Considering the energy, water and food nexus: Towards an integrated modelling approach

Energy Policy

Volumn 39, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 7896-7906

  Bazilian, Morgan ^a   Rogner, Holger ^b   Howells, Mark ^c   Hermann, Sebastian ^c   Arent, Douglas ^d   Gielen, Dolf ^e   Steduto, Pasquale ^f   Mueller, Alexander ^f   Komor, Paul ^g   Tol, Richard S J ^h   Yumkella, Kandeh K ^a  

^a UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION   (Austria)

^b INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY   (Austria)

^c ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^d Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis   (United States)

^e International Renewable Energy Agency   (Germany)

^f FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS   (Italy)

^g UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^h ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Access to basic services; Energy policy; Energy, water and food

Indexed keywords

ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES; COMPLEX INTERACTION; ENERGY, WATER AND FOOD; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES; FOOD POLICIES; INTEGRATED MODELLING APPROACH; MODELLING FRAMEWORK; NATIONAL POLICIES; PRICE VOLATILITY; SYSTEMS THINKING; WIDE SWATH;

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; ENERGY POLICY;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

ACCESSIBILITY; DEVELOPING WORLD; ENERGY POLICY; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE; FOOD POLICY; FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION; INTEGRATED APPROACH; MODEL TEST; PLANNING METHOD; POLICY ANALYSIS; POLICY APPROACH;

