Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Update of therapeutic options: Part II

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 65, Issue 6, 2011, Pages

  Kuhn, Annegret ^a   Ruland, Vincent ^a   Bonsmann, Gisela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

biologics; dapsone; lupus erythematosus; methotrexate; mycophenolate mofetil; retinoids; second line treatment; skin

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; AZATHIOPRINE; CEFUROXIME AXETIL; CHLOROQUINE; CLOFAZIMINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; DANAZOL; DAPSONE; ETRETIN; ETRETINATE; FOLIC ACID; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; ISOTRETINOIN; LEFLUNOMIDE; LENALIDOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; METHOXSALEN; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 4; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RECOMBINANT ALPHA2A INTERFERON; RETINOID; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; THALIDOMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ACNE; ACQUIRED COLD URTICARIA; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; AMENORRHEA; ANAPHYLAXIS; APOPTOSIS; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; BLADDER CANCER; BLOOD VESSEL OCCLUSION; BONE DISEASE; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CHILLBLAIN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; CONSTIPATION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DROWSINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DRY SKIN; DYSPEPSIA; EDEMA; EOSINOPHILIA; EOSINOPHILIC ENTERITIS; EXFOLIATIVE DERMATITIS; EXTRACORPOREAL PHOTOPHERESIS; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HAIR LOSS; HEADACHE; HEART INFARCTION; HEMOLYSIS; HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; HYPERKERATOSIS; HYPERKERATOTIC VERRUCOUS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INJECTION SITE REACTION; INSOMNIA; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; JAUNDICE; LEUKEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; LICHEN PLANUS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHRITIS; LYMPHADENOPATHY; LYMPHOCYTOSIS; MAINTENANCE DRUG DOSE; MALAISE; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; MYALGIA; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER; NAUSEA; NEOPLASM; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; OVARY INSUFFICIENCY; PANCREATITIS; PANNICULITIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PNEUMONIA; POLYNEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; PUVA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; SHOCK; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN DISCOLORATION; SKIN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SKIN NECROSIS; SPLEEN INFARCTION; STEROID THERAPY; STOMATITIS; STROKE; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOSIS; TOPICAL TREATMENT; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URTICARIA; VASCULITIS; VERTIGO; VOMITING; XEROPHTHALMIA; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 81155151965     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.017     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. C.A. Bangert, and M.I. Costner Methotrexate in dermatology Dermatol Ther 20 2007 216 228 (Pubitemid 350029311)
2. A. Kuhn, C. Specker, T. Ruzicka, and P. Lehmann Methotrexate treatment for refractory subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus J Am Acad Dermatol 46 2002 600 603
3. L. Bohm, M. Uerlich, and R. Bauer Rapid improvement of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with low-dose methotrexate Dermatology 194 1997 307 308 (Pubitemid 27216055)
4. J. Wenzel, S. Brahler, R. Bauer, T. Bieber, and T. Tuting Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus: results of a retrospective study in 43 patients Br J Dermatol 153 2005 157 162 (Pubitemid 41044542)
5. I.B. Boehm, G.A. Boehm, and R. Bauer Management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with low-dose methotrexate: indication for modulation of inflammatory mechanisms Rheumatol Int 18 1998 59 62 (Pubitemid 28432835)
6. W.W. Bottomley, and M.J. Goodfield Methotrexate for the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus Br J Dermatol 133 1995 655 656
7. E. Goldstein, and W. Carey Discoid lupus erythematosus: successful treatment with oral methotrexate Arch Dermatol 130 1994 938 939 (Pubitemid 24225856)
8. P. Picco, M. Gattorno, A. Buoncompagni, S. Vignola, V. Pistoia, and F. Crovato A case of pediatric discoid lupus erythematosus evolving into SLE Clin Exp Rheumatol 16 1998 620 (Pubitemid 28439450)
