Diagnostics of magnetospheric electron density and irregularities at altitudes <5000 km using whistler and Z mode echoes from radio sounding on the IMAGE satellite

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 109, Issue A11, 2004, Pages

  Sonwalkar, V S ^a   Carpenter, D L ^b,f   Bell, T F ^b,f   Spasojevic M ^b,i   Inan, U S ^b,f   Li, J ^a   Chen, X ^a,g   Venkatasubramanian, A ^a   Harikumar, J ^c,h   Benson, R F ^d   Taylor, W W L ^d   Reinisch, B W ^e  

^a University of Alaska Fairbanks   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^f STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g Space Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory Packard Building Stanford University ^*  (United States)

^h NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Plasma density irregularities; Plasma waves; Whistler and Z mode sounding; Whistler and Z mode wave injection; Whistler mode echoes; Z mode echoes

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845665240     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004JA010471     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Angerami, J. J. (1966), A whistler study of the distribution of thermal electrons in the magnetosphere, Ph.D. dissertation, Radiosci. Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
2. Angerami, J. J., and J. O. Thomas (1964), Studies of planetary atmosphere: 1. The distribution of electrons and ions in the Earth's exosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 4537.
3. Bell, T. F. (1984), The nonlinear gyroresonance interaction between energetic electrons and coherent VLF waves propagating at an arbitrary angle with respect to the Earth's magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 905.
4. Bell, T. F., and H. D. Ngo (1988), Electrostatic waves stimulated by coherent VLF signals propagating in and near the inner radiation belt, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2599.
5. Bell, T. F., and H. D. Ngo (1990), Electrostatic lower hybrid waves excited by electromagnetic whistler-mode waves scattering from planar magnetic-field-aligned irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 149.
6. Bell, T. F., U. S. Inan, I. Kimura, H. Matsumoto, T. Mukai, and K. Hashimoto (1983), EXOS-B/Siple VLF wave-particle interaction experiments: 2. Transmitter signals and associated emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 295.
7. Bell, T. F., U. S. Inan, V. S. Sonwalkar, and R. A. Helliwell (1991), DE-I observations of lower hybrid waves excited by VLF whistler mode waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 393.
8. Bell, T. F., R. A. Helliwell, U. S. Inan, and D. S. Lauben (1993), The heating of suprathermal ions above thunderstorm cells, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1991.
9. Benson, R. F. (1997), Evidence for the stimulation of field-aligned electron density irregularities on a short time scale by ionospheric topside sounders, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 2281.
10. Benson, R. F., and W. Calvert (1979), ISIS 1 observations at the source of auroral kilometric radiation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 479.
11. Benson, R. F., V. A. Osherovich, J. Fainberg, and B. W. Reinisch (2003), Classification of IMAGE/RPI-stimulated plasma resonances for the accurate determination of maenetospheric electron-density and macnetic field values, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A5), 1207, doi:10.1029/2002JA009589.
12. Bernhardt, P. A., and C. G. Park (1977), Protonospheric-ionospheric modeling of VLF ducts, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5222.
13. Brice, N. M., and R. L. Smith (1965), Lower hybrid resonance emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 11.
14. Budden, K. G. (1985), The Propagation of Radio Waves: The Theory of Radio Waves of Low Power in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere, 669 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
15. Burch, J. L. (2000), IMAGE mission overview, Space Sci. Rev., 91, 1.
16. Carpenter, D. L. (2004), Remote sensing the Earth's plasmasphere, Radio Sci. Bull., 308, 13.
17. Carpenter, D. L., and R. E. Orville (1989), The excitation of active whistler-mode signal paths in the magnetosphere by lightning: Two case studies, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8886.
18. Carpenter, D. L., N. Dunckel, and J. F. Walkup (1964), A new very low frequency phenomenon: Whistlers trapped below the protonosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 5009.
19. Carpenter, D. L., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, R. F. Benson, V. S. Sonwalkar, B. W. Reinisch, and D. L. Gallagher (2003), Z-mode sounding within propagation "cavities" and other inner magnetospheric regions by the RPI instrument on the IMAGE satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A12), 1421, doi:10.1029/2003JA010025.
20. Chang, T., and B. Coppi (1981), Lower hybrid acceleration and ion evaluation in the supra-auroral region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 1253.