EID: 80855144216     PISSN: 03014215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.039     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Abiola A., Fraga E.S., Lettieri P. Multi-objective design for the consequential life cycle assessment of corn ethanol production. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 2010, Elsevier. S. Pierucci, G.B. Ferraris (Eds.).
2. Allan T. The Global Energy Water Nexus: A Solution and Two Problems 2011, AAAS, Washington, DC.
3. Allen D.T., Rosselot K.S. Pollution prevention at the macro scale: flows of wastes, industrial ecology and life cycle analyses. Waste Management 1994, 14:317-328.
4. Allen S.R., Hammond G.P., Harajli H.A., Mcmanus M.C., Winnett A.B. Integrated appraisal of a Solar Hot Water system. Energy 2010, 35:1351-1362.
5. Amigun B., Musango J.K., Stafford W. Biofuels and sustainability in Africa. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011, 15:1360-1372.
6. Arimura T.H., Darnall N., Katayama H. Is ISO 14001 a gateway to more advanced voluntary action? The case of green supply chain management. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2011, 61:170-182.
7. Ayres R. Technology, progress and economic growth. European Management Journal 1996, 14:562-575.
8. Ayres R.U. Eco-thermodynamics: economics and the second law. Ecological Economics 1998, 26:189-209.
9. Ayres R.U. On the life cycle metaphor: where ecology and economics diverge. Ecological Economics 2004, 48:425-438.
10. Azzopardi B., Mutale J. Life cycle analysis for future photovoltaic systems using hybrid solar cells. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14:1130-1134.
11. Baas L. Cleaner production and industrial ecosystems, a Dutch experience. Journal of Cleaner Production 1998, 6:189-197.
12. Bazilian M., Outhred H., Miller A., Kimble M. More heat and light, 2010. Energy Policy 2010, 38(10):5409-5412.
13. Berkhout F., Howes R. The adoption of life-cycle approaches by industry: patterns and impacts. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 1997, 20:71-94.
14. Biswas W.K., Bryce P., Diesendorf M. Model for empowering rural poor through renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Policy 2001, 4:333-344.
15. Blanco J., Malato S., Fernández-Ibañez P., Alarcón D., Gernjak W., Maldonado M.I. Review of feasible solar energy applications to water processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009, 13:1437-1445.
16. Boons F.a.A., Baas L.W. Types of industrial ecology: the problem of coordination. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997, 5:79-86.
17. Briscoe J. The financing of hydropower, irrigation and water supply infrastructure in developing countries. Water Resources Development 1999, 15(4):459-491.
18. Brown L. Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble 2006, Earth Policy Institute.
19. Byrne J., Zhou A., Shen B., Hughes K. Evaluating the potential of small-scale renewable energy options to meet rural livelihoods needs: a GIS- and lifecycle cost-based assessment of Western China's options. Energy Policy 2007, 35:4391-4401.
20. Calzadilla A., Rehdanz K., Tol R.S.J. Trade liberalization and climate change: a CGE analysis of the impacts on global agriculture. Water 2011, 3:526-550.
21. Cambridge Econometrics (CE) and Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI), 2010. A Scoping Study on the Macroeconomic View of Sustainability-Final Report for the European Commission, DG Environment.
22. Canning, P., 2010. Fuel for Food: Energy Use in the US Food System.
23. CEC (California Energy Commission), 2005. Integrated Energy Policy Report.
24. CEC (California Energy Commission), 2011. Energy Aware Planning Guide.
25. Cerutti A.K., Bagliani M., Beccaro G.L., Bounous G. Application of Ecological Footprint Analysis on nectarine production: methodological issues and results from a case study in Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2010, 18:771-776.
26. Chaudhuri A. Three gorges dam: fortune or folly?. MURG 2003, 8:31-36.
27. Chaurey A., Kandpal T.C. Assessment and evaluation of PV based decentralized rural electrification: an overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14:2266-2278.
28. Checkland P. From optimizing to learning: a development of systems thinking for the 1990s. The Journal of the Operational Research Society 1985, 36(9).
29. Cherubini F., Strømman A.H. Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and future challenges. Bioresource Technology 2011, 102:437-451.
30. Craig P.P. Industrial ecology and global change. Ecological Economics 1995, vol. 1994:500. Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 0-521-47197-4, (14, pp. 218-219).
31. Cuellar A.D., Weber M.E. Wasted food, wasted energy: the embedded energy in food waste in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 2010.