9. A. Huber, T. Tuting, R. Bauer, T. Bieber, and J. Wenzel Methotrexate treatment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: subcutaneous application is as effective as intravenous administration Br J Dermatol 155 2006 861 862 (Pubitemid 44352586)
10. P. Duhra Treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with methotrexate therapy for psoriasis J Am Acad Dermatol 28 1993 466 469 (Pubitemid 23075264)
11. H. Zachariae, L. Heickendorff, and H. Sogaard The value of amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen in routine screening for methotrexate-induced liver fibrosis: a 10-year follow-up Br J Dermatol 144 2001 100 103 (Pubitemid 32154599)
12. M. Ameen, D.A. Taylor, I.P. Williams, A.U. Wells, and J.N. Barkert Pneumonitis complicating methotrexate therapy for pustular psoriasis J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15 2001 247 249 (Pubitemid 32898868)
13. L.A. Drake, S.M. Dinehart, E.R. Farmer, R.W. Goltz, G.F. Graham, and M.K. Hordinsky Guidelines of care for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: American Academy of Dermatology J Am Acad Dermatol 34 1996 830 836 (Pubitemid 26137212)
14. T. Ruzicka, M. Meurer, and O. Braun-Falco Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with etretinate Acta Derm Venereol 65 1985 324 329 (Pubitemid 15016214)
15. T. Ruzicka, M. Meurer, and T. Bieber Efficiency of acitretin in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 124 1988 897 902
16. T. Ruzicka, C. Sommerburg, G. Goerz, P. Kind, and H. Mensing Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with acitretin and hydroxychloroquine Br J Dermatol 127 1992 513 518
17. R.C. Newton, J.L. Jorizzo, A.R. Solomon Jr., R.L. Sanchez, J.C. Daniels, and J.D. Bell Mechanism-oriented assessment of isotretinoin in chronic or subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 122 1986 170 176 (Pubitemid 16130352)
18. G.A. Vena, C. Coviello, and G. Angelini Use of oral isotretinoin in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus [in Italian] G Ital Dermatol Venereol 124 1989 311 315 (Pubitemid 20107858)
19. B.B. Furner Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus response to isotretinoin Int J Dermatol 29 1990 587 590 (Pubitemid 20345114)
20. J.K. Shornick, N. Formica, and A.L. Parke Isotretinoin for refractory lupus erythematosus J Am Acad Dermatol 24 1991 49 52
21. T.T. Richardson, and P.R. Cohen Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: report of a patient who subsequently developed a meningioma and whose skin lesions were treated with isotretinoin Cutis 66 2000 183 188
22. N. Al-Mutairi, M. Rijhwani, and O. Nour-Eldin Hypertrophic lupus erythematosus treated successfully with acitretin as monotherapy J Dermatol 32 2005 482 486 (Pubitemid 41003511)
23. D. Bacman, A. Kuhn, and T. Ruzicka Dapsone and retinoids A. Kuhn, P. Lehmann, T. Ruzicka, Cutaneous lupus erythematosus 2004 Springer Berlin 373 390
24. Y.I. Zhu, and M.J. Stiller Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update J Am Acad Dermatol 45 2001 420 434 (Pubitemid 32800500)
25. M.W. Ludgate, and D.E. Greig Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus responding to dapsone Australas J Dermatol 49 2008 91 93 (Pubitemid 351537562)
26. T. Ruzicka, and G. Goerz Dapsone in the treatment of lupus erythematosus Br J Dermatol 104 1981 53 56 (Pubitemid 11051224)
27. P.R. Coburn, and S. Shuster Dapsone and discoid lupus erythematosus Br J Dermatol 106 1982 105 106 (Pubitemid 12162289)
28. R. Lindskov, and F. Reymann Dapsone in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus Dermatologica 172 1986 214 217 (Pubitemid 16114429)
29. I. Bohm, A. Bruns, G. Schupp, and R. Bauer ANCA-positive lupus erythematodes profundus: successful therapy with low dosage dapsone [in German] Hautarzt 49 1998 403 407 (Pubitemid 28269555)
30. L.S. McCormack, M.L. Elgart, and M.L. Turner Annular subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus responsive to dapsone J Am Acad Dermatol 11 1984 397 401 (Pubitemid 14068610)
31. J.H. Holtman, D.H. Neustadt, J. Klein, and J.P. Callen Dapsone is an effective therapy for the skin lesions of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and urticarial vasculitis in a patient with C2 deficiency J Rheumatol 17 1990 1222 1225 (Pubitemid 20334704)
32. D.A. Fenton, and M.M. Black Low-dose dapsone in the treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Clin Exp Dermatol 11 1986 102 103 (Pubitemid 16201384)
33. Y. Yamada, S. Dekio, J. Jidoi, and S. Ozasa Lupus erythematosus profundus-report of a case treated with dapsone J Dermatol 16 1989 379 382 (Pubitemid 19266797)
34. H. Ujiie, T. Shimizu, M. Ito, K. Arita, and H. Shimizu Lupus erythematosus profundus successfully treated with dapsone: review of the literature Arch Dermatol 142 2006 399 401
