Magnetospherically reflected, specularly reflected, and backscattered whistler mode radio-sounder echoes observed on the IMAGE satellite: 1. Observations and interpretation

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 116, Issue 11, 2011, Pages

  Sonwalkar, V S ^a   Carpenter, D L ^b   Reddy, A ^a   Proddaturi, R ^a   Hazra, S ^a   Mayank, K ^a   Reinisch, B W ^c  

^a University of Alaska Fairbanks   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80855132345     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016759     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Abel, B., and R. M. Thorne (1998), Electron scattering loss in Earth's inner magnetosphere: 2. Sensitivity to model parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2397-2407. (Pubitemid 128665016)
2. Barrington, R. E., J. S. Belrose, and G. L. Nelms (1965), Ion composition and temperature at 1000 km as deduced from simultaneous observations of a VLF plasma resonance and topside sounding data from the Alouette I satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 1647-1664.
3. Bell, T., and H. Ngo (1988), Electrostatic waves stimulated by coherent VLF signals propagating in and near the inner radiation belt, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2599-2618.
4. Bell, T. F., and H. D. Ngo (1990), Electrostatic lower hybrid waves excited by electromagnetic whistler mode waves scattering from planar magnetic field-aligned irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 149-172.
5. Bell, T. F., H. G. James, U. S. Inan, and J. P. Katsufrakis (1983), The apparent spectral broadening of VLF transmitter signals during transionospheric propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 4813-4840. (Pubitemid 13562779)
6. Benson, R. F., P. A. Webb, J. L. Green, L. Garcia, and B. W. Reinisch (2004), Magnetospheric electron densities inferred from upper-hybrid band emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20803, doi:10.1029/2004GL020847. (Pubitemid 40098607)
7. Bortnik, J., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell (2003), Frequency time spectra of magnetospherically reflected whistlers in the plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1030, doi:10.1029/2002JA009387.
8. Bortnik, J., R. M. Thorne, and N. P. Meredith (2008), The unexpected origin of plasmaspheric hiss from discrete chorus emissions, Nature, 452, 62-66. (Pubitemid 351355100)
9. Brice, N. M., and R. L. Smith (1965), Lower hybrid resonance emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 71-80.
10. Brittain, R., P. M. Kintner, M. C. Kelley, J. C. Siren, and D. L. Carpenter (1983), Standing wave patterns in VLF hiss, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 7059-7064. (Pubitemid 14471859)
11. Burch, J. L. (2000), IMAGE mission overview, Space Sci. Rev., 91, 1-14.
12. Carpenter, D., N. Dunckel, and J. Walkup (1964), A new very low frequency phenomenon: Whistlers trapped below the protonosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 5009-5017.
13. Carpenter, D. L., M. A. Spasojevic, T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, B. W. Reinisch, I. A. Galkin, R. F. Benson, J. L. Green, S. F. Fung, and S. A. Boardsen (2002), Small-scale field-aligned plasmaspheric density structures inferred from the Radio Plasma Imager on IMAGE, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A9), 1258, doi:10.1029/2001JA009199.
14. Carpenter, D. L., T. F. Bell, D. Chen, D. Ng, C. Baran, B. W. Reinisch, and I. Galkin (2007), Proton cyclotron echoes and a new resonance observed by the Radio Plasma Imager instrument on the IMAGE satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A08208, doi:10.1029/2006JA012139.
15. Cerisier, J. C. (1973), A theoretical and experimental study of non-ducted VLF waves after propagation through the magnetosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 77-94.
16. Edgar, B. C. (1976), The lower and upper-frequency cutoffs of magnetospherically reflected whistlers, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 205-211.
17. Fejer, B. G., and M. C. Kelley (1980), Ionospheric irregularities, Rev. Geophys., 18(2), 401-454.
18. Groves, K., M. Lee, and S. Kuo (1988), Spectral broadening of VLF radio signals traversing the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14,683-14,687.
19. Helliwell, R. A. (1965), Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena, Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif.
20. James, H. G. (1972), Refraction of whistler-mode waves by large-scale gradients in the middle latitude ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 28(2), 301-309.
21. James, H. (1978), Wave propagation experiments at medium frequencies between two ionospheric satellites: 2. Whistler-mode pulses, Radio Sci., 13, 543-558. (Pubitemid 8610209)
22. James, H. G. (2006), Dipole measurements of waves in the ionosphere, Lect. Notes Phys., 687, 191-210. (Pubitemid 44940977)
23. Kimura, I. (1966), Effects of ions on whistler-mode ray tracing, Radio Sci., 1, 269-283.
24. Lemaire, J. F., and K. I. Gringauz (1998), The Earth's Plasmasphere, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
25. Muldrew, D. G. (1969), Nonvertical propagation and delayed-echo generation observed by the topside sounders, Proc. IEEE, 57, 1097-1107.
26. Persoon, A. M., D. A. Gurnett, and S. D. Shawhan (1983), Polar cap electron densities from DE 1 plasma wave observations, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,123-10,136.
27. Persoon, A. M., D. A. Gurnett, W. K. Peterson, J. H. Waite Jr., J. L. Burch, and J. L. Green (1988), Electron density depletions in the nightside auroral zone, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1871-1895.
28. Rastani, K., U. Inan, and R. Helliwell (1985), DE 1 observations of Siple transmitter signals and associated sidebands, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4128-4140.