32. Decker E., Elliott S., Smith F., Blake D. Energy and material flow through the Urban Ecosystem. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 2000, 25:685-740.
33. Diabat A., Govindan K. An analysis of the drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011, 55:659-667.
34. Diamond J. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 2005, Viking Press.
35. Dincer I. The role of exergy in energy policy making. Energy Policy 2002, 30:137-149.
36. Dismukes J.P., Miller L.K., Bers J.A. The industrial life cycle of wind energy electrical power generation: ARI methodology modeling of life cycle dynamics. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2009, 76:178-191.
37. Ehrenfeld J.R. Industrial ecology: a framework for product and process design. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997, 5:87-95.
38. Elena G.-d.-C., Esther V. From water to energy: the virtual water content and water footprint of biofuel consumption in Spain. Energy Policy 2010, 38(3):1345-1352.
39. El-Fadel R.H., Hammond G.P., Harajli H.A., Jones C.I., Kabakian V.K., Winnett A.B. The Lebanese electricity system in the context of sustainable development. Energy Policy 2010, 38:751-761.
40. ESKOM, 2008. Eskom-Tariffs and Charges. http://www.eskom.co.za/content/Tariff%20book.pdf.
41. ETSAP (Energy Technologies Systems Analysis Program), 2011. Accessed April. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/mauritius/index.stm.
42. FAO, 2000. The Energy and Agriculture Nexus. Environment and Natural Resources Working.
43. FAO, 2010. Bioenergy and Food Security: The BEFS Analytical Framework. Environment and Natural Resources Management Series No. 16, p. 91, FAO, Rome.
44. FAO, 2011a. Climate Change, water and food security, FAO Water Report 36, FAO, Rome, available online.
45. FAO, 2011b. Current World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2011/12, FAO, Rome, available online.
46. Ferretti I., Zanoni S., Zavanella L., Diana A. Greening the aluminium supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics 2007, 108:236-245.
47. Finnveden G., Hauschild M.Z., Ekvall T., Guinée J., Heijungs R., Hellweg S., Koehler A., Pennington D., Suh S. Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Environmental Management 2009, 91:1-21.
48. Fthenakis V., Kim H.C. Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14:2039-2048.
49. Forrester, J.W., 1994. System dynamics, systems thinking, and soft OR. System Dynamics Review, 10, pp. 245-256. doi:10.1002/sdr.4260100211GDI, (German Development Institute), 1998. Water Scarcity in Developing Countries, Briefing Paper 3.
50. Gerbens-Leenes P.W., Hoekstra A.Y., Van Der Meer T. The water footprint of energy from biomass: a quantitative assessment and consequences of an increasing share of bio-energy in energy supply. Ecological Economics 2009, 68:1052-1060.
51. Government of Germany, 2011. The Water, Energy, Food Security Nexus. http://www.water-energy-food.org/en/home.html.
52. Grenon, M., Lapillonne, B., 1976. The WELMM Approach to Energy Strategies and Options, IIASA Report RR-76-19 December.
53. Grossmann I.E. Challenges in the new millennium: product discovery and design, enterprise and supply chain optimization, global life cycle assessment. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 2003, Elsevier. C. Bingzhen, W.W. Arthur (Eds.).
54. Hague, 2010. The Diplomacy of Climate Change, Presented to the Council on Foreign Relations in New York in 2010.
55. Harris, G., 2002. Energy, Water, and Food Scenarios. Best Partners.
56. Hellegers P., Zilberman D. Interactions between water, energy, food and environment: evolving perspectives and policy issues. Water Policy 2008, 10(S1):1-10.
57. Heller M., Keoleian G. Life cycle-based sustainability indicators for assessment of the U.S. food system 2000, University of Michigan, USA.
58. Hermann, S., 2011. An integrated case study of Mauritius. Presented at Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Uncovering Sustainable Development CLEWS; Modelling Climate, Land-use, Energy and Water (CLEW) Interactions. Trieste.
59. Hermann, S., Rogner, H., Young, C., Welsch, M., Ramma,I., Howells, M., Dercon,G., Nguyen, M., Fischer, G., Veld, H. Seeking CLEWS - A Methodology for Integrated Climate, Land, Energy and Water modeling - An Illustrative Case Study in Mauritius. Natural Resources Forum, New York, (submitted for publication).
60. 2009, Routledge, London. T.W. Hertel, S. Rose, R.S.J. Tol (Eds.).
61. Hertwich E.G., Pease W.S., Koshland C.P. Evaluating the environmental impact of products and production processes: a comparison of six methods. Science of The Total Environment 1997, 196:13-29.
62. Howells, M., Laitner, J., 2003. In: Proceedings of the ACEEE Technical Framework for Industrial Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Developing Countries, Summer Study: Industrial Energy Efficiency.
