Approach to the Ground-Glass Nodule

Clinics in Chest Medicine

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 799-810

  Detterbeck, Frank C ^a   Homer, Robert J ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chest CT; CT scan; Ground glass opacity; Lung cancer; Lung nodule

Indexed keywords

BRONCHOSCOPY; CANCER GROWTH; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FLUOROSCOPY; GROUND GLASS NODULE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; INCIDENCE; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; LOBECTOMY; LUNG ALVEOLUS CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG INFILTRATE; LUNG NODULE; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; NEEDLE BIOPSY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; STEREOTACTIC PROCEDURE; VIDEO ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY; WEDGE RESECTION;

HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MULTIPLE PULMONARY NODULES; PNEUMONECTOMY; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RISK FACTORS; SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; WATCHFUL WAITING;

EID: 80455123672     PISSN: 02725231     EISSN: 15578216     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2011.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Hansell D.M., Bankier A.A., MacMahon H., et al. Fleischner society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 2008, 246:697-722.
2. Suzuki K., Kusumoto M., Watanabe S., et al. Radiologic classification of small adenocarcinoma of the lung: radiologic-pathologic correlation and its prognostic impact. Ann Thorac Surg 2006, 81:413-419.
3. Travis W.D., Brambilla E., Noguchi M., et al. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:244-285.
4. Travis W.D., Garg K., Franklin W.A., et al. Evolving concepts in the pathology and computed tomography imaging of lung adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:3279-3287.
5. Yoshikawal T., Aoyagi Y., Kodama K., et al. Topographical distribution of allelic loss in individual lung adenocarcinomas with lymph node metastases. Mod Pathol 2004, 17:204-213.
6. Iijima H., Tomizawa Y., Dobashi K., et al. Allelic losses on chromosome 3p are accumulated in relation to morphological changes of lung adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2004, 91:1143-1148.
7. Kerr K.M. Pulmonary preinvasive neoplasia. J Clin Pathol 2001, 54:257-271.
8. Seki N., Sawada S., Nakata M., et al. Lung cancer with localized ground-glass attenuation represents early-stage adenocarcinoma in nonsmokers. J Thorac Oncol 2008, 3(5):483-490.
9. Okada M., Tauchi S., Iwanaga K., et al. Associations among bronchioloalveolar carcinoma components, positron emission tomographic and computed tomographic findings, and malignant behavior in small lung adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007, 133:1448-1454.
10. Hiramatsu M., Inagaki T., Inagaki T., et al. Pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions-large size and a history of lung cancer are risk factors for growth. J Thorac Oncol 2008, 3:1245-1250.
11. Kim H., Choi Y., Kim K., et al. Management of ground-glass opacity lesions detected in patients with otherwise operable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009, 4:1242-1246.
12. Carretta A., Ciriaco P., Melloni G., et al. Surgical treatment of multiple primary adenocarcinomas of the lung. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009, 57:30-34.
13. Libby D.M., Wu N., Lee I.J., et al. CT screening for lung cancer: the value of short-term CT follow-up. Chest 2006, 129:1039-1042.
14. Kaneda H., Sakaida N., Saito T., et al. Appearance of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and the rapid progression into invasive papillary adenocarcinoma. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009, 57:224-227.
15. Oh J.Y., Kwon S.Y., Yoon H.I., et al. Clinical significance of a solitary ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesion of the lung detected by chest CT. Lung Cancer 2007, 55:67-73.
16. Kakinuma R., Ohmatsu H., Kaneko M., et al. Progression of focal pure ground-glass opacity detected by low-dose helical computed tomography screening for lung cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004, 28:17-23.
17. Kodama K., Higashiyama M., Yokouchi H., et al. Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity after long-term follow-up of more than 2 years. Ann Thorac Surg 2002, 73:386-393.
18. Jennings S.G., Winer-Muram H.T., Tarver R.D., et al. Lung tumor growth: assessment with CT-comparison of diameter and cross-sectional area with volume measurements. Radiology 2004, 231:866-871.
19. Nietert P.J., Ravenel J.G., Leue W.M., et al. Imprecision in automated volume measurements of pulmonary nodules and its effect on the level of uncertainty in volume doubling time estimation. Chest 2009, 135:1580-1587.
20. Revel M.P., Bissery A., Bienvenu M., et al. Are two-dimensional CT measurements of small noncalcified pulmonary nodules reliable?. Radiology 2004, 231:453-458.
21. Ko J.P., Rusinek H., Jacobs E.L., et al. Small pulmonary nodules: volume measurement at chest CT-phantom study. Radiology 2003, 228:864-870.
22. Oda S., Awai K., Murao K., et al. Computer-aided volumetry of pulmonary nodules exhibiting ground-glass opacity at MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010, 194:398-406.
23. Lindell R.M., Hartman T.E., Swensen S.J., et al. 5-year lung cancer screening experience. Chest 2009, 136:1586-1595.
