Alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in systemic immune diseases - A role for misguided energy regulation

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 29, Issue 5 SUPPL. 68, 2011, Pages

  Straub, R H ^a   Buttgereit, F ^b   Cutolo, M ^c  

^a Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino Immunology   (Germany)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Androgens; Cortisol; Energy regulation; HPA axis

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; CORTICOTROPIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; INTERLEUKIN 6; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ANDROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; RHEUMATIC DISEASES;

EID: 81155125114     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: 1593098X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. HENCH PS, SLOCUMB CH, HOLLEY HF, KENDALL EC: Effect of cortisone and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on rheumatic diseases. J Am Med Assoc 1950; 1327-35.
2. HOWARD RP, VENNING EH, FISK GH: Rheumatoid arthritis. II. Studies of adrenocortical and hypophyseal function and the effects thereon of testosterone and pregnenolone therapy. Can Med Assoc J 1950; 63: 340-2.
3. HARBUZ MS, JESSOP DS: Is there a defect in Cortisol production in rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38: 298-302. (Pubitemid 29507176)
4. JESSOP DS, HARBUZ MS: A defect in Cortisol production in rheumatoid arthritis: why are we still looking? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 1097-100. (Pubitemid 41236014)
5. SCHAUENSTEIN K, FASSLER R, DIETRICH H, SCHWARZ S, KROMER G, WICK G: Disturbed immune-endocrine communication in autoimmune disease. Lack of corticosterone response to immune signals in obese strain chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. J Immunol 1987; 139: 1830-3. (Pubitemid 17141610)
6. MACPHEE IA, ANTONI FA, MASON DW: Spontaneous recovery of rats from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is dependent on regulation of the immune system by endogenous adrenal corticosteroids. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 431-45. (Pubitemid 19050641)
7. STERNBERG EM, HILL JM, CHROUSOS GP et al.: Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell wall arthritis-susceptible Lewis rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2374-8. (Pubitemid 19102511)
8. FEHER GK, FEHER T, ZAHUMENSZKY Z: Study on the inactivation mechanism of androgens in rheumatoid arthritis: excretory rate of free and conjugated 17-ketosteroids. Endokrinologie 1979; 73: 167-72. (Pubitemid 9175912)
9. JUNGERS P, NAHOUL K, PELISSIER C, DOUGADOS M, TRON F, BACH JF: Low plasma androgens in women with active or quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25: 454-7. (Pubitemid 12158956)
10. MASI AT, JOSIPOVIC DB, JEFFERSON WE: Low adrenal androgenic-anabolic steroids in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): gas-liquid chromatographic studies of RA patients and matched normal control women indicating decreased 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroid excretion. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1984; 14: 1-23. (Pubitemid 14031458)
11. CUTOLO M, BALLEARI E, ACCARDO S et al.: Preliminary results of serum androgen level testing in men with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 958-9.
12. EHRHART-BORNSTEIN M, HINSON JP, BORNSTEIN SR, SCHERBAUM WA, VINSON GP: Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 101-43. (Pubitemid 29114288)
13. JÄÄTTELÄ M, ILVESMAKI V, VOUTILAINEN R, STENMAN UH, SAKSELA E: Tumor necrosis factor as a potent inhibitor of adrenocorticotropin- induced Cortisol production and steroidogenic P450 enzyme gene expression in cultured human fetal adrenal cells. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 623-9.
14. STRAUB RH, HÄRLE P, SARZI-PUTTINI P, CUTOLO M: Tumor necrosis factor-neutralizing therapies improve altered hormone axes: an alternative mode of antiinflammatory action. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2039-46. (Pubitemid 44051059)
15. DAVIS MC, ZAUTRA AJ, YOUNGER J, MOTIVALA SJ, ATTREP J, IRWIN MR: Chronic stress and regulation of cellular markers of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for fatigue. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22: 24-32. (Pubitemid 350216361)
16. CHROUSOS GP, KINO T: Intracellular glucocorticoid signaling: a formerly simple system turns stochastic. Sci STKE 2005; 2005: e48.
17. BUTTGEREIT F, DOERING G, SCHAEFFLER A et al.: Efficacy of modified-release versus standard prednisone to reduce duration of morning stiffness of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis (CAPRA-1): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371: 205-14.
18. BUTTGEREIT F, BURMESTER GR, STRAUB RH, SEIBEL MJ, ZHOU H: Exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids in rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63: 1-9.
19. STRAUB RH, CUTOLO M, BUTTGEREIT F, PONGRATZ G: Energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Intern Med 2010; 267: 543-60.