35. G.F. Duna, and J.M. Cash Treatment of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus Rheum Dis Clin North Am 21 1995 99 115
36. G. Wozel Dapson-Pharmakologie, Wirkungsmechanismus und klinischer Einsatz in der Dermatologie Dermatol Monatsschr 179 1993 1 9 (Pubitemid 23042765)
37. M.D. Coleman Dapsone-mediated agranulocytosis: risks, possible mechanisms and prevention Toxicology 162 2001 53 60 (Pubitemid 32319996)
38. J. Zwerner, and D. Fiorentino Mycophenolate mofetil Dermatol Ther 20 2007 229 238 (Pubitemid 350029312)
39. S. Beissert, T. Werfel, U. Frieling, M. Bohm, M. Sticherling, and R. Stadler A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid Arch Dermatol 143 2007 1536 1542 (Pubitemid 350277770)
40. S. Beissert, T. Werfel, U. Frieling, M. Bohm, M. Sticherling, and R. Stadler A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of pemphigus Arch Dermatol 142 2006 1447 1454 (Pubitemid 44790638)
41. M. Walsh, M. James, D. Jayne, M. Tonelli, B.J. Manns, and B.R. Hemmelgarn Mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2 2007 968 975
42. A.S. Appel, and G.B. Appel An update on the use of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis and other primary glomerular diseases Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 5 2009 132 142
43. I. Boehm, and T. Bieber Chilblain lupus erythematosus Hutchinson: successful treatment with mycophenolate mofetil Arch Dermatol 137 2001 235 236 (Pubitemid 32163685)
44. S. Goyal, and H.C. Nousari Treatment of resistant discoid lupus erythematosus of the palms and soles with mycophenolate mofetil J Am Acad Dermatol 45 2001 142 144 (Pubitemid 32655712)
45. S. Schanz, A. Ulmer, G. Rassner, and G. Fierlbeck Successful treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with mycophenolate mofetil Br J Dermatol 147 2002 174 178 (Pubitemid 34779458)
46. P. Cetkovska, and K. Pizinger Coexisting subacute and systemic lupus erythematosus after terbinafine administration: successful treatment with mycophenolate mofetil Int J Dermatol 45 2006 320 322 (Pubitemid 43337653)
47. N.M. Hanjani, and C.H. Nousari Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with smoldering systemic involvement Arch Dermatol 138 2002 1616 1618 (Pubitemid 35453486)
48. C.N. Pisoni, G. Obermoser, M.J. Cuadrado, F.J. Sanchez, Y. Karim, and N.T. Sepp Skin manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to multiple treatment modalities: poor results with mycophenolate mofetil Clin Exp Rheumatol 23 2005 393 396 (Pubitemid 40823550)
49. M.Y. Karim, P. Alba, M.J. Cuadrado, I.C. Abbs, D.P. D'Cruz, and M.A. Khamashta Mycophenolate mofetil for systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to other immunosuppressive agents Rheumatology (Oxford) 41 2002 876 882
50. C.N. Pisoni, Y. Karim, and M.J. Cuadrado Mycophenolate mofetil and systemic lupus erythematosus: an overview Lupus 14 Suppl 2005 S9 11
51. A. Kreuter, N.S. Tomi, S.M. Weiner, M. Huger, P. Altmeyer, and T. Gambichler Mycophenolate sodium for subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus resistant to standard therapy Br J Dermatol 156 2007 1321 1327 (Pubitemid 47029802)
52. D.L. Cummins, and A.A. Gaspari Photoprotection by thalidomide in patients with chronic cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus: discordant effects on minimal erythema dose and sunburn cell formation Br J Dermatol 151 2004 458 464 (Pubitemid 39215160)
53. K.Q. Lu, S. Brenneman, R. Burns Jr., A. Vink, E. Gaines, and A. Haake Thalidomide inhibits UVB-induced mouse keratinocyte apoptosis by both TNF-alpha-dependent and TNF-alpha-independent pathways Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 19 2003 272 280 (Pubitemid 37461472)
54. J.J. Wu, D.B. Huang, K.R. Pang, S. Hsu, and S.K. Tyring Thalidomide: dermatological indications, mechanisms of action and side-effects Br J Dermatol 153 2005 254 273 (Pubitemid 41228421)
55. S. Tseng, G. Pak, K. Washenik, M.K. Pomeranz, and J.L. Shupack Rediscovering thalidomide: a review of its mechanism of action, side effects, and potential uses J Am Acad Dermatol 35 1996 969 979 (Pubitemid 26422122)
56. J. Knop, G. Bonsmann, R. Happle, A. Ludolph, D.R. Matz, and E.J. Mifsud Thalidomide in the treatment of sixty cases of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus Br J Dermatol 108 1983 461 466 (Pubitemid 13116922)
57. A. Kuhn, H. Hefter, T. Ruzicka, and P. Lehmann Wiederentdeckung von Thalidomid Hautarzt 52 2001 726 733
58. M.J. Cuadrado, Y. Karim, G. Sanna, E. Smith, M.A. Khamashta, and G.R. Hughes Thalidomide for the treatment of resistant cutaneous lupus: efficacy and safety of different therapeutic regimens Am J Med 118 2005 246 250 (Pubitemid 40312635)
