Importance of allergy in asthma: An epidemiologic perspective

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 434-444

  Douwes, Jeroen ^a   Brooks, Collin ^a   Van Dalen, Christine ^a   Pearce, Neil ^a  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Allergy; Asthma; Atopy; Epidemiology; Global patterns; Hygiene hypothesis; Nonallergic asthma; Protective factors; Risk factors; Time trends

Indexed keywords

PARACETAMOL; VITAMIN D;

ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ATOPY; CONTACT SENSITIZATION; DERMATOPHAGOIDES; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; EOSINOPHIL COUNT; EOSINOPHILIA; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HELMINTHIASIS; HOUSE DUST ALLERGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATION; OBESITY; PET ANIMAL; POPULATION EXPOSURE; POPULATION RISK; PREVALENCE; PRICK TEST; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREND STUDY; VITAMIN INTAKE;

ALLERGENS; ASTHMA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 81055156273     PISSN: 15297322     EISSN: 15346315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0215-6     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Frankland AW. The place of allergy in asthma. Postgrad Med J. 1959;35:451-6.
2. Ronchetti R, Rennerova Z, Barreto M, Villa MP. The prevalence of atopy in asthmatic children correlates strictly with the prevalence of atopy among nonasthmatic children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007;142:79-85. (Pubitemid 46032988)
3. Weinmayr G, Weiland SK, Bjorksten B, et al. Atopic sensitization and the international variation of asthma symptom prevalence in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:565-74. (Pubitemid 47403274)
4. Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, et al. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir. 1995;8:483-91.
5. Burney PGJ, Luczynska C, Chinn S, Jarvis D. The European community respiratory health survey. Eur Respir J. 1994;7: 954-60. (Pubitemid 24153598)
6. James AL, Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, et al. Changes in the prevalence of asthma in adults since 1966: the Busselton health study. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:273-8.
7. Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A. Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy. 2010;65:152-67.
8. Pearce N, Douwes J. Asthma time trends - mission accomplished? Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:1018-9. (Pubitemid 41535546)
9. Pearce N, Ait-Khaled N, Beasley R, et al. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax. 2007;62:758-66.
10. Bai J, Zhao J, Shen KL, et al. Current trends of the prevalence of childhood asthma in three Chinese cities: a multicenter epidemiological survey. Biomed Environ Sci. 2010;23:453-7.
11. Demir AU, Celikel S, Karakaya G, Kalyoncu AF. Asthma and allergic diseases in school children from 1992 to 2007 with incidence data. J Asthma. 2010;47:1128-35.
12. Berg CM, Thelle DS, Rosengren A et al. Decreased exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in obese with asthma symptoms: data from the population study INTERGENE/ADONIX. Chest 2010.
13. Selnes A, Nystad W, Bolle R, Lund E. Diverging prevalence trends of atopic disorders in Norwegian children. Results from three cross-sectional studies. Allergy. 2005;60:894-9. (Pubitemid 40813811)
14. Asher MI, Anderson HR, Stewart AW, et al. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Eur Resp J. 1998;12:315-35. (Pubitemid 28389524)
15. Burney P, Chinn S, Luczynska C, et al. Variations in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, self-reported asthma attacks, and use of asthma medication in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Eur Resp J. 1996;9:687-95. (Pubitemid 26167872)
16. Wong GW, Hui DS, Chan HH, et al. Prevalence of respiratory and atopic disorders in Chinese schoolchildren. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:1225-31. (Pubitemid 34208961)
17. Butland BK, Strachan DP, Anderson HR. The home environment and asthma symptoms in childhood: two population based case-control studies 13 years apart. Thorax. 1997;52:618-24. (Pubitemid 27342210)
18. Peat JK, Tovey E, Toelle BG, et al. House dust mite allergens. A major risk factor for childhood asthma in Australia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:141-6. (Pubitemid 26026840)
19. Martinez FD. Complexities of the genetics of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:S117-22. (Pubitemid 27449324)
20. Leung R, Ho P, Lam CWK, Lai CKW. Sensitization to inhaled allergens as a risk factor for asthma and allergic diseases in Chinese population. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:594-9. (Pubitemid 27213184)
21. Von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C. Skin test reactivity and number of siblings. BMJ. 1994;308:692-5. (Pubitemid 24080823)
22. Hirsch T, Range U, Walther KU, et al. Prevalence and determinants of house dust mite allergen in East German homes. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28:956-64. (Pubitemid 28401834)
23. Carlsten C, Dimich-Ward H, Becker AB, et al. Indoor allergen exposure, sensitization, and development of asthma in a highrisk birth cohort. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:e740-746.
