Endoscopic therapies for the prevention and treatment of early esophageal neoplasia

Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 731-743

  Green, Susi ^a   Bhandari, Pradeep ^b   DeCaestecker, John ^c   Barr, Hugh ^d   Ragunath, Krish ^e   Jankowski, Janusz ^f,g   Singh, Rajvinder ^h   Longcroft Wheaton, Gaius ^b   Bennett, Cathy ⁱ  

^a ST MARK S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b PORTSMOUTH HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c LEICESTER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d GLOUCESTERSHIRE ROYAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e QUEEN S MEDICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF LEICESTER NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^h LYELL MCEWIN HOSPITAL   (Australia)

ⁱ QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

adenocarcinoma; APC; Barrett's; cancer; dysplasia; endotherapy; esophagus; PDT; RFA; squamous

Indexed keywords

ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER GRADING; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CRYOTHERAPY; EARLY CANCER; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS MUCOSA; ESOPHAGUS STRICTURE; ESOPHAGUS SURGERY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; PATIENT SAFETY; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SURVIVAL TIME;

ADENOCARCINOMA; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80155135616     PISSN: 17474124     EISSN: 17474132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.80     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, Goodney PP, Wennberg DE, Lucas FL. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(22), 2117-2127 (2003).
2. Moraca RJ, Low DE. Outcomes and health-related quality of life after esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal cancer. Arch. Surg. 141(6), 545-549 (2006).
3. Alvarez HL, Pouw RE, van Vilsteren FG et al. Risk of lymph node metastasis associated with deeper invasion by early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and cardia: study based on endoscopic resection specimens. Endoscopy 42(12), 1030-1036 (2010).
4. Liu L, Hofstetter WL, Rashid A et al. Significance of the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis in superficially invasive (T1) esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 29(8), 1079-1085 (2005).
5. Sepesi B, Watson TJ, Zhou D et al. Are endoscopic therapies appropriate for superficial submucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma? An analysis of esophagectomy specimens. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 210(4), 418-427 (2010).
6. Westerterp M, Koppert LB, Buskens CJ et al. Outcome of surgical treatment for early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction. Virchows Arch.446(5), 497-504 (2005).
7. Buskens CJ, Westerterp M, Lagarde SM, Bergman JJ, Ten Kate FJ, van Lanschot JJ. Prediction of appropriateness of local endoscopic treatment for high-grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma by EUS and histopathologic features. Gastrointest. Endosc. 60(5), 703-710 (2004).
8. Eguchi T, Nakanishi Y, Shimoda T et al. Histopathological criteria for additional treatment after endoscopic mucosal resection for esophageal cancer: analysis of 464 surgically resected cases. Mod. Pathol. 19(3), 475-480 (2006).
9. Endo M, Yoshino K, Kawano T, Nagai K, Inoue H. Clinicopathologic analysis of lymph node metastasis in surgically resected superficial cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Dis. Esophagus 13(2), 125-129 (2000).
10. Fujita H, Sueyoshi S, Yamana H et al. Optimum treatment strategy for superficial esophageal cancer: endoscopic mucosal resection versus radical esophagectomy. World J. Surg. 25(4), 424-431 (2001).
11. Shimada H, Nabeya Y, Matsubara H et al. Prediction of lymph node status in patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma: analysis of 160 surgically resected cancers. Am.J. Surg. 191(2), 250-254 (2006).
12. Manner H, May A, Pech O et al. Early Barrett's carcinoma with 'low-risk' submucosal invasion: long-term results of endoscopic resection with a curative intent. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103(10), 2589-2597 (2008).
13. Semlitsch T, Jeitler K, Schoefl R et al. A systematic review of the evidence for radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus. Surg. Endosc. 24(12), 2935-2943 (2010).
14. May A, Gunter E, Roth F et al. Accuracy of staging in early oesophageal cancer using high resolution endoscopy and high resolution endosonography: a comparative, prospective, and blinded trial. Gut 53(5), 634-640 (2004).
15. Kudo S, Tamura S, Nakajima T, Yamano H, Kusaka H, Watanabe H. Diagnosis of colorectal tumorous lesions by magnifying endoscopy. Gastrointest. Endosc. 44(1), 8-14 (1996).