59. C. Briani, G. Zara, R. Rondinone, S. Della Libera, M. Ermani, and S. Ruggero Thalidomide neurotoxicity: prospective study in patients with lupus erythematosus Neurology 62 2004 2288 2290 (Pubitemid 38787790)
60. J.B. Zeldis, B.A. Williams, S.D. Thomas, and M.E. Elsayed S.T.E.P.S.: a comprehensive program for controlling and monitoring access to thalidomide Clin Ther 21 1999 319 330 (Pubitemid 29157790)
61. C. Frances, S. El Khoury, A. Gompel, P.A. Becherel, O. Chosidow, and J.C. Piette Transient secondary amenorrhea in women treated by thalidomide Eur J Dermatol 12 2002 63 65 (Pubitemid 34131141)
62. A. Coelho, M.I. Souto, C.R. Cardoso, D.R. Salgado, T.R. Schmal, and M. Waddington Cruz Long-term thalidomide use in refractory cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus: a 65 series of Brazilian patients Lupus 14 2005 434 439 (Pubitemid 40961316)
63. K.P. Kyriakis, G.J. Kontochristopoulos, and D.N. Panteleos Experience with low-dose thalidomide therapy in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus Int J Dermatol 39 2000 218 222 (Pubitemid 30223891)
64. M.A. Dimopoulos, E. Kastritis, and S.V. Rajkumar Treatment of plasma cell dyscrasias with lenalidomide Leukemia 22 2008 1343 1353
65. A. Shah, J. Albrecht, Z. Bonilla-Martinez, J. Okawa, M. Rose, and M. Rosenbach Lenalidomide for the treatment of resistant discoid lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 145 2009 303 306
66. R. Layzer, and J. Wolf Myeloma-associated polyneuropathy responding to lenalidomide Neurology 73 2009 812 813
67. A.P. Fernandez, and F.A. Kerdel The use of i.v. IG therapy in dermatology Dermatol Ther 20 2007 288 305 (Pubitemid 350029317)
68. J.C. Piette, C. Frances, S. Roy, T. Papo, and P. Godeau High-dose immuno-globulins in the treatment of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: open trial in 5 cases Arthritis Rheum 38 1995 304
69. T. Genereau, O. Chosidow, C. Danel, P. Cherin, and S. Herson High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in cutaneous lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 135 1999 1124 1125 (Pubitemid 29430512)
70. C.E. Lampropoulos, G.R. Hughes, and D.P. D'Cruz Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of resistant subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a possible alternative Clin Rheumatol 26 2007 981 983 (Pubitemid 46951306)
71. M. Goodfield, K. Davison, and K. Bowden Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for therapy-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) J Dermatolog Treat 15 2004 46 50 (Pubitemid 38252096)
72. A. Kreuter, J. Hyun, P. Altmeyer, and T. Gambichler Intravenous immunoglobulin for recalcitrant subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Acta Derm Venereol 85 2005 545 547 (Pubitemid 43087303)
73. O. De Pita, A.M. Bellucci, M. Ruffelli, C.R. Girardelli, and P. Puddu Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy is not able to efficiently control cutaneous manifestations in patients with lupus erythematosus Lupus 6 1997 415 417
74. J. Espirito Santo, M.F. Gomes, M.J. Gomes, L. Peixoto, S.C. Pereira, and A. Acabado Intravenous immunoglobulin in lupus panniculitis Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38 2010 307 318
75. J.L. Arbiser, and S.L. Moschella Clofazimine: a review of its medical uses and mechanisms of action J Am Acad Dermatol 32 1995 241 247
76. J.P. Mackey, and J. Barnes Clofazimine in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus Br J Dermatol 91 1974 93 96
77. F. Crovato, and L. Levi Clofazimine in the treatment of annular lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 117 1981 249 250 (Pubitemid 11111539)
78. A. Dupre, J.L. Bonafe, J. Lassere, N. Albarel, and B. Christol Lamprene (Clofazimine) treatment of chronic lupus erythematoides (author's transl) [in French] Ann Dermatol Venereol 105 1978 423 425 (Pubitemid 8355573)
79. J. Krivanek, W.K. Paver, S. Kossard, and G. Cains Clofazimine (laprene) in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus Australas J Dermatol 17 1976 108 110 (Pubitemid 8101132)
80. J.F. Krivanek, and W.K. Paver Further study of the use of clofazimine in discoid lupus erythematosus Australas J Dermatol 21 1980 169 (Pubitemid 11112034)
81. E.L. Bezerra, M.J. Vilar, P.B. da Trindade Neto, and E.I. Sato Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of clofazimine compared with chloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum 52 2005 3073 3078 (Pubitemid 41447088)
82. A.A. Patel, R.A. Swerlick, and C.O. McCall Azathioprine in dermatology: the past, the present, and the future J Am Acad Dermatol 55 2006 369 389 (Pubitemid 44189574)
