Early intervention in psychosis: Clinical aspects of treatment

Advances in Psychiatric Treatment

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 408-416

  Murphy, Brendan P ^a,b   Brewer, Warrick J ^c  

^a Recovery and Prevention of Psychosis Service   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CLOZAPINE; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EARLY INTERVENTION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FAMILY THERAPY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; LONG TERM CARE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POLYPHARMACY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOPATHY; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; REVIEW; SCHIZOIDISM; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 80655124430     PISSN: 13555146     EISSN: 14721481     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.111.008979     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Addington J, Chaves A, Addington D (2006) Diagnostic stability over one year in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 86: 71-5. (Pubitemid 44234042)
2. Allott K, Brewer W, McGorry PD, et al. (2011) Referrers' perceived utility and outcomes of clinical neuropsychological assessment in an adolescent and young adult public mental health service. Australian Psychologist 46: 15-24.
3. Alvarez-Jiménez M, Parker AG, Hetrick SE, et al. (2011) Preventing the second episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis of psychosocial and pharmacological trials in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37: 619-30.
4. Amminger GP, Harris MG, Conus P, et al. (2006) Treated incidence of first-episode psychosis in the catchment area of EPPIC between 1997 and 2000. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114: 337-45. (Pubitemid 44521301)
5. Arendt M, Rosenberg R, Foldager L, et al. (2005) Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry 187: 510-5. (Pubitemid 41752739)
6. Barrett EA, Sundet K, Faerden A, et al. (2010) Suicidality before and in the early phases of first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 119: 11-7.
7. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Beardmore R, et al. (2009) Evaluating integrated MI and CBT for people with psychosis and substance misuse: recruitment, retention and sample characteristics of the MIDAS trial. Addictive Behaviors 34: 859-66.
8. Berman SM, Kuczenski R, McCracken JT, et al. (2009) Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review. Molecular Psychiatry 14: 123-42.
9. Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C (1998) Early intervention in psychosis: the critical period hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry 172 (suppl 33): s53- 9.
10. Birchwood M, Gleeson J, Chanen A, et al. (2009) Emotional and personality dysfunctions in early psychosis. In The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis: A Preventative Approach (2nd edn) (eds HJ Jackson, PD McGorry): 283-302. Cambridge University Press.
11. Bouras N, Martin G, Leese M, et al. (2004) Schizophrenia-spectrum psychoses in people with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 48: 548-55. (Pubitemid 39214373)
12. Brewer WJ, Wood SJ, DeLuca C, et al. (2006a) Olfactory processing and brain maturation. In Olfaction and the Brain (eds WJ Brewer, D Castle, C Pantelis): 103-18. Cambridge University Press.
13. Brewer WJ, Wood SJ, Phillips LJ, et al. (2006b) Generalised and specific cognitive performance in clinical high-risk cohorts: a review highlighting potential vulnerability markers for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32: 538-55. (Pubitemid 43992327)
14. Brewer WJ, Gleeson J, Gee D, et al. (2008) Prevalence of antisocial personality traits and disorder in first episode psychosis cohorts. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2: A42.
15. Brewer WJ (2011) First Episode Psychosis: Antisocial Personality Intervention Manual. EPPIC.
16. Carroll LS, Owen MJ (2009) Genetic overlap between autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Genome Medicine 1: 102.
17. Crlenjak C, Gee D, Duff C, et al. (2008) Engaging high suicide risk early psychosis clients via intensive case management. 6th International Conference on Early Psychosis, Melbourne. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2 (suppl 1): A82.
18. Conus P, Cotton S, Schimmelmann BG, et al. (2010) Pretreatment and outcome correlates of sexual and physical trauma in an epidemiological cohort of first-episode psychosis patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36: 1105-14.
19. Dutta R, Murray RM, Hotopf M, et al. (2010) Reassessing the long-term risk of suicide after a first episode of psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 67: 1230-7.
