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3
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80855145911
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Regulatory Compliance: Organizational Capacities and Regulatory Strategies for Environmental Protection
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H Quirk, T Seddon and G Smith (eds), (Cambridge University Press)
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Barry, J.1
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Ashford, N.1
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11
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80855162234
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Note
-
Eg Gunningham and Grabosky (n 4)
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13
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0018307685
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Analyzing Regulatory Failure: Mismatches, Less Restrictive Alternatives, and Reform
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Neale, A.1
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20
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Note
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Ashford (n 8)
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21
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80855145913
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Note
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Gunningham and Grabosky (n 4)
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22
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From Government to Governance: External Influences on Business Risk Management
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B Hutter and C Jones, 'From Government to Governance: External Influences on Business Risk Management' (2007) 1 Regulation and Governance 27
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Gunningham, N.1
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24
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80855166026
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Note
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Hutter and Jones (ibid)
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25
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4544333941
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Social License and Environmental Protection: Why Businesses go Beyond Compliance
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N Gunningham, R Kagan and D Thornton, 'Social License and Environmental Protection: Why Businesses go Beyond Compliance' (2004) 29 Law and Social Inquiry 307
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Gunningham, N.1
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28
-
-
80855162232
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-
Note
-
This argument, as we will show, is only relevant for certain types of firms. Although space forbids a detailed theoretical analysis of why reflexive law cannot be applied to all firms, it will be shown that different firms have different capacities to self-regulate.
-
-
-
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29
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55849125766
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Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law
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G Teubner, 'Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law' (1983) 17 Law and Society Review 253
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D Hess, 'Social Reporting: A Reflexive Law Approach to Corporate Social Responsiveness' (1999) 25 Journal of Corporation Law 41
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R Stewart, 'A New Generation of Environmental Regulation?' (2001) 29 Capital University Law Review 21
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G Hofstede, 'The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories' (1983) 14 Journal of International Business Studies 75
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Hofstede, G.1
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37
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80855165998
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Note
-
This section is not intended to show that size is the only, or indeed dominant, factor
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39
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0002587806
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Developing Environmental Management Strategies
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N Roome, 'Developing Environmental Management Strategies' (1992) 1 Business Strategy and the Environment 11
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P Bansal and K Roth, 'Why Companies Go Green: A Model of Ecological Responsiveness' (2000) 43 Academy of Management Journal 717
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Bansal, P.1
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43
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80855166020
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Note
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Bansal and Roth describe the contextual dimensions as influencing the dominant motivations
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44
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33749406896
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Drivers of Environmental Behaviour in Manufacturing SMEs and the Implications for CSR
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I Worthington and D Patton, 'Strategic Intent in the Management of the Green Environment within SMEs: An Analysis of the UK Screen-Printing Sector' (2005) 38 Long Range Planning 197
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R Baylis, L Connell and A Flynn, 'Company Size, Environmental Regulation and Ecological Modernization: Further Analysis at the Level of the Firm' (1998) 7 Business Strategy and the Environment 285
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Baylis, R.1
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47
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Studer, S.1
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F Tilley, 'The Gap Between the Environmental Attitudes and the Environmental Behaviour of Small Firms' (1999) 8 Business Strategy and the Environment 238
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Tilley, F.1
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50
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80855145886
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Note
-
Gunningham, Kagan and Thornton 2003 and 2004 (n 15)
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51
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34547864608
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The Social Licence as a Form of Regulation for Small and Medium Enterprises
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G Lynch-Wood and D Williamson, 'The Social Licence as a Form of Regulation for Small and Medium Enterprises' (2007) 34 Journal of Law and Society 321
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Lynch-Wood, G.1
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S Arora and T Cason, 'Why Do Firms Volunteer to Exceed Environmental Regulations? Understanding Participation in EPA's 3/50 Program' (1996) 72 Land Economics 413
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Arora, S.1
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53
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N Gunningham, D Thornton and R Kagan, 'Motivating Management: Corporate Compliance in Environmental Protection' (2005) 27 Law and Policy (2005) 289
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Gunningham, N.1
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54
-
-
80855145910
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Note
-
Even firms operating outside the law have to be recognised by their peer groups, or they will cease to exist
-
-
-
-
56
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80855162229
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Note
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Lynch-Wood and Williamson (n 31)
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-
-
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57
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0035188445
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A New Paradigm for SME Environmental Practice
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D Williamson and G Lynch-Wood, 'A New Paradigm for SME Environmental Practice' (2001) 13 The TQM Magazine 424
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Williamson, D.1
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59
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J Graafland and H Smid, 'Reputation, Corporate Social Responsibility and Market Regulation' (2004) 49 Tijdchrift voor Economie en Management 271
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Graafland, J.1
Smid, H.2
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60
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80855160613
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Lynch-Wood and Williamson (n 31)
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61
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77949913148
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Managing Corporate Stakeholders: Subjecting Miles's 1987 Data-Collection Framework to Tests of Validation
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J Weber and D Wasieleski, 'Managing Corporate Stakeholders: Subjecting Miles's 1987 Data-Collection Framework to Tests of Validation' (2003) 9 The Journal of Corporate Citizenship 133
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Weber, J.1
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62
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Lynch-Wood andWilliamson (n 31)
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63
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80855162226
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Note
-
Although regulation is shown to be the main driver of SME environmental behaviour, smaller firms can still largely be immune to institutional pressures from state regulators. The environmental regulator tends to direct much of its pollution control resources to large firms through the implementation of measures such as integrated pollution permits. As such, smaller firms are less vulnerable to attention from regulators (see Lynch-Wood and Williamson (n 2)).