83. S.A. Holme, J.A. Duley, J. Sanderson, P.A. Routledge, and A.V. Anstey Erythrocyte thiopurine methyl transferase assessment prior to azathioprine use in the UK QJM 95 2002 439 444 (Pubitemid 34814662)
84. J.P. Callen, L.V. Spencer, J.B. Burruss, and J. Holtman Azathioprine: an effective, corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis Arch Dermatol 127 1991 515 522
85. R. Ashinoff, V.P. Werth, and A.G. Franks Resistant discoid lupus erythematosus of palms and soles: successful treatment with azathioprine J Am Acad Dermatol 19 1988 961 965 (Pubitemid 18266023)
86. G.C. Tsokos, S.W. Caughman, and J.H. Klippel Successful treatment of generalized discoid skin lesions with azathioprine: its use in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 121 1985 1323 1325 (Pubitemid 15248078)
87. S. Shehade Successful treatment of generalized discoid skin lesions with azathioprine Arch Dermatol 122 1986 376 377 (Pubitemid 16132902)
88. G. Roustan, C. Salas, C. Barbadillo, E. Sanchez Yus, J. Mulero, and A. Simon Lupus erythematosus with an erythema multiforme-like eruption Eur J Dermatol 10 2000 459 462
89. M. Wise, and J.P. Callen Azathioprine: a guide for the management of dermatology patients Dermatol Ther 20 2007 206 215 (Pubitemid 350029310)
90. D.A. Fox, and W.J. McCune Immunosuppressive drug therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus Rheum Dis Clin North Am 20 1994 265 299 (Pubitemid 24066020)
91. L.P. Fox, and A.G. Pandya Pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for dermatologic disorders Dermatol Clin 18 2000 459 473 (Pubitemid 30640145)
92. J.E. Balow, H.A. Austin III, G.C. Tsokos, T.T. Antonovych, A.D. Steinberg, and J.H. Klippel NIH conference: lupus nephritis Ann Intern Med 106 1987 79 94
93. M. Petri, R.J. Jones, and R.A. Brodsky High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 166 173 (Pubitemid 36091660)
94. E.J. Schulz, and M.A. Menter Treatment of discoid and subacute lupus erythematosus with cyclophosphamide Br J Dermatol 85 1971 60 65
95. C.D. Radis, L.E. Kahl, G.L. Baker, M.C. Wasko, J.M. Cash, and A. Gallatin Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malignancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 20-year followup study Arthritis Rheum 38 1995 1120 1127
96. V. Madan, and C.E. Griffiths Systemic cyclosporine and tacrolimus in dermatology Dermatol Ther 20 2007 239 250
97. F. Dammacco, O. Della Casa Alberighi, G. Ferraccioli, V. Racanelli, L. Casatta, and E. Bartoli Cyclosporine-A plus steroids versus steroids alone in the 12-month treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus Int J Clin Lab Res 30 2000 67 73
98. D. Caccavo, B. Lagana, A.P. Mitterhofer, G.M. Ferri, A. Afeltra, and A. Amoroso Long-term treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with cyclosporin A Arthritis Rheum 40 1997 27 35 (Pubitemid 27044033)
99. S. Grabbe, and G. Kolde Coexisting lichen planus and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Clin Exp Dermatol 20 1995 249 254
100. Y. Saeki, S. Ohshima, I. Kurimoto, H. Miura, and M. Suemura Maintaining remission of lupus erythematosus profundus (LEP) with cyclosporin A Lupus 9 2000 390 392 (Pubitemid 30389045)
101. F. Heule, T. van Joost, and R. Beukers Cyclosporine in the treatment of lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 122 1986 973 974 (Pubitemid 16053106)
102. J.A. Yell, and S.M. Burge Cyclosporin and discoid lupus erythematosus Br J Dermatol 131 1994 132 133
103. G. Obermoser, F. Weber, and N. Sepp Discoid lupus erythematosus in a patient receiving cyclosporine for liver transplantation Acta Derm Venereol 81 2001 319 (Pubitemid 32977127)
104. V. Di Lernia, and G. Bisighini Discoid lupus erythematosus during treatment with cyclosporine Acta Derm Venereol 76 1996 87 88 (Pubitemid 26088636)
105. C. Wahl, S. Liptay, G. Adler, and R.M. Schmid Sulfasalazine: a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B J Clin Invest 101 1998 1163 1174 (Pubitemid 28125296)
106. F. Artuz, N. Lenk, N. Deniz, and N. Alli Efficacy of sulfasalazine in discoid lupus erythematosus Int J Dermatol 35 1996 746 748 (Pubitemid 26356132)
107. A.J. Carmichael, and C.J. Paul Discoid lupus erythematosus responsive to sulphasalazine Br J Dermatol 125 1991 291
108. E. Delaporte, B. Catteau, N. Sabbagh, P. Gosselin, F. Breuillard, and M.S. Doutre Treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus with sulfasalazine: 11 cases Ann Dermatol Venereol 124 1997 151 156 (Pubitemid 27117621)
109. J.P. Callen Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a personal approach to management Australas J Dermatol 47 2006 13 27