20. Dutta R, Murray RM, Allardyce J, et al. (2011) Early risk factors for suicide in an epidemiological first episode psychosis cohort. Schizophrenia Research 126: 11-9.
21. Edwards J, Elkins K, Hinton M, et al. (2006) Randomized controlled trial of a cannabis-focused intervention for young people with first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114: 109-17. (Pubitemid 44034269)
22. Etain B, Henry C, Bellivier F, et al. (2008) Beyond genetics: childhood affective trauma in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 10: 867-76.
23. Fisher HL, Craig TK, Fearon P, et al. (2011) Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients' retrospective reports of childhood abuse. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37: 546-53.
24. Foley DL, Morley KI (2011) Systematic review of early cardiometabolic outcomes of the first treated episode of psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 68: 609-16.
25. Fraser R, Angus B, Cotton S, et al. (2011) Prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in a youth mental health service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45: 426.
26. Frighi V, Stephenson MT, Morovat A, et al. (2011) Safety of antipsychotics in people with intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry 199: 289-95.
27. Gleeson JF, Cotton SM, Alvarez-Jimenez M (2009) A randomized controlled trial of relapse prevention therapy for first-episode psychosis patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70: 477-86.
28. Green AI, Tohen MF, Hamer RM, et al. (2004) First episode schizophrenia-related psychosis and substance use disorders: acute response to olanzapine and haloperidol. Schizophrenia Research 66:125-35. (Pubitemid 38041110)
29. Green MF (2007) Stimulating the development of drug treatments to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 3: 159-80.
30. Henry L, Edwards J, Jackson H, et al. (2002) Cognitively Oriented Psychotherapy for First-Episode Psychosis (COPE): A Practitioner's Manual. EPPIC.
31. Herrmann-Doig T, Maude D, Edwards J (2003) Systematic Treatment of Persistent Psychosis. Martin Dunitz.
32. Hinton M, Elkins K, Edwards J, et al. (2002) Cannabis and Psychosis: An Early Psychosis Treatment Manual. Melbourne: EPPIC.
33. Hofvander B, Delorme R, Chaste P, et al. (2009) Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry 9: 35.
34. Huber CG, Naber D, Lambert M (2008) Incomplete remission and treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis: definition, prevalence and predictors. Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy 9: 2027-38.
35. Jackson C, Trower P, Reid I, et al. (2009) Improving psychological adjustment following a first episode psychosis: a randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy to reduce post psychotic trauma symptoms. Behavior Research Therapy 47: 454-62.
36. Karatekin C, White T, Bingham C (2009) Shared and nonshared symptoms in youth-onset psychosis and ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 14: 121-31.
37. Kelleher I, Harley M, Lynch F, et al. (2008) Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. British Journal of Psychiatry 193: 378-82.
38. Kendall T, Tyrer P, Whittington C, et al. (2011) Assessment and management of psychosis with coexisting substance misuse: a summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 342 (Mar 23): d1351. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1351.
39. Killackey E (2009) Psychosocial and psychological interventions in early psychosis: essential elements of recovery. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 3 (suppl 1): s17-21.
40. Koreen A, Siris S, Chakos M, et al. (1993) Depression in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 150: 1643-8. (Pubitemid 23325945)
41. Kulkarni J, Power P (1999) Initial treatment of first-episode psychosis. In The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis: A Preventative Approach (eds PD McGorry, HJ Jackson): 184-205. Cambridge University Press.
42. Lambert M, Conus P, Cotton S, et al. (2010) Prevalence, predictors, and consequences of long-term refusers of antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 30: 565-72.
43. Leeson VC, Barnes TR, Hutton SB, et al. (2009) IQ as a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia: a longitudinal, four-year study of first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 107: 55-60.
44. Lubman DI, Sundram S (2003) Substance misuse in patients with schizophrenia: a primary care guide. Medical Journal of Australia 178 (suppl 7): 1-5.
45. MacNeil C, Hasty MK, Conus P, et al. (2009) Bipolar Disorder in Young People: A Psychological Intervention Manual. Cambridge University Press.