20. STRAUB RH: Concepts of evolutionary medicine and energy regulation contribute to the etiology of systemic chronic inflammatory diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25: 1-5.
21. SHIBOLETO, ALPERR, ILANY, WEIDENFELD J: Regulatory role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in experimental colitis: effect of adrenalectomy on the clinical course and the TH1/TH2 immune profile. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 1053-9. (Pubitemid 41682561)
22. CUTOLO M, SERIOLO B, VILLAGGIO B, PIZZORNI C, CRAVIOTTO C, SULLI A: Androgens and estrogens modulate the immune and inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 966: 131-42. (Pubitemid 34729169)
23. STRAUB RH: The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocr Rev 2007; 28: 521-74. (Pubitemid 47236336)
24. ROUBINIAN JR. PAPOIAN R, TALAL N: Androgenic hormones modulate autoantibody responses and improve survival in murine lupus. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 1066-70. (Pubitemid 8131060)
25. LAHITA RG, BRADLOW HL, GINZLER E, PANG S, NEW M: Low plasma androgens in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30: 241-8. (Pubitemid 17098574)
26. GORDON D, BEASTALL GH, THOMSON JA, STURROCK RD: Androgenic status and sexual function in males with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Q J Med 1986;60:671-9. (Pubitemid 16052520)
27. STRAUB RH, VOGL D, GROSS V, LANG B, SCHÖLMERICH J, ANDUS T: Association of humoral markers of inflammation and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or Cortisol serum levels in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:2197-202. (Pubitemid 29076874)
28. STRAUB RH, ZEUNER M, LOCK G, SCHÖLMERICH J, LANG B: High prolactin and low dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate serum levels in patients with severe systemic sclerosis. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36: 426-32.
29. NILSSON E, DE LA TB, HEDMAN M, GOOBAR J, THORNER A: Blood dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis and primary fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12:415-7. (Pubitemid 24244032)
30. MASI AT, CHROUSOS GP: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-glucocorticoid axis function in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23:577-81. (Pubitemid 26132840)
31. MASI AT, CHROUSOS GP, BORNSTEIN SR: Enigmas of adrenal androgen and glucocorticoid dissociation in premenopausal onset rheumatoid arthritis editorial; comment. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 247-50. (Pubitemid 29066723)
32. CASTAGNETTA LA, CARRUBA G, GRANATA OM et al.: Increased estrogen formation and estrogen to androgen ratio in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 2597-605. (Pubitemid 37549336)
33. SCHMIDT M, WEIDLER C, NAUMANN H, SCHÖLMERICH J, STRAUB RH: Androgen conversion in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes - androstenedione and testosterone inhibit estrogen formation and favor production of more potent 5alpha-reduced androgens. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7: R938-R948.
34. STRAUB RH, WEIDLER C, DEMMEL B et al.: Renal clearance and daily excretion of Cortisol and adrenal androgens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 961-8. (Pubitemid 38961922)
35. ROVENSKY J, IMRICH R, KOSKA J et al.: Cortisol elimination from plasma in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 674-6. (Pubitemid 36760569)
36. STRAUB RH, PAIMELA L, PELTOMAA R, SCHÖLMERICH J, LEIRISALO-REPO M: Inadequately low serum levels of steroid hormones in relation to IL-6 and TNF in untreated patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 654-62. (Pubitemid 34214248)
37. STRAUB RH, LEHLE K, HERFARTH H et al.: Dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to other adrenal hormones during an acute inflammatory stressful disease state compared with chronic inflammatory disease: role of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146: 365-74.
38. ZOLI A, LIZZIO MM, FERLISI EM et al.: ACTH, Cortisol and prolactin in active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2002; 21: 289-93.
39. KANIK KS, CHROUSOS GP, SCHUMACHER HR, CRANE ML, YARBORO CH, WILDER RL: Adrenocorticotropin, glucocorticoid, and androgen secretion in patients with new onset synovitis/rheumatoid arthritis: relations with indices of inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1461-6. (Pubitemid 32289487)
40. CROFFORD LJ, KALOGERAS KT, MASTORAKOS G et al.: Orcadian relationships between interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis hormones: failure of IL-6 to cause sustained hypercortisolism in patients with early untreated rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1279-83. (Pubitemid 27166676)
41. JOHNSON EO, KOSTANDI M, MOUTSOPOULOS HM: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in Sjögren's syndrome: mechanisms of neuroendocrine and immune system homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1088:41-51. (Pubitemid 47092039)
42. HEESEN C, GOLD SM, HUITINGA I, REUL JM: Stress and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis - a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:604-18. (Pubitemid 47018323)
43. IMRICH R, VIGAS M, ROVENSKY J, ALDAG JC, MASI AT: Adrenal plasma steroid relations in glucocorticoid-naive premenopausal rheumatoid arthritis patients during insulin-induced hypoglycemia test compared to matched normal control females. Endocr Regul 2009; 43: 65-73.