24. Pearce N, Douwes J, Beasley R. Is allergen exposure the major primary cause of asthma? Thorax. 2000;55:424-31. (Pubitemid 30245701)
25. Priftanji A, Strachan D, Burr M, et al. Asthma and allergy in Albania and the UK. Lancet. 2001;358:1426-7. (Pubitemid 33055748)
26. Garcia-Marcos L, Garcia-Hernandez G, Morales Suarez-Varela M, et al. Asthma attributable to atopy: does it depend on the allergen supply? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18:181-7. (Pubitemid 46587705)
27. Pearce N, Pekkanen J, Beasley R. How much asthma is really attributable to atopy? Thorax. 1999;54:268-72. (Pubitemid 29110510)
28. Sunyer J, Jarvis D, Pekkanen J, et al. Geographic variations in the effect of atopy on asthma in the European Community Respiratory Health Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114: 1033-9. (Pubitemid 39469140)
29. Moncayo AL, Vaca M, Oviedo G, et al. Risk factors for atopic and non-atopic asthma in a rural area of Ecuador. Thorax. 2010;65:409-16.
30. Cunha SS, Barreto ML, Fiaccone RL, et al. Asthma cases in childhood attributed to atopy in tropical area in Brazil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;28:405-11.
31. Pekkanen J, Pearce N. Defining asthma in epidemiological studies. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:951-7. (Pubitemid 29519364)
32. Douwes J, Gibson P, Pekkanen J, Pearce N. Non-eosinophilic asthma: importance and possible mechanisms. Thorax. 2002; 57:643-8. (Pubitemid 34761769)
33. Simpson JL, Scott R, Boyle MJ, Gibson PG. Inflammatory subtypes in asthma: assessment and identification using induced sputum. Respirology. 2006;11:54-61.
34. Cowan DC, Cowan JO, Palmay R, et al. Effects of steroid therapy on inflammatory cell subtypes in asthma. Thorax. 2010;65:384-90.
35. Moffatt MF, Gut IG, Demenais F, et al. A large-scale, consortium-based genomewide association study of asthma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1211-21.
36. Weinmayr G, Genuneit J, Nagel G, et al. International variations in associations of allergic markers and diseases in children: ISAAC phase two. Allergy. 2010;65:766-75.
37. Wan YI, Strachan DP, Evans DM, et al. A genome-wide association study to identify genetic determinants of atopy in subjects from the United Kingdom. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:223-31. 231 e221-223.
38. Matricardi PM, Bockelbrink A, Keil T, et al. Dynamic evolution of serum immunoglobulin E to airborne allergens throughout childhood: results from the Multi-Centre Allergy Study birth cohort. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1551-7.
39. Simpson A, Tan VY, Winn J, et al. Beyond atopy: multiple patterns of sensitization in relation to asthma in a birth cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:1200-6.
40. Custovic A, Simpson A, Bardin PG, Le Souef P. Allergy is an important factor in asthma exacerbation: a pro/con debate. Respirology. 2010;15:1021-7.
41. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989;299:1259-60. (Pubitemid 19280051)
42. Ball TM, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Griffith KA, et al. Siblings, day-care attendance, and the risk of asthma and wheezing during childhood. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:538-43. (Pubitemid 30654817)
43. Shaheen SO, Aaby P, Hall AJ, et al. Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau. Lancet. 1996;347:1792-6. (Pubitemid 26323329)
44. Alm JS, Lilja G, Pershagen G, Scheynius A. BCG vaccination does not seem to prevent atopy in children with atopic heredity. Allergy. 1998;53:537. (Pubitemid 28248424)
45. Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Riondino S, et al. Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study. BMJ. 2000;320:412-7. (Pubitemid 30175770)
46. Ramsey CD, Gold DR, Litonjua AA, et al. Respiratory illnesses in early life and asthma and atopy in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:150-6. (Pubitemid 46037807)
47. Sly PD, Boner AL, Bjorksten B, et al. Early identification of atopy in the prediction of persistent asthma in children. Lancet. 2008;372:1100-6.
48. Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz U, et al. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:869-77.