110. V.J. Bray, S.G. West, K.T. Schultz, D.T. Boumpas, and R.L. Rubin Antihistone antibody profile in sulfasalazine induced lupus J Rheumatol 21 1994 2157 2158 (Pubitemid 24352369)
111. L. Rudnicka, E. Szymanska, I. Walecka, and M. Slowinska Long-term cefuroxime axetil in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a report of three cases Dermatology 200 2000 129 131 (Pubitemid 30199327)
112. A. Torrelo, A. Espana, S. Medina, and A. Ledo Danazol and discoid lupus erythematosus Dermatologica 181 1990 239 (Pubitemid 20350488)
113. H.J. Englert, and G.V. Hughes Danazol and discoid lupus Br J Dermatol 119 1988 407 409
114. P. Duhra, J. Holmes, and D.I. Porter Discoid lupus erythematosus associated with hereditary angioneurotic edema Br J Dermatol 123 1990 241 244 (Pubitemid 20257687)
115. D. Crosbie, C. Black, L. McIntyre, P.L. Royle, and S. Thomas Dehydroepiandrosterone for systemic lupus erythematosus Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2007 CD005114
116. P. Jungers, F. Kuttenn, F. Liote, C. Pelissier, N. Athea, and M.C. Laurent Hormonal modulation in systemic lupus erythematosus: preliminary clinical and hormonal results with cyproterone acetate Arthritis Rheum 28 1985 1243 1250 (Pubitemid 16214076)
117. R. Knobler, M.L. Barr, D.R. Couriel, J.L. Ferrara, L.E. French, and P. Jaksch Extracorporeal photopheresis: past, present, and future J Am Acad Dermatol 61 2009 652 665
118. H.I. Richter, J. Krutmann, and G. Goerz Extracorporeal photopheresis in therapy-refractory disseminated discoid lupus erythematosus [in German] Hautarzt 49 1998 487 491 (Pubitemid 28299423)
119. M.A. Richard, S. Saadallah, P. Lefevre, P. Poullin, S. Buscaylet, and J.J. Grob Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in therapy-refractory subacute lupus [in French] Ann Dermatol Venereol 129 2002 1023 1026 (Pubitemid 35230584)
120. U. Wollina, and A. Looks Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in cutaneous lupus erythematosus J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 13 1999 127 130 (Pubitemid 29472353)
121. P. Boeckler, V. Liu, and D. Lipsker Extracorporeal photopheresis in recalcitrant lupus erythematosus Clin Exp Dermatol 34 2009 e295 e296
122. C.H. Yang, J.Y. Chen, S.C. Lee, and S.F. Luo Successful preventive treatment of congenital heart block during pregnancy in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-Sjogren's syndrome A/Ro antibody J Microbiol Immunol Infect 38 2005 365 369
123. J.C. Prinz, M. Meurer, C. Reiter, E.P. Rieber, G. Plewig, and G. Riethmuller Treatment of severe cutaneous lupus erythematosus with a chimeric CD4 monoclonal antibody, cM-T412 J Am Acad Dermatol 34 1996 244 252 (Pubitemid 26064763)
124. J.F. Nicolas, J. Thivolet, J. Kanitakis, and S. Lyonnet Response of discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus to recombinant interferon alpha 2a J Invest Dermatol 95 1990 142S 145S
125. J. Thivolet, J.F. Nicolas, J. Kanitakis, S. Lyonnet, and B. Chouvet Recombinant interferon alpha 2a is effective in the treatment of discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Br J Dermatol 122 1990 405 409 (Pubitemid 20122728)
126. B. Tebbe, M. Lau, and H. Gollnick Therapy of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with recombinant interferon alpha-2a: a case report Eur J Dermatol 2 1992 253 255
127. L.E. Ronnblom, G.V. Alm, and K.E. Oberg Possible induction of systemic lupus erythematosus by interferon-alpha treatment in a patient with a malignant carcinoid tumor J Intern Med 227 1990 207 210 (Pubitemid 20075945)
128. I. Arrue, A. Saiz, P.L. Ortiz-Romero, and J.L. Rodriguez-Peralto Lupus-like reaction to interferon at the injection site: report of five cases J Cutan Pathol 34 Suppl 2007 18 21 (Pubitemid 350098887)
129. J. Martinez, R.F. de Misa, P. Boixeda, J.M. Arrazola, and A. Ledo Long-term results of intralesional interferon alpha-2B in discoid lupus erythematosus J Dermatol 20 1993 444 446 (Pubitemid 23276393)
130. J. Martinez, R.F. de Misa, A. Torrelo, and A. Ledo Low-dose intralesional interferon alfa for discoid lupus erythematosus J Am Acad Dermatol 26 1992 494 496
131. U. Frieling, and T.A. Luger Mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide: promising compounds for the treatment of skin diseases Clin Exp Dermatol 27 2002 562 570 (Pubitemid 35463872)
132. L.S. Tam, E.K. Li, C.K. Wong, C.W. Lam, and C.C. Szeto Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of leflunomide in systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus 13 2004 601 604 (Pubitemid 39145490)
133. C.F. Remer, M.H. Weisman, and D.J. Wallace Benefits of leflunomide in systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot observational study Lupus 10 2001 480 483 (Pubitemid 32675047)