63. Hussain Z., Khan M.A., Irfan M. Water energy and economic analysis of wheat production under raised bed and conventional irrigation systems: a case study from a semi-arid area of Pakistan. Soil and Tillage Research 2010, 109:61-67.
64. Hussey K. Interconnecting the Water and Energy Cycles: Identifying and Exploiting the Synergies 2010, Australian National University.
65. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Annex VI: seeking sustainable climate land energy and water (CLEW) strategies. Nuclear Technology Review 2009, 2009.
66. ICTP (The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics), 2011. Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Uncovering Sustainable Development CLEWS; Modelling Climate, Land-use, Energy and Water (CLEW) Interactions, Trieste.
67. IEA World Energy Outlook. Middle East and North Africa insights 2005, IEA/OECD, Paris.
68. IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2010: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050 2010, IEA/OECD, Paris.
69. IEA World Energy Outlook 2010, IEA, Paris.
70. IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis), 2001. Model MESSAGE, http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/ECS/docs/MESSAGE_man018.pdf.
71. Ito K., Uchiyama Y., Takeshita T., Hayashibe H. Study on GHG control scenarios by life cycle analysis-world energy outlook until 2100. Energy Conversion and Management 1997, 38:S607-S614.
72. Jørgensen, S.E., 2004. A Handbook of Industrial Ecology: Robert U. Ayres, Leslie W. Ayres (Eds.), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 690 pp., Hardbound, 175 British pounds. Ecological Modelling, 172, 97-98.
73. Kainuma Y., Tawara N. A multiple attribute utility theory approach to lean and green supply chain management. International Journal of Production Economics 2006, 101:99-108.
74. Kaldellis J.K., Zafirakis D., Kaldelli E.L., Kavadias K. Cost benefit analysis of a photovoltaic-energy storage electrification solution for remote islands. Renewable Energy 2009, 34:1299-1311.
75. Kaphengst T., Ma M.S., Schlegel S. At a tipping point? How the debate on biofuel standards sparks innovative ideas for the general future of standardisation and certification schemes. Journal of Cleaner Production 2009, 17:S99-S101.
76. Khan S., Hanjra M.A. Footprints of water and energy inputs in food production - Global perspectives. Food Policy 2009, 34:130-140.
77. Khan, A., 2011. Bon 2011 Conference. The Water, Energy, Food Security Nexus.
78. Kostlan E. Complexity theory of numerical linear algebra. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1988, 22:219-230.
79. Lange M. The GHG balance of biofuels taking into account land use change. Energy Policy 2011, 39:2373-2385.
80. Lee B., Ellinas L. water and energy security in tackling the world water crisis: reshaping the future of foreign policy. The Foreign Policy Centre and Nestle 2010, 2010.
81. Lee D.S., Herman J.D., Elsworth D., Kim H.T., Lee H.S. A critical evaluation of unconventional gas recovery from the marcellus shale, northeastern United States. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 2011, 15(4):679-687.
82. Lee Y.E., Koh K.K. Decision-making of nuclear energy policy: application of environmental management tool to nuclear fuel cycle. Energy Policy 2002, 30:1151-1161.
83. Liu G., Lucas M., Shen L. Rural household energy consumption and its impacts on eco-environment in Tibet: taking Taktse county as an example. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2008, 12:1890-1908.
84. Loulou M., Labriet M. ETSAP-TIAM: the TIMES integrated assessment model Part I: model structure. Computational Management Science 2008, 5(1-2).
85. Lowe E.A., Evans L.K. Industrial ecology and industrial ecosystems. Journal of Cleaner Production 1995, 3:47-53.
86. Macknick J., Newmark R., Turchi C. Water Consumption Impacts of Renewable Energy Technologies 2011, AWRA Speciality Conference, USA.
87. Manson S.M. Simplifying complexity: a review of complexity theory. Geoforum 2001, 32:405-414.
88. McCornick P.G., Awulachew S.B., Abebe M. Water-food-energy-environment synergies and tradeoffs: major issues and case studies. Water Policy 2008, 10:23-36.
89. Meadows D., Meadows D., Randers D., Behrens W. The Limits to Growth 1972, Universe Books, New York.
90. Méjean A., Hope C. Modelling the costs of energy crops: a case study of US corn and Brazilian sugar cane. Energy Policy 2010, 38:547-561.
91. Mikulecky D.C. Network thermodynamics and complexity: a transition to relational systems theory. Computers and Chemistry 2001, 25:369-391.
92. Müller A., Schmidhuber J., Hoogeveen J., Steduto P. Some insights in the effect of growing bio-energy demand on global food security and natural resources. Water Policy 2008, 10:83-94.
93. Mushtaq S., Maraseni T.N., Maroulis J., Hafeez M. Energy and water tradeoffs in enhancing food security: a selective international assessment. Energy Policy 2009, 37:3635-3644.