46. Malla A, Norman R, Schmitz N, et al. (2006) Predictors of rate and time to remission in first-episode psychosis: a two-year outcome study. Psychological Medicine 36: 649-58.
47. Mathias S, Lubman D, Hides L (2008) Substance-induced psychosis: a diagnostic conundrum. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69: 358-67. (Pubitemid 351549387)
48. May T, Brewer WJ, Rinehart N, et al. (2011) Differential olfactory identification in children with autism and Asperger's disorder: a comparative and longitudinal study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41: 837-47.
49. McCarthy SE, Makarov V, Kirov G, et al. (2009) Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature Genetics 41: 1223-7.
50. McCutcheon LK, Chanen AM, Fraser RJ, et al. (2007) Tips and techniques for engaging and managing the reluctant, resistant or hostile young person. Medical Journal of Australia 187 (suppl 7): 64-7.
51. McGorry PD, Chanen A, McCarthy E, et al. (1991) Posttraumatic stress disorder following recent-onset psychosis: an unrecognized postpsychotic syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 179: 253-8.
52. McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR, et al. (2006) Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40: 616-22. (Pubitemid 43984963)
53. McGurk SR, Twamley EW, Sitzer DI, et al. (2007) A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 164: 1791-802. (Pubitemid 351739231)
54. Michail M, Birchwood M (2009) Social anxiety disorder in first-episode psychosis: incidence, phenomenology and relationship with paranoia. British Journal of Psychiatry 195: 234-41.
55. Miles CP (1977) Conditions predisposing to suicide. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 164: 231-46.
56. Miller BJ (2008) A review of second-generation antipsychotic discontinuation in first-episode psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 14: 289-300.
57. Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, et al. (2007) Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 370: 319-28. (Pubitemid 47094993)
58. Morgan C, Fisher H (2007a) Environmental factors in schizophrenia: childhood trauma - a critical review. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33: 3-10. (Pubitemid 46026253)
59. Morgan C, Kirkbride J, Leff J, et al. (2007b) Parental separation, loss and psychosis in different ethnic groups: a case-control study. Psychological Medicine 37: 495-503. (Pubitemid 46359597)
60. Mosholder AD, Gelperin K, Hammad TA, et al. (2009) Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder drugs in children. Pediatrics 123: 611-6.
61. Mueser KT, Lu W, Rosenberg SD, et al. (2010) The trauma of psychosis: posttraumatic stress disorder and recent onset psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 116: 212-27.
62. Murphy BP (2010) Beyond the first episode: candidate factors for a risk prediction model of schizophrenia. International Review of Psychiatry; 22: 202-23.
63. Murphy B, Brewer W (2011) Early intervention in psychosis: strengths and limitations of services. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 17: 401-7.
64. Murphy B, Chung Y-C, McGorry PD (2006) Pharmacological treatment of primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophrenia Research 88: 5-25. (Pubitemid 44693240)
65. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009) Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care (Update) (NICE Clinical Guideline 82). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
66. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2002) Guidance on the Use of Newer (Atypical) Antipsychotic Drugs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia (NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 43). NICE.
67. Nettelbladt P, Göth M, Bogren M, et al. (2009) Risk of mental disorders in subjects with intellectual disability in the Lundby cohort 1947-97. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 63: 316-21.
68. Nylander L (2008) Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders - is there a connection? A literature review and some suggestions for future clinical research. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 5: 43-54.
69. O'Donovan MC, Kirov G, Owen MJ (2008) Phenotypic variations on the theme of CNVs. Nature Genetics 40: 1392-3.
70. O'Dwyer JM (1997) Schizophrenia in people with intellectual disability: the role of pregnancy and birth complications. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41: 238-51.