29. Reinisch, B. W., et al. (2000), The Radio Plasma Imager investigation on the IMAGE spacecraft, Space Sci. Rev., 91, 319-359.
30. Shklyar, D. R., M. Parrot, J. Chum, O. Santolik, and E. E. Titova (2010), On the origin of lower- and upper-frequency cutoffs on wedge-like spectrograms observed by DEMETER in the midlatitude ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A05203, doi:10.1029/2009JA014672.
31. Siren, J. (1975), Fast hisslers in substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 93-97.
32. Smith, R. (1964), An explanation of subprotonospheric whistlers, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 5019-5021.
33. Smith, R., and J. Angerami (1968), Magnetospheric properties deduced from OGO 1 observations of ducted and nonducted whistlers, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1-20.
34. Sonwalkar, V. S. (2006), The influence of plasma density irregularities on whistler-mode wave propagation, Lect. Notes Phys., 687, 141-191.
35. Sonwalkar, V., and J. Harikumar (2000), An explanation of ground observations of auroral hiss: Role of density depletions and meter-scale irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 18,867-18,883.
36. Sonwalkar, V., and U. Inan (1986), Measurements of Siple transmitter signals on the DE 1 satellite: Wave-normal direction and antenna effective length, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 154-164.
37. Sonwalkar, V. S., and U. S. Inan (1989), Lightning as an embryonic source of VLF hiss, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6986-6994.
38. Sonwalkar, V. S., T. F. Bell, R. A. Helliwell, and U. S. Inan (1984), Direct multiple path propagation: A fundamental property of nonducted VLF waves in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2823-2830. (Pubitemid 14587110)
39. Sonwalkar, V. S., X. Chen, J. Harikumar, D. L. Carpenter, and T. F. Bell (2001), Whistler-mode wave injection experiments in the plasmasphere with a radio sounder, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63, 1199-1216. (Pubitemid 33587578)
40. Sonwalkar, V. S., et al. (2004a), Diagnostics of magnetospheric electron density and irregularities at altitude
41. Sonwalkar, V., J. Li, R. Proddaturi, A. Venkatasubramanian, D. Carpenter, R. Benson, and B. Reinisch (2004b), Interpretation of vector electric field measurements by RPI using three dipole antennas on IMAGE, Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SM23A-0465. [Available at http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMSM23A0465S.]
42. Sonwalkar, V. S., D. L. Carpenter, R. Proddaturi, A. Reddy, and B. Reinisch (2006), Observations of magnetospherically reflected (MR) whistler mode (WM) echoes observed by Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the IMAGE satellite: Diagnostics of electron density and ion composition, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SM11B-0323. [Available at http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ abs/2006AGUFMSM11B0323S.]
43. Sonwalkar, V. S., A. Reddy, D. L. Carpenter, and B. Reinisch (2007), Observations of magnetospherically reflected (MR), specularly reflected (SR), and back scattered (BS) whistler mode (WM) echoes observed by Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on IMAGE: Diagnostics of electron density, density structure, and ion composition, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SM32A-04. [Available at http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/2007AGUFMSM32A.04S.]
44. Sonwalkar, V. S., A. Reddy, D. L. Carpenter, and B. W. Reinisch (2008a), Whistler mode sounding of the magnetosphere: Measurement of electron density, ion composition (H+, HE+, O+), and density irregularities along the geomagnetic field, paper presented at 2008 Commission G XXIXth General Assembly, Int. Union of Radio Sci., Chicago, Ill., 7-16 August.
45. Sonwalkar, V. S., A. Reddy, D. L. Carpenter, and B. W. Reinisch (2008b), The physical principles of the generation of whistler mode echoes by a radio sounder (RPI) on a spacecraft (IMAGE), Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., 89(53), Abstract SM33A-1765. [Available at http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/2008AGUFMSM33A1765S.]
46. Sonwalkar, V. S., S. Hazra, K. Mayank, A. Reddy, D. L. Carpenter, and B. W. Reinisch (2009), Whistler mode echoes observed below 2,000 km altitude by Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on IMAGE: Radio sounding of electron density and ion composition (H+, He+, O+), Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., 90(52), Abstract SM44A-05. [Available at http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM44A.05S.]
47. Sonwalkar, V. S., A. Reddy, and D. L. Carpenter (2011), Magnetospherically reflected, specularly reflected, and backscattered whistler mode radiosounder echoes observed on the IMAGE satellite: 2. Sounding of electron density, ion effective mass (meff), ion composition (H+, He+, O+), and density irregularities along the geomagnetic field line, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A11211, doi:10.1029/2011JA016760.
48. Starks, M. J., R. A. Quinn, G. P. Ginet, J. M. Albert, G. S. Sales, B. W. Reinisch, and P. Song (2008), Illumination of the plasmasphere by terrestrial very low frequency transmitters: Model validation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A09320, doi:10.1029/2008JA013112.
49. Titova, E. E., V. I. Di, V. E. Yurov, O. M. Raspopov, V. Y. Trakhtengertz, F. Jiricek, and P. Triska (1984), Interaction between VLF waves and the turbulent ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11(4), 323-326. (Pubitemid 14623971)
50. Walter, F., and J. Angerami (1969), Nonducted mode of VLF propagation between conjugate hemispheres: Observations on OGO's 2 and 4 of the"walking-trace" whistler and of Doppler shifts in fixed frequency transmissions, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 6352-6370.