21. Draganov, A. B., U. S. Inan, V. S. Sonwalkar, and T. F. Bell (1992), Magnetospherically reflected whistlers as a source of plasmaspheric hiss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 233.
22. Dyson, P. L. (1978), Operational modes for a wave injection facility aboard spacelab and a sub-satellite, NASA Tech. Memo. 79657, 37 pp.
23. Eviatar, A., A. M. Lenchek, and S. F. Singer (1964), Distribution of density in an ion-exosphcre of a nonrotating planet, Phys. Fluids, 7, 1775.
24. Fejer, B. G., and M. C. Kelley (1980), Ionospheric irregularities, Rev. Geophys., 18, 401.
25. Fredricks, R. W., et al. (1978), Report of the AMPS wave injection facility definition team, TRW 3247-6002-RU-01, NASA Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt, Md.
26. Fung, S. F., R. F. Benson, D. L. Carpenter, J. L. Green, V. Jayanti, I. A. Galkin, and B. W. Reinisch (2003), Guided echoes in the magnetosphere: Observations by radio plasma imager on IMAGE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(11), 1589, doi:10.1029/2002GL016531.
27. Galkin, I., G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, B. Reinisch, X. Huang, and G. Sales (2001), New tools for analysis of space-borne sounding data, paper pre-sented at 2001 USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meetina, Boston, Mass., 8-13 July.
28. Goertz, C. K., and R. J. Strangeway (1995), Plasma waves, in Introduction to Space Physics, edited by M. G. Kivelson and C. T. Russell, p. 356, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
29. Groves, K. M., M. C. Lee, and S. P. Kuo (1988), Spectral broadening of VLF radio signals traversing the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14, 683.
30. Gurnett, D. A., S. D. Shawhan, and R. R. Shaw (1983), Auroral hiss, Z-mode radiation, and auroral kilometric radiation in the polar magneto-sphere: DE 1 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 329.
31. Hayakawa, M. (1995), Whistlers, in Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, edited by H. Volland, p. 155, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
32. Helliwell, R. A. (1965), Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena, Stanford Press, Stanford, Calif.
33. Helliwell, R. A., and J. P. Katsufrakis (1974), VLF wave injection into the magnetosphere from Siple station, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2511.
34. Helliwell, R. A., and J. P. Katsufrakis (1978), Controlled wave-particle interaction experiments, in Upper Atmosphere Research in Antarctica, Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 29, edited by L. J. Lanzerotti and C. G. Park, pp. 100-129, AGU, Washington, D. C.
35. Inan, U. S., and T. F. Bell (1977), The plasmapause as a VLF wave guide, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2819.
36. Inan, U. S., T. F. Bell, R. A. Helliwell, and J. P. Katsufrakis (1981), A VLF transmitter on the space shuttle, Adv. Space Res., 1, 235.
37. James, H. G. (1979), Wave propagation experiments at medium frequencies between two ionospheric satellites: 3. Z-mode pulses, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 499.
38. Kelley, M. C., J. G. Ding, and R. H. Holzworth (1990), Intense ionospheric electric and maenetic field pulses generated by lichtnina, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2221.
39. Kennel, C. F., and H. E. Petschek (1966), Limit on stably trapped particle fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 1.
40. Kletzing, C. A., F. S. Mozer, and R. B. Torbert (1998), Electron temperature and density at high latitude, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14, 837.
41. LaBelle, J., and R. A. Treumann (2002), Auroral radio emissions: Hisses, roars, and bursts, Space Sci. Rev., 101, 295.
42. Lysak, R. L., M. K. Hudson, and M. Temerin (1980), Ion heating by strong electrostatic ion cyclotron turbulence, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 678.
43. Mlodnosky, R. F., and O. K. Garriott (1963), The v.l.f. admittance of a dipóle in the lower ionosphere, Proc. Int. Conf. Ionos., 484.
44. Molchanov, O. A., M. M. Mogilevsky, V. V. Afonin, Z. Klos, M. Hayakawa, and N. Shima (1997), Nonlinear ELF-VLF effects observed on Activny satellite, in Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasmas, edited by T. Hada and H. Matsumoto, chap. 10, p. 337, Terra Sci., Tokyo.
45. Muldrew, D. G. (1969), Nonvertical propagation and delayed-echo generation observed by the topside sounders, Proc. IEEE, 57, 1097.
46. Nsumei, P. A., X. Huang, B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, V. M. Vasyliunas, J. L. Green, S. F. Fung, R. F. Benson, and D. L. Gallagher (2003), Electron density distribution over the northern polar region deduced from IMAGE/ radio plasma imager sounding, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A2), 1078, doi:10.1029/ 2002JA009616.
47. Ohnami, S., M. Hayakawa, T. F. Bell, and T. Ondoh (1993), Nonlinear wave-wave interactions in the subauroral ionosphere on the basis of ISIS-2 satellite observations of Siple station VLF signals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 739.
48. Persoon, A. M. (1988), Electron density distributions in the high-latitude magnetosphere, Adv. Space Res., 8(8), 79.