94. Nielsen S.N. What has modern ecosystem theory to offer to cleaner production, industrial ecology and society? The views of an ecologist. Journal of Cleaner Production 2007, 15:1639-1653.
95. Nonhebel S. Renewable energy and food supply: will there be enough land?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2005, 9:191-201.
96. Nooteboom S. Impact assessment procedures for sustainable development: a complexity theory perspective. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2007, 27:645-665.
97. O'Sullivan D. Complexity theory, nonlinear dynamic spatial systems. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography 2009, Elsevier, Oxford. K. Rob, T. Nigel (Eds.).
98. Othmer D.F. Fresh water, energy, and food from the sea and the sun. Desalination 1975, 17:193-214.
99. Ou X., Zhang X., Chang S., Guo Q. Energy consumption and GHG emissions of six biofuel pathways by LCA in (the) People's Republic of China. Applied Energy 2009, 86:S197-S208.
100. Peñate B., García-Rodríguez L. Energy optimisation of existing SWRO (seawater reverse osmosis) plants with ERT (energy recovery turbines): Technical and thermoeconomic assessment. Energy 2011, 36:613-626.
101. Perz E.W., Bergmann S. A simulation environment for the techno-economic performance prediction of water and power cogeneration systems using renewable and fossil energy sources. Desalination 2007, 203:337-345.
102. Peters J., Thielmann S. Promoting biofuels: implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 2008, 36:1538-1544.
103. PNL (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory), 2009. Accessed 2009. http://www.pnl.gov/gtsp/research/minicam.stm.Accessed.
104. Purohit P. Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. Energy Policy 2007, 35:3134-3144.
105. Ramos-Martin J. Empiricism in ecological economics: a perspective from complex systems theory. Ecological Economics 2003, 46:387-398.
106. Reuters, 2011. Water trade part of answer to feeding world. May, 11. Available online: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/10/us-nestle-idUSTRE7496Q920110510.
107. Rogner, H.H., Vessia, Ø., Howells, M., Aggarwal, P., Brent, N., Nguyen, M., Fischer, G., Purkey, D., Heaps, C.,Heng, L. Seeking CLEWS-climate-, land-, energy-, water-, strategies: a case study. Energy Policy, submitted.
108. Rogner, H.H., 2009. Climate, Land, Energy and Water Strategies. CSD 17. IAEA.
109. Rose, S., Ahammad, H., Eickhout, B., Fisher, B., Kurosawa, A., Rao, S., Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D. Land-based mitigation in climate stabilization. Energy Economics, in press. doi:. http://10.1016/j.eneco.2011.06.004.
110. Roy, A., 1999. The greater common good. Friends of River Narmada.
111. Rubio Rodríguez M.A., Ruyck J.D., Díaz P.R., Verma V.K., Bram S. An LCA based indicator for evaluation of alternative energy routes. Applied Energy 2011, 88:630-635.
112. Ruth M. A quest for the economics of sustainability and the sustainability of economics. Ecological Economics 2006, 56:332-342.
113. Sallem S., Chaabene M., Kamoun M.B.A. Energy management algorithm for an optimum control of a photovoltaic water pumping system. Applied Energy 2009, 86:2671-2680.
114. Sarkis J., Zhu Q., Lai K.-H. An organizational theoretic review of green supply chain management literature. International Journal of Production Economics 2011, 130:1-15.
115. Sauer T., Havlík P., Schneider U.A., Schmid E., Kindermann G., Obersteiner M. Agriculture and resource availability in a changing world: the role of irrigation. Water Resources Research 2010, 46:6. (art. no. W06503).
116. Schneider M., Somers M. Organizations as complex adaptive systems: implications of complexity theory for leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly 2006, 17:351-365.
117. Schut M., Slingerland M., Locke A. Biofuel developments in Mozambique. Update and analysis of policy, potential and reality. Energy Policy 2010, 38:5151-5165.
118. Scott C.A., El Naser H., Hijazi, A.Hagan R.E. Facing water scarcity in Jordan: Reuse, demand reduction, energy, and transboundary approaches to assure future water supplies. Water International 2003, 28(2):209-216.
119. SEI (Stockhom Environment Institute), 2011. Software. , accessed April. http://www.seib.org/software/index.html.
120. Shah, T., Scott, A.Kishore, Sharma, A., 2004. Energy-irrigation Nexus in South Asia: Improving Groundwater Conservation and Power Sector Viability. Second (Revised) Edition. Research Report 70. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
121. Siddiqi A., Diaz A. The water-energy nexus in Middle East and North Africa. Energy Policy 2011, 39(6):4529-4540.
122. South African Government, 2008. Interventions to Address Electricity Shortages-National Response to South Africa's Electricity Shortage. Department of Energy, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.
123. Sørensen B. Life-cycle analysis of renewable energy systems. Renewable Energy 1994, 5:1270-1277.