44. BLACKMAN MR, MUNIYAPPA R, WILSON M et al.: Diurnal secretion of growth hormone, Cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone in pre- and perimenopausal women with active rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot case-control study. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9: R73.
45. IMRICH R, ROVENSKY J, MALIS F et al.: Low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in plasma, and reduced sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycaemia in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 202-6. (Pubitemid 40193612)
46. HARBUZ MS, KORENDOWYCH E, JESSOP DS, CROWN AL, Li PDFAN SL, KIRWAN JR: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after the dexamethasone/corticotrophin releasing factor test. J Endocrinol 2003; 178: 55-60. (Pubitemid 36927009)
47. BUSKE-KIRSCHBAUM A, EBRECHT M, HELLHAMMER DH: Blunted HPA axis responsiveness to stress in atopic patients is associated with the acuity and severeness of allergic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24: 1347-53.
48. DEKKERS JC, GEENEN R, GODAERT GL et al.: Experimentally challenged reactivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 1496-504. (Pubitemid 32660619)
49. POOL AJ, WHIPP BJ, SKASICK AJ, ALAVI A, BLAND JM, AXFORD JS: Serum Cortisol reduction and abnormal prolactin and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell response as a result of controlled exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus despite unaltered muscle energetics. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 43-8. (Pubitemid 38088367)
50. GEENEN R, VAN MH, BIJLSMA JW: The impact of stressors on health status and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system responsiveness in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1069: 77-97. (Pubitemid 43989852)
51. STRAUB RH, KALDEN JR: Stress of different types increases the proinflammatory load in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11: 114.
52. BESEDOVSKY H, SORKIN E, KELLER M, MULLER J: Changes in blood hormone levels during the immune response. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975; 150: 466-70.
53. BESEDOVSKY H, SORKIN E, FELIX D, HAAS H: Hypothalamic changes during the immune response. Eur J Immunol 1977; 7: 323-5. (Pubitemid 8111305)
54. BESEDOVSKY HO, DEL REY A, SORKIN E, DINARELLO C: Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones. Science 1986; 233: 652-4. (Pubitemid 16011614)
55. WARREN RS, STARNES HF, JR, GABRILOVE JL, OETTGEN HF, BRENNAN MF: The acute metabolic effects of tumor necrosis factor administration in humans. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 1396-400. (Pubitemid 18058287)
56. MASTORAKOS G, CHROUSOS GP, WEBER JS: Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1690-4. (Pubitemid 24000936)
57. SPÄTH-SCHWALBE E, BORN J, SCHREZENMEIER H et al.: Interleukin-6 stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1212-4. (Pubitemid 24342275)
58. SPATH-SCHWALBE E, PORZSOLT F, DIGEL W, BORN J, KLOSS B, FEHM HL: Elevated plasma Cortisol levels during interferon-gamma treatment. Immunopharmacology 1989; 17: 141-5. (Pubitemid 19151486)
59. ROOSTH J, POLLARD RB, BROWN SL, MEYER WJ, III: Cortisol stimulation by recombinant interferon-alpha 2. J Neuroimmunol 1986; 12:311-6.