49. Gehring U, Strikwold M, Schram-Bijkerk D, et al. Asthma and allergic symptoms in relation to house dust endotoxin: phase two of the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC II). Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:1911-20.
50. Bolte G, Bischof W, Borte M, et al. Early endotoxin exposure and atopy development in infants: results of a birth cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:770-6. (Pubitemid 36760508)
51. Bottcher MF, Bjorksten B, Gustafson S, et al. Endotoxin levels in Estonian and Swedish house dust and atopy in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:295-300. (Pubitemid 36315168)
52. Douwes J, van Strien R, Doekes G, et al. Does early indoor microbial exposure reduce the risk of asthma? The Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:1067-73.
53. Sordillo JE, Hoffman EB, Celedon JC, et al. Multiple microbial exposures in the home may protect against asthma or allergy in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:902-10.
54. de Meer G, Toelle BG, Ng K, et al. Presence and timing of cat ownership by age 18 and the effect on atopy and asthma at age 28. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:433-8. (Pubitemid 38338946)
55. Mandhane PJ, Sears MR, Poulton R, et al. Cats and dogs and the risk of atopy in childhood and adulthood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:745-750 e744.
56. Kerkhof M, Wijga AH, Brunekreef B, et al. Effects of pets on asthma development up to 8 years of age: the PIAMA study. Allergy. 2009;64:1202-8.
57. von Mutius E, Vercelli D. Farm living: effects on childhood asthma and allergy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:861-8.
58. Ege MJ, Mayer M, Normand AC, et al. Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:701-9.
59. Douwes J, Cheng S, Travier N, et al. Farm exposure in utero may protect against asthma, hay fever and eczema. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:603-11.
60. Robinson K, Bradley JE. The allergy epidemic: can helminths supply the antidote? Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:1586-9.
61. Endara P, Vaca M, Chico ME, et al. Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:1669-77.
62. Thomsen SF, Ulrik CS, Larsen K, Backer V. Change in prevalence of asthma in Danish children and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;92:506-11. (Pubitemid 39236813)
63. Crater DD, Heise S, Perzanowski M, et al. Asthma hospitalization trends in Charleston, South Carolina, 1956 to 1997: twentyfold increase among black children during a 30-year period. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E97.
64. Chatzi L, Kogevinas M. Prenatal and childhood Mediterranean diet and the development of asthma and allergies in children. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:1629-34.
65. Nagel G, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, et al. Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitisation in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) phase two. Thorax. 2010;65:516-22.
66. Asher MI, Stewart AW, Mallol J, et al. Which population level environmental factors are associated with asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Review of the ecological analyses of ISAAC phase one. Respir Res. 2010;11:8.
67. Notenboom ML, Mommers M, Jansen EH, et al. Maternal fatty acid status in pregnancy and childhood atopic manifestations: KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:407-16.
68. Haberg SE, London SJ, Nafstad P, et al. Maternal folate levels in pregnancy and asthma in children at age 3 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:262-4. 264 e261.
69. Beasley R, Clayton T, Crane J, et al. Association between paracetamol use in infancy and childhood, and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in children aged 6-7 years: analysis from phase three of the ISAAC programme. Lancet. 2008;372:1039-48.
70. Amberbir A, Medhin G, Alem A, et al. The role of acetaminophen and geohelminth infection on the incidence of wheeze and eczema: a longitudinal birth-cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:165-70.
71. Rusconi F, Gagliardi L, Galassi C et al. Paracetamol and antibiotics in childhood and subsequent development of wheezing/asthma: association or causation? Int J Epidemiol 2011.
72. Scialli AR, Ang R, Breitmeyer J, Royal MA. Childhood asthma and use during pregnancy of acetaminophen. A critical review. Reprod Toxicol. 2010;30:508-19.
73. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:853-9. (Pubitemid 46393519)
74. Camargo Jr CA, Ingham T, Wickens K, et al. Cord-blood 25- hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e180-187.
75. Hypponen E, Sovio U, Wjst M, et al. Infant vitamin D supplementation and allergic conditions in adulthood: northern Finland birth cohort 1966. Ann N YAcad Sci. 2004;1037:84-95. (Pubitemid 40299747)
76. Majak P, Olszowiec-Chlebna M, Smejda K, Stelmach I. Vitamin D supplementation in children may prevent asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011.
77. Noal RB, Menezes AM, Macedo SE, Dumith SC. Childhood body mass index and risk of asthma in adolescence: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2011;12:93-104.