16. Uno Y, Munakata A. The non-lifting sign of invasive colon cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 40(4), 485-489 (1994).
17. Longcroft-Wheaton G, Duku M, Mead R, Poller D, Bhandari P. Acetic acid spray is an effective tool for the endoscopic detection of neoplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(10), 843-847 (2010).
18. Basford P, Longcroft-Wheaton G, Bhandari P. Squamous dysplasia of the oesophagus: Use of advanced imaging techniques and chromoendoscopy. Presented at: British Society of Gastroenterology Annual Meeting. Birmingham, UK, 14-17 March 2011.
19. Kara MA, Peters FP, Rosmolen WD et al. High-resolution endoscopy plus chromoendoscopy or narrow-band imaging in Barrett's esophagus: a prospective randomized crossover study. Endoscopy 37(10), 929-936 (2005).
20. Dunbar KB, Okolo P III, Montgomery E, Canto MI. Confocal laser endomicroscopy in Barrett's esophagus and endoscopically inapparent Barrett's neoplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial. Gastrointest. Endosc. 70(4), 645-654 (2009).
21. Bhandari P, Green S, Hamanaka H et al. Use of gascon and pronase either as a pre-endoscopic drink or as targeted endoscopic flushes to improve visibility during gastroscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded trial. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 45(3), 357-361 (2010).
22. Larghi A, Lightdale CJ, Memeo L, Bhagat G, Okpara N, Rotterdam H. EUS followed by EMR for staging of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. 62(1), 16-23 (2005).
23. Pouw RE, Heldoorn N, Herrero LA et al. Do we still need EUS in the workup of patients with early esophageal neoplasia? A retrospective analysis of 131 cases. Gastrointest. Endosc. 73(4), 662-668 (2011).
24. Young PE, Gentry AB, Acosta RD, Greenwald BD, Riddle M. Endoscopic ultrasound does not accurately stage early adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(12), 1037-1041 (2010).
25. May A, Gossner L, Pech O et al. Local endoscopic therapy for intraepithelial high-grade neoplasia and early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus: acute-phase and intermediate results of a new treatment approach. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14(10), 1085-1091 (2002).
26. Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorakova K, Garewal H. Bile acids as carcinogens in human gastrointestinal cancers. Mutat. Res. 589(1), 47-65 (2005).
27. Dvorak K, Payne CM, Chavarria M et al. Bile acids in combination with low pH induce oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage: relevance to the pathogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 56(6), 763-771 (2007).
28. Galipeau PC, Cowan DS, Sanchez CA et al. 17p (p53) allelic losses, 4N (G2/tetraploid) populations, and progression to aneuploidy in Barrett's esophagus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93(14), 7081-7084 (1996).
29. Playford RJ. New British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 55(4), 442 (2006).
30. Pesko P, Rakic S, Milicevic M, Bulajic P, Gerzic Z. Prevalence and clinicopathologic features of multiple squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 73(11), 2687-2690 (1994).
31. Morita M, Kuwano H, Ohno S et al. Multiple occurrence of carcinoma in the upper aerodigestive tract associated with esophageal cancer: reference to smoking, drinking and family history. Int. J. Cancer 58(2), 207-210 (1994).
32. Tabor MP, Brakenhoff RH, Ruijter- Schippers HJ et al. Multiple head and neck tumors frequently originate from a single preneoplastic lesion. Am. J Pathol. 161(3), 1051-1060 (2002).
33. Califano J, Leong PL, Koch WM, Eisenberger CF, Sidransky D, Westra WH. Second esophageal tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: an assessment of clonal relationships. Clin. Cancer Res. 5(7), 1862-1867 (1999).
34. Crockett SD, Lippmann QK, Dellon ES, Shaheen NJ. Health-related quality of life in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(6), 613-623 (2009).
35. Deschamps C, Nichols FC III, Cassivi SD, Allen MS, Pairolero PC. Long-term function and quality of life after esophageal resection for cancer and Barrett's. Surg. Clin. North Am. 85(3), 649-656 (2005).
36. Skipworth RJ, Parks RW, Stephens NA et al. The relationship between hospital volume and post-operative mortality rates for upper gastrointestinal cancer resections: Scotland 1982-2003. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 36(2), 141-147 (2010).