60. GISSLINGER H, SVOBODA T, CLODI M et al.: Interferon-alpha stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in vivo and in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57: 489-95. (Pubitemid 23170154)
61. JABLONS DM, MULE JJ, MCINTOSH JK et al.: IL-6/IFN-beta-2 as a circulating hormone. Induction by cytokine administration in humans. J Immunol 1989; 142: 1542-7. (Pubitemid 19086320)
62. TSIGOS C, PAPANICOLAOU DA, DEFENSOR R, MITSIADIS CS, KYROU I, CHROUSOS GP: Dose effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone secretion and energy expenditure. Neuroendocrinology 1997;66:54-62. (Pubitemid 27271992)
63. STRAUB RH, BESEDOVSKY HO: Integrated evolutionary, immunological, and neuroendocrine framework for the pathogenesis of chronic disabling inflammatory diseases. FASEB J 2003; 17:2176-83. (Pubitemid 37509572)
64. MIKHAYLOVA IV, KUULASMAA T, JAASKELAINEN J, VOUTILAINEN R: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates steroidogenesis, apoptosis, and cell viability in the human adrenocortical cell line NCI-H295R. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 386-92. (Pubitemid 46021471)
65. HERRMANN M, SCHÖLMERICH J, STRAUB RH: Influence of cytokines and growth factors on distinct steroidogenic enzymes in vitro: a short tabular data collection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 966: 166-86. (Pubitemid 34729172)
66. BORNSTEIN SR, RUTKOWSKI H, VREZAS I: Cytokines and steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 215: 135-41. (Pubitemid 38333252)
67. STRAUB RH, PONGRATZ G, SCHÖLMERICH J et al.: Long-term anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients sensitizes the pituitary gland and favors adrenal androgen secretion. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 1504-12. (Pubitemid 36682357)
68. STRAUB RH, HARLE P, YAMANA S et al.: Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody therapy favors adrenal androgen secretion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1778-85. (Pubitemid 43877927)
69. STRAUB RH, PONGRATZ G, CUTOLO M et al.: Increased Cortisol relative to adrenocorticotropic hormone predicts improvement during anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 976-84. (Pubitemid 351563998)
70. FRANCHIMONT D, BOUMA G, GALON J et al.: Adrenal cortical activation in murine colitis. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1560-8. (Pubitemid 32198681)
71. ENGSTROM L, ROSEN K, ANGEL A et al.: Systemic immune challenge activates an intrinsically regulated local inflammatory circuit in the adrenal gland. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 1436-50. (Pubitemid 351468305)
72. ROMERO DG, VERGARA GR, ZHU Z et al.: Interleukin-8 synthesis, regulation, and steroidogenic role in H295R human adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 891-8. (Pubitemid 43113007)
73. ZACHAROWSKI K, ZACHAROWSKI PA, KOCH A et al.: Toll-like receptor 4 plays a crucial role in the immune-adrenal response to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 6392-7.
74. VAKHARIA K, HINSON JP: Lipopolysaccharide directly stimulates Cortisol secretion by human adrenal cells by a cyclooxygenase-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 1398-402. (Pubitemid 40289328)
75. BORNSTEIN SR, ZACHAROWSKI P, SCHUMANN RR et al.: Impaired adrenal stress response in Toll-like receptor 2-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 16695-700. (Pubitemid 39557775)
76. MOTULSKY HJ, INSEL PA: Adrenergic receptors in man: direct identification, physiologic regulation, and clinical alterations. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 18-29. (Pubitemid 12075448)
77. PAUWELS RA, LOFDAHL CG, POSTMA DS et al.: Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy (FACET) International Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1405-11.
78. OIKARINEN J, HAMALAINEN L, OIKARINEN A: Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor activity by cyclic nucleotides and its implications on the regulation of human skin fibroblast growth and protein synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 799: 158-65. (Pubitemid 14121285)
79. GRUOL DJ, CAMPBELL NF, BOURGEOIS S: Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase promotes glucocorticoid receptor function. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 4909-14. (Pubitemid 17204279)
80. NAKADA MT, STADEL JM, POKSAY KS, CROOKE ST: Glucocorticoid regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Mol Pharmacol 1987; 31: 377-84. (Pubitemid 17069805)
81. DONG Y, ARONSSON M, GUSTAFSSON JA, OKRET S: The mechanism of cAMP-induced glucocorticoid receptor expression. Correlation to cellular glucocorticoid response. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 13679-83. (Pubitemid 19198452)
82. DIBATTISTA JA, MARTEL-PELLETIER J, CLOUTIER JM, PELLETIER JP: Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression in human articular chondrocytes by cAMP and prostaglandins. J Rheumatol Suppl 1991; 27: 102-5.
83. KORN SH, WOUTERS EF, WESSELING G, ARENDS JW, THUNNISSEN FB: Interaction between glucocorticoids and beta2-agonists: alpha and beta glucocorticoid- receptor mRNA expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56: 1561-9. (Pubitemid 28561475)
84. EICKELBERG O, ROTH M, LORX R et al.: Ligand-independent activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists in primary human lung fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 1005-10.
85. SCHMIDT P, HOLSBOER F, SPENGLER D: beta(2)-Adrenergic Receptors Potentiate Glucocorticoid Receptor Transactivation via G Protein betagamma-Subunits and the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2001; 15:553-64. (Pubitemid 32324437)
86. RENZ H, GONG JH, SCHMIDT A, NAIN M, GEMSA D: Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from macrophages. Enhancement and suppression are dose-dependently regulated by prostaglandin E2 and cyclic nucleotides. J Immunol 1988; 141: 2388-93.