124. Stern J. Introducing competition into England and Wales water industry-lessons from UK and EU energy market liberalisation. Utilities Policy 2010, 18:120-128.
125. Subhadra B.G. Macro-level integrated renewable energy production schemes for sustainable development. Energy Policy 2011, 39:2193-2196.
126. Tan R.B.H., Wijaya D., Khoo H.H. LCI (Life cycle inventory) analysis of fuels and electricity generation in Singapore. Energy 2010, 35:4910-4916.
127. Timm, C., 1985. Water use, conservation and wastewater treatment alternatives for oil refineries in New Mexico. Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (USA). Report no: NMERDI-2-72-4628.
128. Tol R.S.J. Integrated Assessment Modelling, FNU-102 2006, Hamburg University and Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Hamburg.
129. Torcelline, P., Long, N., Jidkoff, R., 2003. Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production, NREL/TP-550-33905.
130. UN 17th Commission for Sustainable Development. Side Event Time Table 2009.
131. UN 19th Commision for Sustainable Development. Side Event Time Table 2011.
132. UN-DESA, 2011. World Economic and Social Survey, New York.
133. UN-Energy, 2007. Sustainable Bioenergy: A Framework for Decision Makers.
134. Unsihuay-Vila C., Marangon-Lima J.W., Zambroni De Souza A.C., Perez-Arriaga I.J. Multistage expansion planning of generation and interconnections with sustainable energy development criteria: a multiobjective model. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2011, 33:258-270.
135. US DOE, 2006. Energy Demands on Water Resources, Washington, DC. Available online at: http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf.
136. US DOE, 2009. Water Requirements for Existing and Emerging Thermoelectric Plant Technologies, Washington, DC, Available online at: http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/WaterRequirements.pdf.
137. USGS (U.S Geological Survey), 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/.
138. Van Berkel R., Willems E., Lafleur M. Development of an industrial ecology toolbox for the introduction of industrial ecology in enterprises-I. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997, 5:11-25.
139. Vasileiadou E., Safarzynska K. Transitions: taking complexity seriously. Futures 2010, 42:1176-1186.
140. Viswanathan B., Kavi Kumar K.S. Cooking fuel use patterns in India: 1983-2000. Energy Policy 2005, 33:1021-1036.
141. Walker H., Di Sisto L., Mcbain D. Drivers and barriers to environmental supply chain management practices: lessons from the public and private sectors. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management 2008, 14:69-85.
142. Wallner H.P., Narodoslawsky M. The concept of sustainable islands: cleaner production, industrial ecology and the network paradigm as preconditions for regional sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production 1994, 2:167-171.
143. Wang M.Q., Han J., Haq Z., Tyner W.E., Wu M., Elgowainy A. Energy and greenhouse gas emission effects of corn and cellulosic ethanol with technology improvements and land use changes. Biomass and Bioenergy 2011, 35:1885-1896.
144. WCD Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-making 2000, Earthscan, London, p. 442.
145. WEF (World Economic Forum) Water Security: The Water-Food-Energy-Climate Nexus 2011, Island Press, Washington, p. 243.
146. WEF (World Economic Forum), 2011b. Global Risks 2011. Geneva. Switzerland.
147. Weisser D. A guide to life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electric supply technologies. Energy 2007, 32:1543-1559.
148. Winpenny J.T. Powerless and thirsty: the outlook for energy and water in developing countries. Utilities Policy 1992, 2:290-295.
149. Wise M., Calvin K., Thomson A., Clarke L., Bond-Lamberty B., Sands R., Smith S.J., Janetos A., Edmonds J. Implications of limiting CO2 concentrations for land use and energy. Science 2009, 324:1183-1186.
150. Wong J. The Food-Energy-Water Nexus 2010, Center for American Progress, Washington, DC, USA.
151. Wood, J.R., 2007. The Politics of Water Resource Development in India: The Narmada Dams Controversy.
152. World Bank, 2004. Water and energy nexus in Central Asia: Improving regional cooperation in the Syr Darya Basin. Report No. 33878, Washington, DC, p. 59.
153. Wu M., Mintz M., Wang M., Arora S. Water consumption in the production of ethanol and petroleum gasoline. Environmental Management 2009, 44(5):981-997.
154. Wu Z., Pagell M. Balancing priorities: decision-making in sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Operations Management 2011, 29:577-590.
155. Zahnd A., Kimber H.M. Benefits from a renewable energy village electrification system. Renewable Energy 2009, 34:362-368.
156. Zhu Q., Sarkis J., Lai K.-H. Green supply chain management implications for "closing the loop". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 2008, 44:1-18.