37. Wouters MW, Karim-Kos HE, Le CS et al. Centralization of esophageal cancer surgery: does it improve clinical outcome? Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16(7), 1789-1798 (2009).
38. Dresner SM, Griffin SM, Wayman J, Bennett MK, Hayes N, Raimes SA. Human model of duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux in the development of Barrett's metaplasia. Br. J. Surg. 90(9), 1120-1128 (2003).
39. Hamilton SR, Yardley JH. Regnerative of cardiac type mucosa and acquisition of Barrett mucosa after esophagogastrostomy. Gastroenterology 72(4 Pt 1), 669-675 (1977).
40. Tseng EE, Wu TT, Yeo CJ, Heitmiller RF. Barrett's esophagus with high grade dysplasia: surgical results and long-term outcome - an update. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 7(2), 164-170 (2003).
41. Chang LC, Oelschlager BK, Quiroga E et al. Long-term outcome of esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia or cancer found during surveillance for Barrett's esophagus. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 10(3), 341-346 (2006).
42. Mirnezami R, Rohatgi A, Sutcliffe RP, Hamouda A, Mason RC. Transhiatal oesophagectomy: treatment of choice for high-grade dysplasia. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 36(2), 364-367 (2009).
43. Peyre CG, DeMeester SR, Rizzetto C et al. Vagal-sparing esophagectomy: the ideal operation for intramucosal adenocarcinoma and barrett with high-grade dysplasia. Ann. Surg. 246(4), 665-671 (2007).
44. Wani S, Mathur SC, Curvers WL et al. Greater interobserver agreement by endoscopic mucosal resection than biopsy samples in Barrett's dysplasia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(9), 783-788 (2010).
45. Mino-Kenudson M, Ban S, Ohana M et al. Buried dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma arising in barrett esophagus after porfimer-photodynamic therapy. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31(3), 403-409 (2007).
46. Bennett C, Wang Y, Pan T. Endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.(4), CD004276 (2009).
47. Rees JR, Lao-Sirieix P, Wong A, Fitzgerald RC. Treatment for Barrett's oesophagus. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1), CD004060 (2010).
48. Inoue H, Takeshita K, Hori H, Muraoka Y, Yoneshima H, Endo M. Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted panendoscope for esophagus, stomach, and colon mucosal lesions. Gastrointest. Endosc. 39(1), 58-62 (1993).
49. Masuda K, Fujisaki J, Suzuki H, Okuwaki S, Miyamoto K. Endoscopic mucosal resection using ligating device (EMRL).Dig. Endosc. 5, 1215-1219 (1993).
50. May A, Gossner L, Behrens A et al. A prospective randomized trial of two different endoscopic resection techniques for early stage cancer of the esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. 58(2), 167-175 (2003).
51. Suzuki H. Endoscopic mucosal resection using ligating device for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 11(3), 511-518 (2001).
52. Oyama T, Tomori A, Hotta K et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early esophageal cancer. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3(7 Suppl. 1), S67-S70 (2005).
53. Yokoi C, Gotoda T, Hamanaka H, Oda I. Endoscopic submucosal dissection allows curative resection of locally recurrent early gastric cancer after prior endoscopic mucosal resection. Gastrointest. Endosc. 64(2), 212-218 (2006).
54. Alvarez HL, Pouw RE, van Vilsteren FG et al. Safety and efficacy of multiband mucosectomy in 1060 resections in Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 43(3), 177-183 (2011).
55. Narahara H, Iishi H, Tatsuta M et al. Effectiveness of endoscopic mucosal resection with submucosal saline injection technique for superficial squamous carcinomas of the esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. 52(6), 730-734 (2000).
56. Tani M, Sakai P, Kondo H. Endoscopic mucosal resection of superficial cancer in the stomach using the cap technique. Endoscopy 35(4), 348-355 (2003).
57. Pech O, Behrens A, May A et al. Long-term results and risk factor analysis for recurrence after curative endoscopic therapy in 349 patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and mucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 57(9), 1200-1206 (2008).