78. Ronmark E, Andersson C, Nystrom L, et al. Obesity increases the risk of incident asthma among adults. Eur Respir J. 2005;25:282-8. (Pubitemid 40246528)
79. Loerbroks A, Apfelbacher CJ, Amelang M, Sturmer T. Obesity and adult asthma: potential effect modification by gender, but not by hay fever. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18:283-9. (Pubitemid 351406509)
80. Visness CM, London SJ, Daniels JL, et al. Association of childhood obesity with atopic and nonatopic asthma: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. J Asthma. 2010;47:822-9.
81. Dixon AE, Holguin F, Sood A, et al. An official American Thoracic Society Workshop report: obesity and asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2010;7:325-35.
82. Robertson CF, Heycock E, Bishop J, et al. Prevalence of asthma in Melbourne schoolchildren: changes over 26 years. BMJ. 1991;302:1116-8.
83. Robertson CF, Roberts MF, Kappers JH. Asthma prevalence in Melbourne schoolchildren: have we reached the peak? Med J Aust. 2004;180:273-6. (Pubitemid 38372231)
84. Campbell D, Ruffin R, Mcevoy R, Crockett A. South Australian asthma prevalence survey. Aust NZMed J. 1992;22:A658. abstract.
85. Adams R, Ruffin R, Wakefield M, et al. Asthma prevalence, morbidity and management practices in South Australia, 1992-1995. Aust N Z J Med. 1997;27:672-9. (Pubitemid 28066641)
86. Infante-Rivard C, Esnaola Sukia S, Roberge D, Baumgarten M. The changing frequency of childhood asthma. J Asthma. 1987;24:283-8. (Pubitemid 18032296)
87. Manfreda J, Becker AB, Wang PZ, et al. Trends in physiciandiagnosed asthma prevalence in Manitoba between 1980 and 1990. Chest. 1993;103:151-7. (Pubitemid 23027249)
88. Morrison Smith J. The prevalence of asthma and wheezing in children. Br J Dis Chest. 1976;70:73-7.
89. Whincup PH, Cook DG, Strachan DP, Papacosta O. Time trends in respiratory symptoms in childhood over a 24 year period. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:729-34. (Pubitemid 23199855)
90. Burney P, Chinn S, Rona RJ. Has the prevalence of asthma increased in children? Evidence from a national study of health and growth 1973-86. BMJ. 1990;300:1306-10. (Pubitemid 20164761)
91. Anderson HR, Butland BK, Strachan DP. Trends in prevalence and severity of childhood asthma. BMJ. 1994;308:1600-4. (Pubitemid 24181868)
92. Fleming DM, Crombie DL. Prevalence of asthma and hay fever in England and Wales. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294:279-83. (Pubitemid 17006323)
93. Haahtela T, Lindholm H, Bjorksten F, et al. Prevalence of asthma in Finnish young men. BMJ. 1990;301:266-8. (Pubitemid 20241226)
94. Perdrizet S, Neukirch F, Cooreman J, Liard R. Prevalence of asthma in adolescents in various parts of France and its relationship to respiratory allergic manifestations. Chest. 1987;91:104S-6S. (Pubitemid 17082246)
95. von Mutius E, Weiland SK, Fritzsch C, et al. Increasing prevalence of hay fever and atopy among children in Leipzig, East Germany. Lancet. 1998;351:862-6. (Pubitemid 28121174)
96. Auerbach I, Springer C, Godfrey S. Total population survey of the frequency and severity of asthma in 17 year old boys in an urban area in Israel. Thorax. 1993;48:139-41. (Pubitemid 23057219)
97. Ronchetti R, Villa MP, Barreto M, et al. Is the increase in childhood asthma coming to an end? Findings from three surveys of schoolchildren in Rome, Italy. Eur Respir J. 2001;17:881-6. (Pubitemid 32600333)
98. Ciprandi G, Vizzaccaro A, Cirillo I, et al. Increase of asthma and allergic rhinitis prevalence in young Italian men. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996;111:278-83.
99. Nishima S. A study on the prevalence of bronchial asthma in school children in western districts of Japan - comparison between the studies in 1982 and in 1992 with the same methods and same districts. The Study Group of the Prevalence of Bronchial Asthma, the West Japan Study Group of Bronchial Asthma. Arerugi. 1993;42:192-204.