134. A.R. Elias, C.C. Tam, and K.M. David-Bajar Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with leflunomide Cutis 76 2005 189 192 (Pubitemid 41413666)
135. O.A. Kerr, C.S. Murray, and M.J. Tidman Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with leflunomide Clin Exp Dermatol 29 2004 319 320 (Pubitemid 38658486)
136. S.K. Chan, B.L. Hazleman, and N.P. Burrows Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus precipitated by leflunomide Clin Exp Dermatol 30 2005 724 725 (Pubitemid 41499847)
137. V. Goeb, J.M. Berthelot, P. Joly, O. Mejjad, J. de Quatrebarbes, and C. Reynaud-Hautin Leflunomide-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Rheumatology (Oxford) 44 2005 823 824 (Pubitemid 41487219)
138. A.V. Marzano, S. Ramoni, N. Del Papa, M. Barbareschi, and E. Alessi Leflunomide-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with erythema multiforme-like lesions Lupus 17 2008 329 331 (Pubitemid 351655801)
139. D. Gensburger, M. Kawashima, H. Marotte, J. Kanitakis, and P. Miossec Lupus erythematosus with leflunomide: induction or reactivation? Ann Rheum Dis 64 2005 153 155 (Pubitemid 40075297)
140. A. Suess, and M. Sticherling Leflunomide in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus-two sides of a coin Int J Dermatol 47 2008 83 86
141. M.A. Palladino, F.R. Bahjat, E.A. Theodorakis, and L.L. Moldawer Anti-TNF-alpha therapies: the next generation Nat Rev Drug Discov 2 2003 736 746
142. J. Keane, S. Gershon, R.P. Wise, E. Mirabile-Levens, J. Kasznica, and W.D. Schwieterman Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent N Engl J Med 345 2001 1098 1104
143. J.M. Jackson TNF-alpha inhibitors Dermatol Ther 20 2007 251 264
144. E. Laffitte, J.P. Janssens, P. Roux-Lombard, A.M. Thielen, C. Barde, and G. Marazza Tuberculosis screening in patients with psoriasis before antitumor necrosis factor therapy: comparison of an interferon-gamma release assay vs tuberculin skin test Br J Dermatol 161 2009 797 800
145. R. Diel, B. Hauer, R. Loddenkemper, B. Manger, and K. Kruger Recommendations for tuberculosis screening before initiation of TNF-alpha-inhibitor treatment in rheumatic diseases [in German] Z Rheumatol 68 2009 411 416
146. P.J. Charles, R.J. Smeenk, J. De Jong, M. Feldmann, and R.N. Maini Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha: findings in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials Arthritis Rheum 43 2000 2383 2390
147. M. Louis, J. Rauch, M. Armstrong, and M. Fitzcharles Induction of autoantibodies during prolonged therapy with infliximab J Rheumatol 30 2003 2557 2567
148. M.F. Costa, N.R. Said, and B. Zimmermann Drug-induced lupus due to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents Semin Arthritis Rheum 37 2008 381 387 (Pubitemid 351734520)
149. M. Debandt, O. Vittecoq, V. Descamps, X. Le Loet, and O. Meyer Anti-TNF-alpha-induced systemic lupus syndrome Clin Rheumatol 22 2003 56 61
150. D.A. Wetter, and M.D. Davis Lupus-like syndrome attributable to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in 14 patients during an 8-year period at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clin Proc 84 2009 979 984
151. M. Ramos-Casals, P. Brito-Zeron, S. Munoz, N. Soria, D. Galiana, and L. Bertolaccini Autoimmune diseases induced by TNF-targeted therapies: analysis of 233 cases Medicine (Baltimore) 86 2007 242 251 (Pubitemid 47067483)
152. M. Aringer, W.B. Graninger, G. Steiner, and J.S. Smolen Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 3161 3169 (Pubitemid 39371992)
153. M. Aringer, G. Steiner, W.B. Graninger, E. Hofler, C.W. Steiner, and J.S. Smolen Effects of short-term infliximab therapy on autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum 56 2007 274 279 (Pubitemid 46106201)
154. W.A. High, M.E. Muldrow, and J.E. Fitzpatrick Cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by infliximab J Am Acad Dermatol 52 2005 E5
155. C.M. Vabre-Latre, P. Bayle, M.C. Marguery, A. Gadroy, D. Durand, and J. Bazex Worsening of subacute lupus erythematosus induced by infliximab Ann Dermatol Venereol 132 2005 349 353 (Pubitemid 40675715)
156. A.J. Stratigos, C. Antoniou, S. Stamathioudaki, G. Avgerinou, A. Tsega, and A.D. Katsambas Discoid lupus erythematosus-like eruption induced by infliximab Clin Exp Dermatol 29 2004 150 153 (Pubitemid 38367198)
157. A. Pataka, A. Tzouvelekis, and D. Bouros Infliximab-induced non-specific interstitial pneumonia and lupus-like eruption Eur J Intern Med 17 2006 520 (Pubitemid 44708723)
158. C. Richez, C. Dumoulin, and T. Schaeverbeke Infliximab induced chilblain lupus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 32 2005 760 761 (Pubitemid 40524717)