58. Yamamoto H, Kawata H, Sunada K et al. Success rate of curative endoscopic mucosal resection with circumferential mucosal incision assisted by submucosal injection of sodium hyaluronate. Gastrointest. Endosc. 56(4), 507-512 (2002).
59. Repici A, Hassan C, Carlino A et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: results from a prospective western series. Gastrointest. Endosc. 71(4), 715-721 (2010).
60. Fukami N, Yen RD, Brauer BC, Shah RJ. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for barrett's high grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma: a U.S. single centre's experience. Gastrointest. Endosc. 73(4) AB114 (2011).
61. Smith CD, Bejarano PA, Melvin WS, Patti MG, Muthusamy R, Dunkin BJ. Endoscopic ablation of intestinal metaplasia containing high-grade dysplasia in esophagectomy patients using a balloon-based ablation system. Surg. Endosc. 21(4), 560-569 (2007).
62. Bumgarner J, Panjehpour M, Long MD et al. Comparison of catheter-based radiofrequency ablation and photodynamic therapy for Barrett's oesophagus. Digestive Diseases Week 134(4 Suppl.1), A436 (2008).
63. Lyday WD, Corbett FS, Kuperman DA et al. Radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus: outcomes of 429 patients from a multicenter community practice registry. Endoscopy 42(4), 272-278 (2010).
64. Pouw RE, Gondrie JJ, Curvers WL, Sondermeijer CM, Ten Kate FJ, Bergman JJ. Successful balloon-based radiofrequency ablation of a widespread early squamous cell carcinoma and high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus: a case report. Gastrointest. Endosc. 68(3), 537-541 (2008).
65. van Vilsteren FG, Alvarez HL, Pouw RE et al. Radiofrequency ablation for the endoscopic eradication of esophageal squamous high grade intraepithelial neoplasia and mucosal squamous cell carcinoma. Endoscopy 43(4), 282-290 (2011).
66. Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF et al. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(22), 2277-2288 (2009).
67. Bulsiewicz WJ, Shaheen NJ. The role of radiofrequency ablation in the management of Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 21(1), 95-109 (2011).
68. Boger PC, Turner D, Roderick P, Patel P. A UK-based cost-utility analysis of radiofrequency ablation or oesophagectomy for the management of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 32(11-12), 1332-1342 (2010).
69. Pouw RE, Gondrie JJ, Rygiel AM et al. Properties of the neosquamous epithelium after radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus containing neoplasia. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104(6), 1366-1373 (2009).
70. Shaheen NJ, Peery AF, Overholt BF et al. Biopsy depth after radiofrequency ablation of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. 72(3), 490-496 (2010).
71. Pouw RE, Wirths K, Eisendrath P et al. Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation combined with endoscopic resection for barrett's esophagus with early neoplasia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(1), 23-29 (2010).
72. Laukka MA, Wang KK. Initial results using low-dose photodynamic therapy in the treatment of Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. 42(1), 59-63 (1995).
73. Gomer CJ, Dougherty TJ. Determination of [3H]- and [14C]hematoporphyrin derivative distribution in malignant and normal tissue. Cancer Res. 39(1), 146-151 (1979).
74. Gossner L, Stolte M, Sroka R et al. Photodynamic ablation of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's esophagus by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Gastroenterology 114(3), 448-455 (1998).
75. Pech O, Gossner L, May A et al. Long-term results of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid for superficial Barrett's cancer and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Gastrointest. Endosc. 62(1), 24-30 (2005).
76. Overholt BF, Lightdale CJ, Wang KK et al. Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium for ablation of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: international, partially blinded, randomized Phase III trial. Gastrointest. Endosc. 62(4), 488-498 (2005).
77. Ragunath K, Krasner N, Raman VS, Haqqani MT, Phillips CJ, Cheung I. Endoscopic ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus comparing argon plasma coagulation and photodynamic therapy: a randomized prospective trial assessing efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 40(7), 750-758 (2005).
78. Van Laethem JL, Jagodzinski R, Peny MO, Cremer M, Deviere J. Argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia and in situ adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy 33(3), 257-261 (2001).
79. Attwood SE, Lewis CJ, Caplin S, Hemming K, Armstrong G. Argon beam plasma coagulation as therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1(4), 258-263 (2003).