24. Jennings S.G., Winer-Muram H.T., Tann M., et al. Distribution of stage I lung cancer growth rates determined with serial volumetric CT measurements. Radiology 2006, 241:554-563.
25. Winer-Muram H.T., Jennings S.G., Tarver R.D., et al. Volumetric growth rate of stage I lung cancer prior to treatment: serial CT scanning. Radiology 2002, 223:798-805.
26. Takashima S., Maruyama Y., Hasegawa M., et al. CT findings and progression of small peripheral lung neoplasms having a replacement growth pattern. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003, 180:817-826.
27. Min J.H., Lee H.Y., Lee K.S., et al. Stepwise evolution from a focal pure pulmonary ground-glass opacity nodule into an invasive lung adenocarcinoma: an observation for more than 10 years. Lung Cancer 2010, 69:123-126.
28. Nakamura H., Kawasaki N., Taguchi M., et al. A minute small-cell lung cancer showing a latent phase early in growth. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007, 13:254-257.
29. Hasegawa M., Sone S., Takashima S., et al. Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. Br J Radiol 2000, 73:1252-1259.
30. Lindell R.M., Hartman T.E., Swensen S.J., et al. Five-year lung cancer screening experience: CT appearance, growth rate, location, and histologic features of 61 lung cancers. Radiology 2007, 242:555-562.
31. Sone S., Nakayama T., Honda T., et al. CT findings of early-stage small cell lung cancer in a low-dose CT screening programme. Lung Cancer 2007, 56:207-215.
32. Detterbeck F., Gibson C. Turning gray: the natural history of lung cancer over time. J Thorac Oncol 2008, 3:781-792.
33. Nomori H., Watanabe K., Ohtsuka T., et al. Evaluation of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scanning for pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in diameter, with special reference to the CT images. Lung Cancer 2004, 45:19-27.
34. Detterbeck F., Khandani A.H. The role of PET imaging in solitary pulmonary nodules. Clin Pulm Med 2009, 16:81-88.
35. Herder G.J., Golding R.P., Hoekstra O.S., et al. The performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in small solitary pulmonary nodules. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004, 31:1231-1236.
36. Rivera M.P., Mehta A.C. Initial diagnosis of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007, 132:131S-148S.
37. Shimizu K., Ikeda N., Tsuboi M., et al. Percutaneous CT-guided fine needle aspiration for lung cancer smaller than 2 cm and revealed by ground-glass opacity at CT. Lung Cancer 2006, 51:173-179.
38. Kim T.J., Lee J.H., Lee C.T., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided core biopsy of ground-glass opacity pulmonary lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008, 190:234-239.
39. Hur J., Lee H.J., Nam J.E., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CT fluoroscopy-guided needle aspiration biopsy of ground-glass opacity pulmonary lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 192:629-634.
40. Daniel T., Altes T., Rehm P., et al. A novel technique for localization and excisional biopsy of small or ill-defined pulmonary lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 2004, 77:1756-1762. [discussion: 1762].
41. Kondo R., Yoshida K., Hamanaka K., et al. Intraoperative ultrasonographic localization of pulmonary ground-glass opacities. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009, 138:837-842.
42. Sortini D., Feo C., Maravegias K., et al. Intrathoracoscopic localization techniques. Surg Endosc 2006, 20:1341-1347.
43. Takamochi K., Nagai K., Yoshida J., et al. Pathologic N0 status in pulmonary adenocarcinoma is predictable by combining serum carcinoembryonic antigen level and computed tomographic findings. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001, 122:325-330.
44. Yoshida J., Nagai K., Yokose T., et al. Limited resection trial for pulmonary ground-glass opacity nodules: fifty-case experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005, 129:991-996.
45. Yamato Y., Tsuchida M., Watanabe T., et al. Early results of a prospective study of limited resection for bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg 2001, 71:971-974.
46. Nakata M., Sawada S., Saeki H., et al. Prospective study of thoracoscopic limited resection for ground-glass opacity selected by computed tomography. Ann Thorac Surg 2003, 75:1601-1606.
47. Koike T., Togashi K.I., Shirato T., et al. Limited resection for noninvasive bronchioloalveolar carcinoma diagnosed by intraoperative pathologic examination. Ann Thorac Surg 2009, 88:1106-1111.
48. Watanabe T., Okada A., Imakiire T., et al. Intentional limited resection for small peripheral lung cancer based on intraoperative pathologic exploration. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005, 53:29-35.
49. Yoshida J., Ishii G., Yokose T., et al. Possible delayed cut-end recurrence after limited resection for ground-glass opacity adenocarcinoma, intraoperatively diagnosed as Noguchi type B, in three patients. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:546-550.
50. Yamada S., Kohno T. Video-assisted thoracic surgery for pure ground-glass opacities 2 cm or less in diameter. Ann Thorac Surg 2004, 77:1911-1915.
51. Moriya Y., Iyoda A., Hiroshima K., et al. Clinicopathological analysis of clinical N0 peripheral lung cancers with a diameter of 1 cm or less. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004, 52:196-199.
52. Zhou Q., Suzuki K., Anami Y.I., et al. Clinicopathologic features in resected subcentimeter lung cancer - status of lymph node metastases. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010, 10:53-57.