71. Orygen Youth Health (2004) The Acute Phase of Early Psychosis: A Handbook on Management. Orygen Research Centre.
72. Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM (2005) The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Archive of General Psychiatry 62: 247-53. (Pubitemid 40990969)
73. Petersen L, Thorup A, Øqhlenschlaeger J, et al. (2008) Predictors of remission and recovery in a first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder sample: 2-year follow-up of the OPUS trial. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53: 660-70.
74. Pokos V, Castle DJ (2006) Prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a literature review. Current Psychiatry Reviews 2: 285-307. (Pubitemid 44269920)
75. Power P, McGorry PD (1999) Suicide and early psychosis. In The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis: A Preventative Approach (eds PD McGorry, HJ Jackson): 184-205. Cambridge University Press.
76. Power PJ, Bell RJ, Mills R, et al. (2003) Suicide prevention in first episode psychosis: the development of a randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for acutely suicidal patients with early psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37: 414-20. (Pubitemid 37121574)
77. Rabinovitch M, Bechard-Evans L, Schmitz N, et al. (2009) Early predictors of non-adherence to antipsychotic therapy in first-episode psychosis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54: 28-35.
78. Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, et al. (2005) Childhood trauma, psychosis, and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112: 330-50. (Pubitemid 41564319)
79. Reichenberg A (2005) Cognitive impairment as a risk factor for psychosis. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 7: 31-8.
80. Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rapp MA (2006) Premorbid intra-individual variability in intellectual performance and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based study. Schizophrenia Research 85: 49-57. (Pubitemid 43964990)
81. Schimmelmann BG, Conus P, Edwards J, et al. (2005) Diagnostic stability 18 months after treatment initiation for first-episode psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66: 1239-46. (Pubitemid 41546503)
82. Schreier A, Wolke D, Thomas K, et al. (2009) Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 66: 527-36.
83. Sin GL, Abdin E, Lee J, et al. (2010) Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in first-episode psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 4: 299-304.
84. Spear LP (2000) The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 24: 417-63.
85. Steinberg L (2005) Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Science 9: 69-74.
86. Subotnik KL, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J (2011) Risperidone nonadherence and return of positive symptoms in the early course of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 168: 286-92.
87. Tait L, Birchwood B, Trower P (2004) Adapting to the challenge of psychosis: personal resilience and the use of sealing-over (avoidant) coping strategies. British Journal of Psychiatry 185: 410-5. (Pubitemid 39482078)
88. Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S (2011) The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry (11th edn). Wiley-Blackwell.
89. Turkington A, Mulholland CC, Rushe TM, et al. (2009) Impact of persistent substance misuse on 1-year outcome in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 195: 242-8.
90. Twamley EW, Jeste DV, Bellack AS (2003) A review of cognitive training in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 29: 359-82. (Pubitemid 37187698)
91. Upthegrove R, Birchwood M, Ross K, et al. (2010) The evolution of depression and suicidality in first episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 122: 211-8.
92. van Winkel R, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, et al. (2006) Premorbid IQ as a predictor for the course of IQ in first onset patients with schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research 88: 47-54. (Pubitemid 44693234)
93. van Winkel R, Myin-Germeys I, De Hert M, et al. (2007) The association between cognition and functional outcome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: mystery resolved? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116: 119-24. (Pubitemid 47076272)
94. Wade D, Harrigan S, Edwards J, et al. (2006a) Substance misuse in first-episode psychosis: 15-month prospective follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 189: 229-34. (Pubitemid 44343467)
95. Wade D, Harrigan S, Edwards J, et al. (2006b) Course of substance misuse and daily tobacco use in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 81: 145-50. (Pubitemid 43107688)
96. Woodberry KA, Giuliano AJ, Seidman LJ (2008) Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry 165: 579-87. (Pubitemid 351705334)
97. Wunderink L, Nienhuis FJ, Sytema S, et al. (2007) Guided discontinuation versus maintenance treatment in remitted first-episode psychosis: relapse rates and functional outcome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68: 654-61. (Pubitemid 46841847)
98. Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, et al. (2004) A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Archives of General Psychiatry 61: 354-60. (Pubitemid 38451544)