80. Manner H, Rabenstein T, Braun K et al. What should we do with the remainder of the Barrett's segment after endoscopic resection of early Barrett's cancer? Intermediate results of the first prospective-randomized trial on the APC ablation of residual Barrett's mucosa with concomitant esomeprazole therapy versus surveillance without ablation after ER of early Barrett's cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 71(5), AB175 (2010).
81. Greenwald BD, Dumot JA, Abrams JA et al. Endoscopic spray cryotherapy for esophageal cancer: safety and efficacy. Gastrointest. Endosc. 71(4), 686-693 (2010).
82. Shaheen NJ, Greenwald BD, Peery AF et al. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic spray cryotherapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest. Endosc. 71(4), 680-685 (2010).
83. Odze RD, Lauwers GY. Histopathology of Barrett's esophagus after ablation and endoscopic mucosal resection therapy. Endoscopy 40(12), 1008-1015 (2008).
84. Barham CP, Jones RL, Biddlestone LR, Hardwick RH, Shepherd NA, Barr H. Photothermal laser ablation of Barrett's oesophagus: endoscopic and histological evidence of squamous re-epithelialisation. Gut 41(3), 281-284 (1997).
85. Bronner MP, Overholt BF, Taylor SL et al. Squamous overgrowth is not a safety concern for photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 136(1), 56-64 (2009).
86. Overholt BF, Panjehpour M, Halberg DL. Photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia and/or early stage carcinoma: long-term results. Gastrointest. Endosc. 58(2), 183-188 (2003).
87. Hornick JL, Mino-Kenudson M, Lauwers GY, Liu W, Goyal R, Odze RD. Buried Barrett's epithelium following photodynamic therapy shows reduced crypt proliferation and absence of DNA content abnormalities. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103(1), 38-47 (2008).
88. Hornick JL, Blount PL, Sanchez CA et al. Biologic properties of columnar epithelium underneath reepithelialized squamous mucosa in Barrett's esophagus. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 29(3), 372-380 (2005).
89. Van Laethem JL, Peny MO, Salmon I, Cremer M, Deviere J. Intramucosal adenocarcinoma arising under squamous re-epithelialisation of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 46(4), 574-577 (2000).
90. Sampliner RE, Fass R. Partial regression of Barrett's esophagus - an inadequate endpoint. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88(12), 2092-2094 (1993).
91. Gray NA, Odze RD, Spechler SJ. Buried metaplasia after endoscopic ablation of barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Am. J. Gastroenterol. DOI: 10.1038/ ajg.2011.255 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
92. Katada C, Muto M, Manabe T, Boku N, Ohtsu A, Yoshida S. Esophageal stenosis after endoscopic mucosal resection of superficial esophageal lesions. Gastrointest. Endosc. 57(2), 165-169 (2003).
93. Wolfsen HC, Crook JE, Krishna M et al. Prospective, controlled tandem endoscopy study of narrow band imaging for dysplasia detection in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 135(1), 24-31 (2008).
94. Prasad GA, Wang KK, Buttar NS, Wongkeesong LM, Lutzke LS, Borkenhagen LS. Predictors of stricture formation after photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. 65(1), 60-66 (2007).
95. Vassiliou MC, von RD, Wiener DC, Gordon SR, Rothstein RI. Treatment of ultralong-segment Barrett's using focal and balloon-based radiofrequency ablation. Surg. Endosc. 24(4), 786-791 (2010).
96. van Vilsteren FG, Pouw RE, Seewald S et al. Stepwise radical endoscopic resection versus radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's oesophagus with high-grade dysplasia or early cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Gut 60(6), 765-773 (2011).
97. Goldblum JR. Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-related dysplasia. Mod. Pathol. 16(4), 316-324 (2003).
98. Sikkema M, de Jonge PJ, Steyerberg EW, Kuipers EJ. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and mortality in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(3), 235-244 (2010).
99. de Jonge PJ, van Blankenstein M, Looman CW, Casparie MK, Meijer GA, Kuipers EJ. Risk of malignant progression in patients with Barrett's oesophagus: a Dutch nationwide cohort study. Gut 59(8), 1030-1036 (2010).