-
-
-
-
64
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-
80855145907
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Note
-
Williamson, Lynch-Wood and Ramsay (n 30)
-
-
-
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65
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80855162224
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Note
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Baylis, Connell and Flynn (n 30)
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66
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84993914974
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M Petersen and R Rajan, 'The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data' (1994) 49 The Journal of Finance 3
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Petersen, M.1
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Michaelas, M.1
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D Hitchens, S Thankappan, M Trainor, J Clausen and B de Marchi, 'Environmental Performance, Competitiveness and Management of Small Businesses in Europe' (2005) 96 Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 541
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M Russo and P Fouts, 'A Resource-Based Perspective on Corporate Environmental Performance and Profitability' (1997) 40 The Academy of Management Journal 534
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Russo, M.1
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M Orlitzky, 'Does Firm Size Compound the Relationship between Corporate Social Performance and Firm Financial Performance? (2001) 33 Journal of Business Ethics 167
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Brammer, S.1
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R Lewicki, D Saunders and J Minton, Negotiation (McGraw-Hill 1999)
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Lewicki, R.1
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77
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80855162227
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Note
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Tilley (n 30); Hitchens, Thankappan, Trainor, Clausen and de Marchi (n 46)
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78
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10244239267
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D Hitchens, J Clausen, M Trainor, M Keil and S Thankappan, 'Competitiveness, Environmental Performance and Management of SMEs' (2003) 44 Greener Management International 45
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Hitchens, D.1
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81
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Bansal and Roth (n 25)
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82
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On Studying Managerial Elites
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On elites see: A Pettigrew, 'On Studying Managerial Elites' (1992) 13 Strategic Management Journal 163
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Salamon, L.1
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A Owens, 'Inheritance and the Life-Cycle of Family Firms in the Early Industrial Revolution' (2002) 44 Business History 21
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Salamon and Siegfried (n 53)
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87
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80855166014
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Williamson, Lynch-Wood and Ramsay (n 30)
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L Spence, R Jeurissen and R Rutherfoord, 'Small Business and the Environment in the UK and the Netherlands:Towards Stakeholder Co-operation' (2000) 10 Business Ethics Quarterly 945
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Spence, L.1
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J Barney, 'Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage' (1991) 17 Journal of Management 33
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M Peteraf, 'The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View' (1993) 14 Strategic Management Journal 179
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Peteraf, M.1
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91
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80855145901
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Russo and Fouts (n 47)
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92
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80855162223
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Note
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Schaper (n 50); Gunningham (n 50)
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93
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A Hutchinson and I Chaston, 'Environmental Management in Devon and Cornwall's Small and Medium Sized Enterprise Sector' (1994) 3 Business Strategy and the Environment 15
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Hutchinson, A.1
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94
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80855166015
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Hitchens, Clausen, Trainor, Keil and Thankappan (n 50)
-
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96
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80855166013
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OECD., Small and Medium Enterprise Outlook
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OECD
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OECD, OECD Small and Medium Enterprise Outlook (OECD Publication Services 2002)
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97
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21844518072
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B Nooteboom, 'Innovation and Diffusion in Small Firms: Theories and Evidence' (1994) 6 Small Business Economics 327
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(1994)
Small Business Economics
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Nooteboom, B.1
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98
-
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80855166016
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Note
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Bansal and Roth only link issue salience to competitiveness and legitimation, and not to ecological responsibility
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
80855145903
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-
Note
-
Porter 1980 and 1985 (n 22)
-
-
-
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100
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80855166017
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Note
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Bansal and Roth (n 25)
-
-
-
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101
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-
80855162220
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-
Note
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Petts, Herd, Gerrard and Horne (n 46);Williamson, Lynch-Wood and Ramsay (n 30)
-
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-
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103
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21844442887
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Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches
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M Suchman, 'Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches' (1995) 20 The Academy of Management Review 571
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105
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J Dowling and J Pfeffer, 'Organizational Legitimacy: Social Values and Organizational Behavior' (1975) 18 The Pacific Sociological Review 122
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Dowling, J.1
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106
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80855145902
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Lynch-Wood andWilliamson (n 31)
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107
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84989072182
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A Sociological View on Why Firms Differ
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On organisational differences
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On organisational differences, see G Carroll, 'A Sociological View on Why Firms Differ' (1993) 14 Strategic Management Journal 237
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Carroll, G.1
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108
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0343098395
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Why do Firms Differ, and How does it Matter?