100. Nishima S, Chisaka H, Fujiwara T, et al. Surveys on the prevalence of pediatric bronchial asthma in Japan: a comparison between the 1982, 1992, and 2002 surveys conducted in the same region using the same methodology. Allergol Int. 2009;58:37-53.
101. Mommers M, Guekjens-Sijstermans C, Swaen GMH, van Schayck CP. Trends in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and treatment in Dutch children over a 12 year period: results of the fourth consecutive survey. Thorax. 2005;60:97-9. (Pubitemid 40222889)
102. Mitchell EA. Increasing prevalence of asthma in children. N Z Med J. 1983;96:463-4. (Pubitemid 13013010)
103. Shaw RA, Crane J, O'Donnell TV, et al. Increasing asthma prevalence in a rural New Zealand adolescent population: 1975-89. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65:1319-23.
104. Dowse GK, Turner KJ, Stewart GA, et al. The association between Dermatophagoides mites and the increasing prevalence of asthma in village communities within the Papua New Guinea highlands. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1985;75:75-83. (Pubitemid 15247953)
105. Ninan TK, Russell G. Respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen schoolchildren: evidence from two surveys 25 years apart. BMJ. 1992;304:873-5.
106. Omran M, Russell G. Continuing increase in respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen schoolchildren. BMJ. 1996;312:34. (Pubitemid 26011889)
107. Garcia-Marcos L, Quiros AB, Hernandez GG, et al. Stabilization of asthma prevalence among adolescents and increase among schoolchildren (ISAAC phases I and III) in Spain.Allergy. 2004;59:1301-7. (Pubitemid 39506729)
108. Aberg N. Asthma and allergic rhinitis in Swedish conscripts. Clin Exp Allergy. 1989;19:59-63. (Pubitemid 19080288)
109. Kalvesten L, Braback L. Time trend for the prevalence of asthma among school children in a Swedish district in 1985-2005. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:454-8. (Pubitemid 351432313)
110. Bjerg A, Sandstrom T, Lundback B, Ronmark E. Time trends in asthma and wheeze in Swedish children 1996-2006: prevalence and risk factors by sex. Allergy. 2010;65:48-55.
111. Bjerg A, Ekerljung L, Middelveld R, et al. Increased prevalence of symptoms of rhinitis but not of asthma between 1990 and 2008 in Swedish adults: comparisons of the ECRHS and GALEN surveys. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16082.
112. Grize L, Gassner M, Wuthrich B, et al. Trends in prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in 5-7-year old Swiss children from 1992 to 2001. Allergy. 2006;61:556-62.
113. Liard R, Chansin R, Neukirch F, et al. Prevalence of asthma among teenagers attending school in Tahiti. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1988;42:149-51.
114. Hsieh K-H, Shen J-J. Prevalence of childhood asthma in Taipei, Taiwan and other Asian Pacific countries. Journal of Asthma. 1991;25:73-82.
115. Anderson HR, Ruggles R, Strachan DP, et al. Trends in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, hay fever, and eczema in 12-14 year olds in the British Isles, 1995-2002: questionnaire survey. BMJ. 2004;328:1052-3. (Pubitemid 38580829)
116. Rizwan S, Reid J, Kelly Y, et al. Trends in childhood and parental asthma prevalence in Merseyside, 1991-1998. J Public Health (Oxf). 2004;26:337-42. (Pubitemid 40070448)
117. Yunginger JW, Reed CE, O'Connell EJ, et al. A communitybased study of the epidemiology of asthma. Incidence rates, 1964-1983. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:888-94.
118. Gergen PJ, Mullally DI, Evans 3rd R. National survey of prevalence of asthma among children in the United States, 1976 to 1980. Pediatrics. 1988;81:1-7. (Pubitemid 18044283)
119. Weitzman M, Gortmaker SL, Sobol AM, Perrin JM. Recent trends in the prevalence and severity of childhood asthma. JAMA. 1992;268:2673-7.
120. Farber HJ, Wattigney W, Berenson G. Trends in asthma prevalence: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;78:265-9. (Pubitemid 27142894)
121. Burr ML, Wat D, Evans C, et al. Asthma prevalence in 1973, 1988 and 2003. Thorax. 2006;61:296-9.
122. Beasley R, Keil U, Von Mutius E, et al. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet. 1998;351:1225-32. (Pubitemid 28181961)