100. Wani S. Population-based estimates of cancer and mortality in Barrett's esophagus: implications for the future. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9(9), 723-724 (2011).
101. Chang EY, Morris CD, Seltman AK et al. The effect of antireflux surgery on esophageal carcinogenesis in patients with barrett esophagus: a systematic review. Ann. Surg. 246(1), 11-21 (2007).
102. Fleischer DE, Overholt BF, Sharma VK et al. Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus: 5-year outcomes from a prospective multicenter trial. Endoscopy 42(10), 781-789 (2010).
103. Johnston MH, Eastone JA, Horwhat JD, Cartledge J, Mathews JS, Foggy JR. Cryoablation of Barrett's esophagus: a pilot study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 62(6), 842-848 (2005).
104. Curvers WL, Ten Kate FJ, Krishnadath KK et al. Low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: overdiagnosed and underestimated. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(7), 1523-1530 (2010).
105. Hameeteman W, Tytgat GN, Houthoff HJ, van den Tweel JG. Barrett's esophagus: development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 96(5 Pt 1), 1249-1256 (1989).
106. Sharma P, Falk GW, Weston AP, Reker D, Johnston M, Sampliner RE. Dysplasia and cancer in a large multicenter cohort of patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4(5), 566-572 (2006).
107. Skacel M, Petras RE, Gramlich TL, Sigel JE, Richter JE, Goldblum JR. The diagnosis of low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus and its implications for disease progression. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95(12), 3383-3387 (2000).
108. Wani S, Falk GW, Post J et al. Risk factors for progression of low-grade dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 141(4), 1179-1186 (2011).
109. Wang KK, Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103(3), 788-797 (2008).
110. Levine DS, Haggitt RC, Blount PL, Rabinovitch PS, Rusch VW, Reid BJ. An endoscopic biopsy protocol can differentiate high-grade dysplasia from early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 105(1), 40-50 (1993).
111. Stein HJ, Feith M, Mueller J, Werner M, Siewert JR. Limited resection for early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Ann. Surg. 232(6), 733-742 (2000).
112. Bennett C, Green S, Barr H et al. Surgery versus radical endotherapies for early cancer and high grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (5), CD007334 (2010).
113. Yachimski P, Nishioka NS, Richards E, Hur C. Treatment of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or cancer: predictors of surgical versus endoscopic therapy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6(11), 1206-1211 (2008).
114. Konda VJ, Ross AS, Ferguson MK et al. Is the risk of concomitant invasive esophageal cancer in high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus overestimated? Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6(2), 159-164 (2008).
115. Schnell TG, Sontag SJ, Chejfec G et al. Long-term nonsurgical management of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 120(7), 1607-1619 (2001).
116. Curvers WL, Bansal A, Sharma P, Bergman JJ. Endoscopic work-up of early Barrett's neoplasia. Endoscopy 40(12), 1000-1007 (2008).
117. Pech O, May A, Gossner L. The effect of ablation of non-neoplastic Barrett's epithelium of recurrence rate of high grade dysplasia and early Barrett's cancer after endoscopic therapy: an analysis of 219 patients. Digestive Diseases Week 19, 15 (2007).
118. Prasad GA, Wang KK, Buttar NS et al. Long-term survival following endoscopic and surgical treatment of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 132(4), 1226-1233 (2007).
119. Chennat J, Konda VJ, Ross AS et al. Complete Barrett's eradication endoscopic mucosal resection: an effective treatment modality for high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma - an American single-center experience. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104(11), 2684-2692 (2009).
120. Pouw RE, Seewald S, Gondrie JJ et al. Stepwise radical endoscopic resection for eradication of Barrett's oesophagus with early neoplasia in a cohort of 169 patients. Gut 59(9), 1169-1177 (2010).
121. Overholt BF, Wang KK, Burdick JS et al. Five-year efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy with photofrin in Barrett's high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest. Endosc. 66(3), 460-468 (2007).
122. Sibille A, Lambert R, Souquet JC, Sabben G, Descos F. Long-term survival after photodynamic therapy for esophageal cancer. Gastroenterology 108(2), 337-344 (1995).
123. Shaheen NJ, Peery AF, Hawes RH et al. Quality of life following radiofrequency ablation of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 42(10), 790-799 (2010).
