When knowledges meet: Engagements with clay and soil in Southern Africa

Journal of Social Archaeology

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 283-310

  Fredriksen, Per Ditlef ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

clay soil; ethnoarchaeology; knowledge systems; Later Iron Age; pottery; southern Africa

Indexed keywords

EID: 80055116177     PISSN: 14696053     EISSN: 17412951     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1469605311403852     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Agrawal MH.Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientific knowledge.Development and Change. 1995;26:413-439.
2. Andah BWMaking Alternative Histories. The Practice of Archaeology and History in Non-Western Settings. Schmidt PRPatterson TC, ed. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press; 1995:149-181.
3. Appadurai AThe Social Life of Things. Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Appadurai A, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1986:3-63.
4. Appiah KAThinking it Through: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003:.
5. Appiah KAKnowledge Cultures. Comparative Western and African Epistemology. Hamminga B, ed. Poznań Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 88. Amsterdam: Rodopi; 2005:23-56.
6. Ashton HThe Basuto. London: Oxford University Press; 1952:.
7. Barndon R.A discussion of magic and medicines in East African iron working: Actors and artefacts in technology.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2004;37 (1): 21-40.
8. Boeyens JCA.The Late Iron Age sequence in the Marico and early Tswana history.South African Archaeological Bulletin. 2003;58 (178): 63-78.
9. Boivin MMaterial Cultures, Material Minds. The Impact of Things on Human Thought, Society and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008:.
10. Bourdieu POutline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1977:.
11. Carsten J,Hugh-Jones SAbout the House. Lévi-Strauss and Beyond. Carsten JHugh-Jones S, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995:1-46.
12. Charest M.Thinking through living: Experience and the production of archaeological knowledge.Archaeologies. 2009;5 (3): 416-445.
13. Clammer JParticipating in Development. Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge. Sillitoe PBicker APottier J, ed. London: Routledge; 2002:43-63.
14. Collett DPThe Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. Shaw TSinclair PAndah BOkpoko J, ed. London: Routledge; 1993:499-511.
15. Comaroff JBody of Power, Spirit of Resistance. The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1985:.
16. Comaroff J,Comaroff JLEthnography and the Historical Imagination. Oxford: Westview Press; 1992:.
17. Damm C.Reply to comments: Towards a glocal archaeology?.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2006;39 (1): 75-79.
18. David N,Kramer CEthnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001:.
19. David N,Sterner J,Gavua K.Why pots are decorated.Current Anthropology. 1988;29 (3): 365-389.
20. De Beauvoir SThe Second Sex. New York: Vintage Books; 1989:.
21. De Heusch LExplorations in African Systems of Thought. Karp IBird CS, ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1980:27-43.
22. De Heusch LRois nés d'un coeur de vache. Paris: Gallimard; 1982:.
23. Denbow J,Smith J,Ndobochani NM,Atwood K,Miller D.Archaeological excavations at Bosutswe, Botswana: Cultural chronology, paleo-ecology and economy.Journal of Archaeological Science. 2008;35 (2): 459-480.
24. Dobres M-ATechnology and Social Agency: Outlining a Practice Framework for Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell; 2000:.
25. Dobres M-A,Robb JAgency in Archaeology. Dobres M-ARobb J, ed. London: Routledge; 2000:3-17.
26. Engelstad E.Much more than gender.Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 2007;14:217-234.
27. Evers TM,Huffman TN.On why pots are decorated the way they are.Current Anthropology. 1988;29 (5): 739-741.
28. Fahlander FMaterial Culture and Other Things. Post-disciplinary Studies in the 21st Century. Fahlander FOestigaard T, ed. Gotarc Series C 61. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg; 2004:185-211.
29. Fewster KJ.The potential of analogy in post-processual archaeologies: A case study from Basimane ward, Serowe, Botswana.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 2006;12:61-87.
30. Foucault MThe Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock; 1972:.
31. Fredriksen PD.Moving closer to the fire: Heat transformations and bucket-shaped pots in burials.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2006;39 (2): 126-137.