87. JOHNSON KW, DAVIS BH, SMITH KA: cAMP antagonizes interleukin 2-promoted T-cell cycle progression at a discrete point in early Gl. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 6072-6.
88. CASE JP, LAFYATIS R, KUMKUMIAN GK, REMMERS EF, WILDER RL: IL-1 regulation of transin/stromelysin transcription in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts appears to involve two antagonistic transduction pathways, an inhibitory, prostaglandin-dependent pathway mediated by cAMP, and a stimulatory, protein kinase C-dependent pathway. J Immunol 1990; 145: 3755-61.
89. SNIJDEWINT FG, KALINSKI P, WIERENGA EA, BOS JD, KAPSENBERG ML: Prostaglandin E2 differentially modulates cytokine secretion profiles of human T helper lymphocytes. J Immunol 1993; 150: 5321-9. (Pubitemid 23180645)
90. DIBATTISTA JA, MARTEL-PELLETIER J, FUJIMOTO N, OBATA K, ZAFARULLAH M, PELLETIER JP: Prostaglandins E2 and E1 inhibit cytokine-induced metalloprotease expression in human synovial fibroblasts. Mediation by cyclic-AMP signalling pathway. Lab Invest 1994; 71: 270-8.
91. VAN DER POUW KRAAN TC, BOEIJE LC, SMEENK RJ, WIJDENES J, AARDEN LA: Prostaglandine is a potent inhibitor of human interleukin 12 production. J Exp Med 1995; 181:775-9.
92. VERGHESE MW, MCCONNELL RT, STRICKLAND AB et al.: Differential regulation of human monocyte-derived TNF alpha and IL-1 beta by type IV cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 272: 1313-20.
93. BRION F, PARVEZ H, PARVEZ S, MARNAYGULAT C, RAOUL Y: Effects of glucocorticoids upon adrenal and urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine and the activity of enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in rats made partially deficient in vitamin D: role of vitamin D supplementation. Horm Metab Res 1978; 10: 556-60. (Pubitemid 9080110)
94. SCHUBERT D, LACORBIERE M, KLIER FG, STEINBACH JH: The modulation of neurotransmitter synthesis by steroid hormones and insulin. Brain Res 1980; 190: 67-79. (Pubitemid 10085554)
95. STRAUB RH, GÜNZLER C, MILLER LE, CUTOLO M, SCHÖLMERICH J, SCHILL S: Anti-inflammatory cooperativity of corticosteroids and norepinephrine in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue in vivo and in vitro. FASEB J 2002; 16: 993-1000. (Pubitemid 34753505)
96. STRAUB RH, HERFARTH H, FALK W, ANDUS T, SCHÖLMERICH J: Uncoupling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in inflammatory bowel disease? J Neuroimmunol 2002; 126: 116-25. (Pubitemid 34521737)
97. WIEST R, MOLEDA L, ZIETZ B, HELLERBRAND C, SCHÖLMERICH J, STRAUB R: Uncoupling of sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 1901-8.
98. HÄRLE P, STRAUB RH, WIEST R et al.: Increase of sympathetic outflow measured by neuropeptide Y and decrease of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tone in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: another example of uncoupling of response systems. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:51-6. (Pubitemid 41815639)
99. STRAUB RH, DEL REY A, BESEDOVSKY HO: Emerging concepts for the pathogenesis of chronic disabling inflammatory diseases: neuroendocrine-immune interactions and evolutionary biology. In: ADER R (Ed.): Psychoneuroimmunology. San Diego, Ca, Elsevier - Academic Press, 2007: pp. 217-32.
100. STRAUB RH, CUTOLO M, ZIETZ B, SCHÖLMERICH J: The process of aging changes the interplay of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122: 1591-611. (Pubitemid 32757135)
101. CUTOLO M, STRAUB RH, BUTTGEREIT F: Circadian rhythms of nocturnal hormones in rheumatoid arthritis: translation from bench to bedside. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 905-8. (Pubitemid 351956649)
102. STARNES HF, JR., WARREN RS, JEEVANANDAM M et al.: Tumor necrosis factor and the acute metabolic response to tissue injury in man. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1321-5.
103. KARSENTY G, OURY F: The central regulation of bone mass, the first link between bone remodeling and energy metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 4795-801.
104. STRAUB RH, KONECNA L, HRACH S et al.: Serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate are negatively correlated with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and DHEA inhibits IL-6 secretion from mononuclear cells in man in vitro: possible link between endocrinosenescence and immunosenes-cence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2012-7. (Pubitemid 28496330)