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N Foss (ed), (Oxford University Press)
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R Nelson, 'Why do Firms Differ, and How does it Matter?' in N Foss (ed), Resources, Firms and Strategies (Oxford University Press 1997) 257
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Nelson, R.1
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109
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80855160604
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-
Note
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Nelson (ibid) 259
-
-
-
-
110
-
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80855145899
-
-
Note
-
We prefer to use 'orientation' rather than 'motivation'as the former accommodates positive or negative behaviour whereas the latter is predominantly associated with positive actions
-
-
-
-
111
-
-
33744988240
-
Environmental Offences: The Reality of Environmental Crime
-
While we are anxious not to get hindered by the limited 'size' debate, we see a range of practices (recalcitrant to leading-edge) in both small firms and large firms. On small firms
-
While we are anxious not to get hindered by the limited 'size' debate, we see a range of practices (recalcitrant to leading-edge) in both small firms and large firms. On small firms, see: M Watson, 'Environmental Offences: The Reality of Environmental Crime' (2005) 7 Environmental Law Review 190.
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(2005)
Environmental Law Review
, vol.7
, pp. 190
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Watson, M.1
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113
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80855145891
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Note
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Williamson, Lynch-Wood and Ramsay (n 30)
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116
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84992979149
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Social Enterprise: The New Economic Engine?
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R Harding, 'Social Enterprise: The New Economic Engine?' (2004) 15 Business Strategy Review 39
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(2004)
Business Strategy Review
, vol.15
, pp. 39
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Harding, R.1
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117
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46449099752
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Corporate Social Responsibility and the Social Enterprise
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N Cornelius, M Todres, S Janjuha-Jivraj, A Woods and J Wallace, 'Corporate Social Responsibility and the Social Enterprise' (2008) 81 Journal of Business Ethics 355
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(2008)
Journal of Business Ethics
, vol.81
, pp. 355
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Cornelius, N.1
Todres, M.2
Janjuha-Jivraj, S.3
Woods, A.4
Wallace, J.5
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120
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80855162213
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Note
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Gunningham, Kagan and Thornton 2003 and 2004 (n 15)
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122
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80855162217
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Note
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See n 75
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123
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80855145887
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Note
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That is, competitiveness, legitimation and environmental responsibility
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124
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63349110003
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Really Responsive Regulation
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The view that firms have receptive capacities supports Baldwin and Black's claim that regulation functions more effectively when it accommodates regulatees' cultures and understandings
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The view that firms have receptive capacities supports Baldwin and Black's claim that regulation functions more effectively when it accommodates regulatees' cultures and understandings (R Baldwin and J Black, 'Really Responsive Regulation' (2008) 71 MLR 59)
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(2008)
MLR
, vol.71
, pp. 59
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Baldwin, R.1
Black, J.2
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125
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80855160596
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Note
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Receptive capacity, from our perspective, is analogous to the concept of organisational culture, which is described as 'the way we do things around here' (Deal and Kennedy (n 21)). More formally, culture is the pattern of 'basic assumptions that a given group has invented, discovered, or developed in learning to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integrationça pattern of assumptions that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems'.
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126
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84970668914
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The Role of the Founder in Creating Organizational Culture
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at 222
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(E Schein, 'The Role of the Founder in Creating Organizational Culture' (1995) 8 Family Business Review 221 at 222)
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(1995)
Family Business Review
, vol.8
, pp. 221
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Schein, E.1
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127
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80855145889
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Note
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Culture, as one might expect, can profoundly and subtly influence organisational life and for this reason can be a strong determinant of a firm's orientations and actionsçto the extent that solutions are themselves 'assumptions about the nature of reality, truth, time, space, human nature, human activity, and human relationshipsç[which] come to be taken for granted and, finally, drop out of awareness'
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128
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0002943369
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How Culture Forms, Develops and Changes
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R Kilmann, M Saxton and R Serpa (eds), (Jossey-Bass), at 20
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(E Schein, 'How Culture Forms, Develops and Changes' in R Kilmann, M Saxton and R Serpa (eds), Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture (Jossey-Bass1985) 17 at 20)
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(1985)
Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture
, pp. 17
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Schein, E.1
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129
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80855162216
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Note
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Baldwin and Black (n 79)
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130
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80855166006
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Note
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Ayres and Braithwaite (n 3)
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131
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80855166001
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Note
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Known as 'deterrence' versus 'compliance'
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134
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79960099133
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Enforcing Environmental Regulation
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In this respect, our work on receptive capacity may help to determine where and how we intervene in the affairs of regulated firms, on which
-
In this respect, our work on receptive capacity may help to determine where and how we intervene in the affairs of regulated firms, on which, see N Gunningham, 'Enforcing Environmental Regulation' (2011) 23 Journal of Environmental Law 169
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(2011)
Journal of Environmental Law
, vol.23
, pp. 169
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Gunningham, N.1
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