32. Fredriksen PD.Approaching intimacy: Interpretations of changes in Moloko household space.South African Archaeological Bulletin. 2007;62 (186): 126-139.
33. Fredriksen PDTransformations in clay. Material knowledges, thermodynamic spaces and the Moloko sequence of the Late Iron Age (AD 1300-1840) in Southern Africa. 2009:.
34. Fuglestvedt I.Arkeologi er også antropologi. En personlig tilnærming. [Archaeology is also anthropology. A personal approach].Primitive Tider. 2007/08;10:109-124.
35. Gell AAnthropology, Art and Aesthetics. Coote JShelton A, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1992:40-64.
36. Gell AArt and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998:.
37. Gilchrist R.Archaeological biographies: Realizing human lifecycles, -courses and -histories.World Archaeology. 2000;31 (3): 325-328.
38. Gilchrist RA Companion to Social Archaeology. Preucel RWMeskell L, ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2004:142-160.
39. Gillespie SDBeyond Kinship. Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies. Joyce RAGillespie SD, ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2000:1-21.
40. González-Ruibal A.The past is tomorrow. Towards an archaeology of the vanishing present.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2006a;39 (2): 110-125.
41. González-Ruibal A.The dream of reason. An archaeology of the failures of modernity in Ethiopia.Journal of Social Archaeology. 2006b;6 (2): 175-201.
42. González-Ruibal ACosmopolitan Archaeologies. Meskell L, ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2009:113-139.
43. Gosden CAnthropology and Archaeology: A Changing Relationship. London: Routledge; 1999:.
44. Gosden C.What do objects want?.Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 2005a;12 (3): 193-211.
45. Gosden CArchaeology: The Key Concepts. Renfrew CBahn P, ed. London: Routledge; 2005b:95-101.
46. Gosden C,Marshall Y.The cultural biography of objects.World Archaeology. 1999;31 (2): 169-178.
47. Gosselain OP.In pots we trust. The processing of clay and symbols in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of Material Culture. 1999;4 (2): 205-230.
48. Gosselain OP.Materializing identities: An African perspective.Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 2000;7 (3): 187-217.
49. Green LF.'Indigenous knowledge' and 'science': Reframing the debate on knowledge diversity.Archaeologies. 2008;4 (1): 144-163.
50. Green LF,Green DR,Neves EG.Indigenous knowledge and archaeological science: The challenges of public archaeology in the Reserva Uaçá.Journal of Social Archaeology. 2003;3 (3): 366-398.
51. Guyer JIGender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Di Leonardo M, ed. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1991:257-277.
52. Haaland G,Haaland R,Dea D.Furnace and pot: Why the iron smelter is a big pot maker. A case study from south-western Ethiopia.Azania. 2004;39:146-165.
53. Haaland R.Technology, transformation and symbolism: Ethnographic perspectives on European iron working.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2004;37 (1): 1-19.
54. Hacking IThe Social Construction of What?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1999:.
55. Hall MEmbedding Ethics. Meskell LPels P, ed. Oxford: Berg; 2005:169-194.
56. Hall SLGender in African Prehistory. Kent S, ed. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press; 1998:235-258.
57. Hall SLA Search for Origins: Science, History and South Africa's 'Cradle of Humankind'. Bonner PEsterhuysen AJenkins T, ed. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press; 2007:162-179.
58. Hall SL,Anderson M,Boeyens J,Coetzee FFive Hundred Years Rediscovered. Southern African Precedents and Prospects. 500 Year Initiative Conference Proceedings, 2007. Swanepoel NEsterhuysen ABonner P, ed. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press; 2008:55-85.
59. The Mfecane Aftermath: Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History. Hamilton C, ed. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press; 1995:.
60. Hammond-Tooke WDBoundaries and Belief: The Structure of a Sotho Worldview. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press; 1981:.
61. Hammond-Tooke WDThe Roots of Black South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball; 1993:.
62. Haraway DSimians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Associations Books; 1991:.
63. Harding SPhilosophy of Technology. The Technological Condition. An Anthology. Scharff RCDusek V, ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2003:154-169.
64. Heidegger MMartin Heidegger: Basic Writings. Krell DF, ed. London: Routledge; 1993:213-365.
65. Herbert EWIron, Gender and Power. Rituals of Transformation in African Societies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1993:.
