of health: the solid facts (2nd edition). Retrieved April 19, 2010 from http://www. euro. who. int/document/e81384. pdf.
64. Yu, X. J. (2003). Chong Shang Hai Kan Zhong Guo Lao Nian Ren Kou Pin Kun Yu Bao Zhang [Poverty and security of the Chinese elderly seen through Shanghai]. Ren Kou Yan Jiu, 27(3), 33-38.