159. S.W. Schneider, S. Staender, B. Schluter, T.A. Luger, and G. Bonsmann Infliximab-induced lupus erythematosus tumidus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis Arch Dermatol 142 2006 115 116 (Pubitemid 43107378)
160. B. Fautrel, V. Foltz, C. Frances, P. Bourgeois, and S. Rozenberg Regression of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with a biologic tumor necrosis factor alpha-blocking agent [comment] Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 1408 1409
161. R. Norman, R.G. Greenberg, and J.M. Jackson Case reports of etanercept in inflammatory dermatoses J Am Acad Dermatol 54 Suppl 2006 S139 S142
162. G.S. Bleumink, E.J. ter Borg, C.G. Ramselaar, and B.H. Ch Stricker Etanercept-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Rheumatology (Oxford) 40 2001 1317 1319 (Pubitemid 33100103)
163. N. Sheth, D. Greenblatt, S. Patel, and K. Acland Adalimumab-induced cutaneous lupus Clin Exp Dermatol 32 2007 593 594
164. A.P. Spillane, Y. Xia, and P.J. Sniezek Drug-induced lupus erythematosus in a patient treated with adalimumab J Am Acad Dermatol 56 Suppl 2007 S114 S116
165. J.M. Martin, J.M. Ricart, J. Alcacer, N. Rausell, and G. Arana Adalimumab-induced lupus erythematosus Lupus 17 2008 676 678
166. J. Havel, S. Aboutalebi, L. Doughty, and M. Wirges Development of systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis following treatment conversion of infliximab to adalimumab J Drugs Dermatol 7 2008 796 798
167. M.B. Stokes, K. Foster, G.S. Markowitz, F. Ebrahimi, W. Hines, and D. Kaufman Development of glomerulonephritis during anti-TNF-alpha therapy for rheumatoid arthritis Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 2005 1400 1406 (Pubitemid 41430613)
168. R. Eisenberg Update on rituximab Ann Rheum Dis 64 Suppl 2005 iv55 iv57
169. M. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Jimenez-Hernandez, R.O. Escarcega, C. Mendoza-Pinto, C. Galarza-Maldonado, and M. Sandoval-Cruz Use of rituximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an update Autoimmun Rev 8 2009 343 348
170. A.P. Risselada, and C.G. Kallenberg Therapy-resistant lupus skin disease successfully treated with rituximab Rheumatology (Oxford) 45 2006 915 916 (Pubitemid 43985387)
171. I. Uthman, A. Taher, O. Abbas, J. Menassa, and S. Ghosn Successful treatment of refractory skin manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus with rituximab: report of a case Dermatology 216 2008 257 259 (Pubitemid 351416730)
172. V. Kieu, T. O'Brien, L.M. Yap, C. Baker, P. Foley, and G. Mason Refractory subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus successfully treated with rituximab Australas J Dermatol 50 2009 202 206
173. M. Chacko, and J.M. Weinberg Efalizumab. Dermatol Ther 20 2007 265 269
174. T.H. Clayton, S. Ogden, and M.D. Goodfield Treatment of refractory subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with efalizumab J Am Acad Dermatol 54 2006 892 895
175. N. Usmani, and M. Goodfield Efalizumab in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 143 2007 873 877 (Pubitemid 47076485)
176. A. Hamprecht, T. Tuting, T. Bieber, and J. Wenzel Successful treatment of recalcitrant malar rash in a patient with cutaneous lupus erythematosus with efalizumab Clin Exp Dermatol 33 2008 347 348 (Pubitemid 351550639)
177. D.D. Bentley, J.E. Graves, D.I. Smith, and M.P. Heffernan Efalizumab-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus J Am Acad Dermatol 54 Suppl 2006 S242 S243
178. D. Sanchez-Cano, J.L. Callejas-Rubio, R. Rios-Fernandez, M.T. Gutierrez-Salmeron, M.A. Fernandez Pugnaire, and N. Ortego-Centeno Efalizumab for subacute cutaneous lupus: report of two different outcomes Lupus 18 2009 1334 1336
179. E.O. Major Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies Annu Rev Med 61 2010 35 47
180. M.A. Rodriguez-Castellanos, J. Barba Rubio, J.F. Barba Gomez, and A. Gonzalez Mendoza Phenytoin in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 131 1995 620 621
181. N. Scheinfeld Phenytoin in cutaneous medicine: its uses, mechanisms and side effects Dermatol Online J 9 2003 6
182. H. Gleichman Systemic lupus erythematous triggered by diphenylhydantoin Arthritis Rheum 25 1982 1387 1388
183. S. Ross, A.D. Ormerod, C. Roberts, C. Dwyer, and R. Herriot Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with phenytoin Clin Exp Dermatol 27 2002 474 476 (Pubitemid 35278939)
184. K. Dalziel, G. Going, P.H. Cartwright, R. Marks, G.W. Beveridge, and N.R. Rowell Treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus with an oral gold compound (auranofin) Br J Dermatol 115 1986 211 216 (Pubitemid 16069466)
185. B. Steinkjer Auranofin in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus J Dermatolog Treat 2 1991 27 29