Concussion management at the NFL, college, high school, and youth sports levels

Clinical Neurosurgery

Volumn 58, Issue , 2011, Pages 51-56

  Maroon, Joseph C ^a   Bost, Jeffrey ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; METHYLPHENIDATE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PROTIRELIN; RESVERATROL;

BALANCE IMPAIRMENT; BRAIN FUNCTION; CONCUSSION; CONFERENCE PAPER; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEMORY DISORDER; NAUSEA; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXYGEN THERAPY; POSTCONCUSSION SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPORT; VISUAL DISORDER; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; BRAIN CONCUSSION; CHILD; SPORT INJURY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BRAIN CONCUSSION; CHILD; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; HUMANS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 80155170347     PISSN: 00694827     EISSN: 0148396X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182269efe     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (41)

1. Guerrero JL, Thurman DJ, Sniezek JE. Emergency department visits associated with traumatic brain injury: United States, 1995-1996. Brain Inj. 2000;14(2):181-186. (Pubitemid 30087904)
2. Maroon JC, Field M, Lovell M, Collins M, Bost J. The evaluation of athletes with cerebral concussion. Clin Neurosurg. 2002;49:319-332.
3. Hoge CW, Goldberg HM, Castro CA. Care of war veterans with mild traumatic brain injury: flawed perspectives. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(16):1588-1591.
4. Alexander MP. Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1253-1260.
5. Larrabee GJ. Neuropsychological outcome, post concussion symptoms, and forensic considerations in mild closed head trauma. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1997;2(3):196-206.
6. McCullagh S, Feinstein A. Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: an examination of recruitment bias. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(1):39-43. (Pubitemid 36069034)
7. Satz PS, Alfano MS, Light RF, et al. Persistent post-concussive syndrome: a proposed methodology and literature review to determine the effects, if any, of mild head and other bodily injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1999;21(5):620-628. (Pubitemid 30041323)
8. Barrett K, Ward AB, Boughey A, Jones M, Mychalkiw W. Sequelae of minor head injury: the natural history of post-concussive symptoms and their relationship to loss of consciousness and follow-up. J Accid Emerg Med. 1994;11(2):79-84. (Pubitemid 24232405)
9. Boake C, McCauley SR, Levin HS, et al. Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;17(3):350-356. (Pubitemid 46179298)
10. Bazarian JJ, Wong T, Harris M, Leahey N, Mookerjee S, Dombovy M. Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population. Brain Inj. 1999;13(3):173-189. (Pubitemid 29099673)
11. Bernstein DM. Recovery from mild head injury. Brain Inj. 1999;13(3):151-172. (Pubitemid 29099672)
12. Collie A, Makdissi M, Maruff P, Bennell K, McCrory P. Cognition in the days following concussion: comparison of symptomatic versus asymptomatic athletes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(2):241-245. (Pubitemid 43220852)
13. Topal NB, Hakyemez B, Erdogan C, et al. MR imaging in the detection of diffuse axonal injury with mild traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res. 2008;30(9):974-978.
14. van der Naalt J, Hew JM, van Zomeren AH, Sluiter WJ, Minderhoud JM. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in mild to moderate head injury: early and late imaging related to outcome. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(1):70-78. (Pubitemid 29314384)
15. Voller B, Benke T, Benedetto K, Schnider P, Auff E, Aichner F. Neuropsychological, MRI and EEG findings after very mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1999;13(10):821-827. (Pubitemid 29488209)
16. Lovell MR, Iverson GL, Collins MW, McKeag D, Maroon JC. Does loss of consciousness predict neuropsychological decrements after concussion? Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9(4):193-198.
17. Tyler GS, McNeely HE, Dick ML. Treatment of post-traumatic headache with amitriptyline. Headache. 1980;20(4):213-216. (Pubitemid 10035804)
18. Echemendia RJ. Assessment and management of concussion: a neuropsychological perspective. In: Slobounov SM, Sebastianelli WJ, eds. Foundations of Sport-Related Brain Injuries. Part 5. New York, NY: Springer; 2006:431-443.
19. Mittenberg W, Canyock EM, Condit D, Patton C. Treatment of postconcussion syndrome following mild head injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001;23(6):829-836. (Pubitemid 33817417)
20. Blaylock R, Maroon JC. Immunoexcitotoxicity as a central mechanism in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a unifying hypothesis. Surg Neurol Int. 2011. In press.
21. McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(7):709-735.
22. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(1):57-69. (Pubitemid 46011999)
23. Maroon JC, Bost JW, Borden MK, Lorenz KM, Ross NA. Natural antiinflammatory agents for pain relief in athletes. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21(4):E11.
24. Maroon JC, Bost JW. Fish Oil: The Natural Anti-Inflammatory. Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications, Inc; 2006.
25. Maroon JC, Bost JW. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an antiinflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain. Surg Neurol. 2006;65(4):326-331. (Pubitemid 43384072)
26. Bourre JM. Roles of unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega-3 fatty acids) in the brain at various ages and during ageing. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(3):163-174. (Pubitemid 38678591)
27. Mills JD, Bailes JE, Sedney CL, Hutchins H, Sears B. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and reduction of traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):77-84.
28. Xiao Y, Li X. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify mouse hippocampal neuronal excitability during excitotoxic or convulsant stimulation. Brain Res. 1999;846(1):112-121. (Pubitemid 29486447)
29. Gómez-Pinilla F. Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(7):568-578. (Pubitemid 351873468)
30. Katsumata T, Katayama Y, Obo R, Muramatsu H, Ohtori T, Terashi A. Delayed administration of ethyl eicosapentate improves local cerebral blood flow and metabolism without affecting infarct volumes in the rat focal ischemic model. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998;372(2):167-174. (Pubitemid 29251288)
31. James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1)(suppl):343S-348S. (Pubitemid 30046139)
32. Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids normalize BDNF levels, reduce oxidative damage, and counteract learning disability after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1457-1467. (Pubitemid 39435321)
33. Yates A, Norwig J, Maroon JC, et al. Evaluation of lipid profiles and the use of omega-3 essential fatty acid in professional football players. Sports Health Multidiscip Approach. 2009;1(1):21.
34. Bourre JM. Roles of unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega-3 fatty acids) in the brain at various ages and during ageing. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(3):163-174. (Pubitemid 38678591)
35. Bazan NG. Omega-3 fatty acids, pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroprotection. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(2):136-141. (Pubitemid 46220304)
36. Omega-3 helped heal coal miner's brain. http://www.medscape.com/ viewarticle/531594. Accessed May 2, 2006.
37. Singleton RH, Yan HQ, Fellows-Mayle W, Dixon CE. Resveratrol attenuates behavioral impairments and reduces cortical and hippocampal loss in a rat controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(6):1091-1099.
38. Candelario-Jalil E, de Oliveira AC, Gräf S, et al. Resveratrol potently reduces prostaglandin E2 production and free radical formation in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary rat microglia. J Neuroinflammation. 2007;4:25.
39. Zhuang H, Kim YS, Koehler RC, Dore S. Potential mechanism by which resveratrol, a red wine constituent, protects neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;993:276-288.
40. Maroon JC. The Longevity Factor: How Resveratrol and Red Wine Activate Genes for a Longer and Healthier Life. New York, NY: Atria; 2009.
41. Wright JK, Zant E, Groom K, Schlegel RE, Gilliland K. Case report: treatment of mild traumatic brain injury with hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2009;36(6):391-399.