124. Pech O, May A, Manner H, Pohl H, Ell C. Endoscopic resection in 953 patients with mucosal Barrett's cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 73(4), AB146 (2011).
125. Takeshita K, Tani M, Inoue H et al. Endoscopic treatment of early oesophageal or gastric cancer. Gut 40(1), 123-127 (1997).
126. Pech O, May A, Gossner L et al. Curative endoscopic therapy in patients with early esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Endoscopy 39(1), 30-35 (2007).
127. Isono K. Guidelines for clinical and pathological studies on carcinoma of the esophagus. Esophagus 1(2), 61-88 (1997).
128. Higuchi K, Tanabe S, Koizumi W et al. Expansion of the indications for endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy 39(1), 36-40 (2007).
129. Shimizu Y, Tsukagoshi H, Fujita M, Hosokawa M, Kato M, Asaka M. Long-term outcome after endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading the muscularis mucosae or deeper. Gastrointest. Endosc. 56(3), 387-390 (2002).
130. Ota M, Ide H, Hayashi K et al. Multimodality treatments with endoscopic mucosal resection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with submucosal invasion. Surg. Endosc. 17(9), 1429-1433 (2003).
131. Shimizu Y, Kato M, Yamamoto J et al. EMR combined with chemoradiotherapy: a novel treatment for superficial esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Gastrointest. Endosc. 59(2), 199-204 (2004).
132. Fujishiro M, Yahagi N, Kakushima N et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal squamous cell neoplasms. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4(6), 688-694 (2006).
133. Tanaka T, Matono S, Nagano T et al. Photodynamic therapy for large superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc. 73(1), 1-6 (2011).
134. Dunn JM, Thorpe S, Novelli MR, Bown SG, Lovat L. Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of squamous high grade dysplasia of the oesophagus - first reported series. Gastrointest. Endosc. 69(5), AB255 (2009).
135. Akhtar K, Byrne JP, Bancewicz J, Attwood SE. Argon beam plasma coagulation in the management of cancers of the esophagus and stomach. Surg. Endosc. 14(12), 1127-1130 (2000).
136. Schembre DB, Huang JL, Lin OS, Cantone N, Low DE. Treatment of Barrett's esophagus with early neoplasia: a comparison of endoscopic therapy and esophagectomy. Gastrointest. Endosc. 67(4), 595-601 (2008).
137. Weston AP, Banerjee SK, Sharma P, Tran TM, Richards R, Cherian R. p53 protein overexpression in low grade dysplasia (LGD) in Barrett's esophagus: immunohistochemical marker predictive of progression. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96(5), 1355-1362 (2001).
138. Morales CP, Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Hallmarks of cancer progression in Barrett's oesophagus. Lancet 360(9345), 1587-1589 (2002).
139. Chao DL, Sanchez CA, Galipeau PC et al. Cell proliferation, cell cycle abnormalities, and cancer outcome in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a long-term prospective study. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(21), 6988-6995 (2008).
140. Rabinovitch PS, Longton G, Blount PL, Levine DS, Reid BJ. Predictors of progression in Barrett's esophagus III: baseline flow cytometric variables. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96(11), 3071-3083 (2001).
141. Ferraris R, Bonelli L, Conio M, Fracchia M, Lapertosa G, Aste H. Incidence of Barrett's adenocarcinoma in an Italian population: an endoscopic surveillance programme. Gruppo Operativo per lo Studio delle Precancerosi Esofagee (GOSPE).Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9(9), 881-885 (1997).
142. Abe N, Mori T, Izumisato Y et al. Successful treatment of an undifferentiated early stage gastric cancer by combined en bloc EMR and laparoscopic regional lymphadenectomy. Gastrointest. Endosc. 57(7), 972-975 (2003).
143. Ikeda K, Mosse CA, Park PO et al. Endoscopic full-thickness resection: circumferential cutting method. Gastrointest. Endosc. 64(1), 82-89 (2006).
144. Jankowski J, Vakil N, Ferguson M et al. Barrett's dysplasia cancer task force - BAD CAT: a global, multidisciplinary, consensus on the management of high grade dysplasia and early mucosal cancer in Barrett's esophagus. Digestive Disease Week 140, 1 (2011).