49. Persoon, A. M., D. A. Gumett, and S. D. Shawhan (1983), Polar cap electron densities from DE 1 plasma wave observations, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,123.
50. Persoon, A. M., D. A. Gumett, W. K. Peterson, J. H. Waite Jr., J. L. Burch, and J. L. Green (1988), Electron density depletions in the nightside auroral zone, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1871.
51. Rastani, K., U. S. Inan, and R. A. Helliwell (1985), DE 1 observations of Siple transmitter signals and associated sidebands, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4128.
52. Reinisch, B. W., et al. (2000), The Radio Plasma Imager investigation on the IMAGE spacecraft, Space Sci. Rev., 91, 319.
53. Schunk, R. W., and A. F. Nagy (2000), Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
54. Siren, J. C. (1975), Fast hisslers in substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 93.
55. Smith, A. J., D. L. Carpenter, and U. S. Inan (1985), Whistler-triggered VLF noise bursts observed on the DE-I satellite and simultaneously at Antarctic ground stations, Ann. Geophys., 3, 81.
56. Smith, R. L. (1960), Guiding of whistlers in a homogeneous medium, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. U.S., Sect. D, 64(5), 505.
57. Smith, R. L., and J. J. Angerami (1968), Magnetospheric properties deduced from OGO 1 observations of ducted and non-ducted whistlers, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1.
58. Sojka, J. J., L. Zhu, M. David, and R. W. Schunk (2000), Modeling the evolution of meso-scale ionospheric irregularities at high latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3595.
59. Sonwalkar, V. S. (1995), Magnetospheric LF- VLF-, and ELF-waves, in Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, edited by H. Volland, p. 407, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FIa.
60. Sonwalkar, V. S. (1999), Whistlers, in Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 23, edited by J. G. Webster, p. 580, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
61. Sonwalkar, V. S., and J. Harikumar (2000), An explanation of ground observations of auroral hiss: Role of density depletions and meter-scale irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 18, 867.
62. Sonwalkar, V. S., and U. S. Inan (1986), Measurements of Siple transmitter on the DE 1 satellite: Wave normal direction and antenna effective length, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 154.
63. Sonwalkar, V. S., and U. S. Inan (1989), Lightning as an embryonic source of VLF hiss, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6986.
64. Sonwalkar, V. S., T. F. Bell, R. A. Helliwell, and U. S. Inan (1984), Direct multiple path magnetospheric propagation: A fundamental property of nonducted VLF waves, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2823.
65. Sonwalkar, V. S., U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell, R. A. Helliwell, O. A. Molchanov, and J. L. Green (1994), DE 1 VLF observations during ACTIVNY wave injection experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6173.
66. Sonwalkar, V. S., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell (1995), An interpretation of a mysterious 3.0- to 4.6-kHz emission band observed on Voyager 2 near Neptune, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1795.
67. Sonwalkar, V. S., et al. (2000), Initial observations and analysis of whistlermode echoes received by RPI on IMAGE, Eos Trans. AGU, 81, 48.
68. Sonwalkar, V. S., X. Chen, J. Harikumar, D. L. Carpenter, and T. F. Bell (2001), Whistler-mode wave injection experiments in the plasmasphere with a radio sounder, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63, 1199.
69. Stix, T. H. (1962), The Theory of Plasma Waves, 283 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
70. Tanaka, Y., D. Lagoutte, M. Hayakawa, and F. Lefeuvre (1987), Spectral broadening of VLF transmitter signals and sideband structure observed on Aureol-3 satellite at middle latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7551.
71. Thome, R. M., E. J. Smith, R. K. Burton, and R. E. Holzer (1973), Plasmaspheric hiss, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 1581.
72. Timleck, P. L., and G. L. Nelms (1969), Electron densities less than 100 electrons cm-3 in the topside ionosphere, Proc. IEEE, 57, 1164.
73. Titova, E. E., V. I. Di, V. E. Yurov, O. M. Raspopov, V. Y. Trakhtengertz, F. Jiricek, and P. Triska (1984), Interaction between VLF waves and turbulent ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 323.
74. Tsyganenko, N. A., and D. P. Stem (1996), Modeling the global magnetic field and the large-scale Birkeland current system, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 27,187-27,198.
75. Wang, T. N. C. (1970), VLF input impedance characteristics of an electric antenna in a magnetoplasma, Tech. Rep. 3414-1, Radiosci. Lab. Stanford Electron. Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
76. Wang, T. N. C., and T. F. Bell (1972), VLF/ELF input impedance of an arbitrarily oriented loop antenna in a cold collisionless plasma, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 20(3), 394.