53. Miller D.L., Rowland C.M., Deschamps C., et al. Surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer 1 cm or less in diameter. Ann Thorac Surg 2002, 73:1545-1551.
54. Yoshida J., Nagai K., Yokose T., et al. Primary peripheral lung carcinoma smaller than 1 cm in diameter. Chest 1998, 114:710-712.
55. Lee P., Korst R., Port J., et al. Long-term survival and recurrence in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer 1 cm or less in size. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006, 132:1382-1388.
56. Postmus P., Brambilla E., Chansky K., et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for revision of the M descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007, 2:686-693.
57. Kim H., Choi Y., Kim J., et al. Management of multiple pure ground-glass opacity lesions in patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:206-210.
58. Mun M., Kohno T. Efficacy of thoracoscopic resection for multifocal bronchioloalveolar carcinoma showing pure ground-glass opacities of 20 mm or less in diameter. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007, 134:877-882.
59. Park C.M., Goo J.M., Kim T.J., et al. Pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacities in patients with extrapulmonary cancers: what is their clinical significance and how can we determine whether they are malignant or benign lesions?. Chest 2008, 133:1402-1409.
60. Kim T.J., Goo J.M., Lee K.W., et al. Clinical, pathological and thin-section CT features of persistent multiple ground-glass opacity nodules: comparison with solitary ground-glass opacity nodule. Lung Cancer 2009, 64:171-178.
61. Park J.H., Lee K.S., Kim J.H., et al. Malignant pure pulmonary ground-glass opacity nodules: prognostic implications. Korean J Radiol 2009, 10:12-20.
62. Hashizume T., Yamada K., Okamoto N., et al. Prognostic significance of thin-section CT scan findings in small-sized lung adenocarcinoma. Chest 2008, 133:441-447.
63. Suzuki K., Asamura H., Kusumoto M., et al " Early" peripheral lung cancer: prognostic significance of ground glass opacity on thin-section computed tomographic scan. Ann Thorac Surg 2002, 74:1635-1639.
64. Nomori H., Ohtsuka T., Naruke T., et al. Histogram analysis of computed tomography numbers of clinical T1 N0 M0 lung adenocarcinoma, with special reference to lymph node metastasis and tumor invasiveness. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 126:1584-1589.
65. Okada M., Nishio W., Sakamoto T., et al. Discrepancy of computed tomographic image between lung and mediastinal windows as a prognostic implication in small lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2003, 76:1828-1832. [discussion: 1832].
66. Kondo T., Yamada K., Noda K., et al. Radiologic-prognostic correlation in patients with small pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Lung Cancer 2002, 36:49-57.
67. Ichiki Y., Hanagiri T., Baba T., et al. Limited pulmonary resection for peripheral small-sized adenocarcinoma of the lung. Int J Surg 2011, 9:155-159.
68. Kodama K., Higashiyama M., Yokouchi H., et al. Prognostic value of ground-glass opacity found in small lung adenocarcinoma on high-resolution CT scanning. Lung Cancer 2001, 33:17-25.
69. Ikeda N., Maeda J., Yashima K., et al. A clinicopathological study of resected adenocarcinoma 2 cm or less in diameter. Ann Thorac Surg 2004, 78:1011-1016.
70. Matsuguma H., Nakahara R., Anraku M., et al. Objective definition and measurement method of ground-glass opacity for planning limited resection in patients with clinical stage IA adenocarcinoma of the lung. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004, 25:1102-1106.
71. Matsuguma H., Yokoi K., Anraku M., et al. Proportion of ground-glass opacity on high-resolution computed tomography in clinical T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma of the lung: a predictor of lymph node metastasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002, 124:278-284.
72. Nakamura H., Saji H., Ogata A., et al. Lung cancer patients showing pure ground-glass opacity on computed tomography are good candidates for wedge resection. Lung Cancer 2004, 44:61-68.
73. Kim H., Shim Y., Lee K., et al. Persistent pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: histopathologic comparisons. Radiology 2007, 245:267-275.
74. Kodama K., Higashiyama M., Takami K., et al. Treatment strategy for patients with small peripheral lung lesion(s): intermediate-term results of prospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008, 34:1068-1074.
75. Nakata M., Saeki H., Takata I., et al. Focal ground-glass opacity detected by low-dose helical CT. Chest 2002, 121:1464-1467.
76. Ikeda K., Awai K., Mori T., et al. Differential diagnosis of ground-glass opacity nodules: CT number analysis by three-dimensional computerized quantification. Chest 2007, 132:984-990.
77. Nakazono T., Sakao Y., Yamaguchi K., et al. Subtypes of peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung: differentiation by thin-section CT. Eur Radiol 2005, 15:1563-1568.
78. Ohtsuka T., Watanabe K.I., Kaji M., et al. A clinicopathological study of resected pulmonary nodules with focal pure ground-glass opacity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006, 30:160-163.
79. Sawada S., Komori E., Nogami N., et al. Evaluation of lesions corresponding to ground-glass opacities that were resected after computed tomography follow-up examination. Lung Cancer 2009, 65:176-179.