66. Hoskins JBiographical Objects: How Things Tell the Stories of People's Lives. New York: Routledge; 1998:.
67. Huffman TN.Archaeological evidence and conventional explanations of Southern Bantu settlement patterns.Africa. 1986;56 (3): 280-298.
68. Huffman TN.Archaeological evidence for climatic change during the last 2000 years in southern Africa.Quaternary International. 1996;33:55-60.
69. Huffman TN.The central cattle pattern and interpreting the past.Southern African Humanities. 2001;13:19-35.
70. Huffman TN.Regionality in the Iron Age: The case of the Sotho-Tswana.Southern African Humanities. 2002;14:1-22.
71. Huffman TN.The archaeology of the Nguni past.Southern African Humanities. 2004;16:79-111.
72. Huffman TNHandbook to the Iron Age. The Archaeology of Pre-colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press; 2007:.
73. Huffman TN.Climatic change during the Iron Age in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin, southern Africa.Journal of Archaeological Science. 2008;35:2032-2047.
74. Ingold TThe Perception of the Environment. Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge; 2000:.
75. Insoll TArchaeology. The Conceptual Challenge. London: Duckworth; 2007:.
76. Jacobs NJ.Environment, production and social difference in the Kalahari Thornveld, c.1750-1830.Journal of Southern African Studies. 1999;25 (3): 347-373.
77. Jacobs NJEnvironment, Power, and Injustice. A South African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003:.
78. Karega-Munene K,Schmidt PR.Postcolonial archaeologies in Africa: Breaking the silence.African Archaeological Review. 2010;27 (4): 323-337.
79. Kgang ITraditional pottery making of Bakwena and Bakalanga of Botswana. An ethnographic observation and archaeological implication. 2003:.
80. Krause RAThe Clay Sleeps. An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Three African Potters. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; 1985:.
81. Kuper AWives for Cattle: Bridewealth and Marriage in Southern Africa. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1982:.
82. Landau PS.When rain falls: Rainmaking and community in a Tswana village, c.1870 to recent times.International Journal of African Historical Studies. 1993;26 (1): 1-30.
83. Lane PJAspects of African Archaeology. Papers from the 10th Congress of the Pan African Association for Prehistory and Related Studies. Pwiti GSoper R, ed. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications; 1996:727-732.
84. Lane PJDitswammung. The Archaeology of Botswana. Lane PJReid AMSegobye AK, ed. Gaborone: Pula Press; 1998a:177-205.
85. Lane PJGender in African Prehistory. Kent S, ed. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press; 1998b:179-203.
86. Lane PJAfrican Historical Archaeologies. Reid AMLane PJ, ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2004:269-299.
87. Lane PJAfrican Archaeology. ACritical Introduction. Stahl AB, ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2005:24-54.
88. Lane PJ.Oral histories and indigenous archaeology: An Africanist perspective. Comments on Charlotte Damm: Archaeology, Ethnohistory and Oral Traditions: Approaches to the Indigenous Past.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2006a;39 (1): 70-73.
89. Lane PJHandbook to Material Culture. Tilley CKeane WKüchler SRowlands MSpyer P, ed. London: SAGE; 2006b:402-424.
90. Larsson AModern Houses for Modern Life: The Transformation of Housing in Botswana. Lund: University of Lund, School of Architecture; 1990:.
91. Latour BWe Have Never Been Modern. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1993:.
92. Latour BPandora's Hope. Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1999:.
93. Latour BReassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005:.
94. Lawton AC.Bantu pottery of southern Africa.Annals of the South African Museum. 1967;49 (1): 1-440.
95. Lee Thorpe JA,Sealy JC,Morris AGPrehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level. Lambert JBGrupe G, ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1993:99-120.
96. Lemonnier PTechnological Choices. Transformations in Material Cultures since the Neolithic. Lemonnier P, ed. London: Routledge; 1993:1-35.
97. Long NDevelopment Sociology: Actor Perspectives. London: Routledge; 2001:.
98. Lucas G.The slipperiness of modernist dichotomies. Comments on Alfredo González-Ruibal: The past is tomorrow: Towards an archaeology of the vanishing present.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2007;40 (1): 94-96.
99. Maggs TMIron Age Communities of the Southern Highveld. Occasional Publications of the Natal Museum 2. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Museum; 1976:.
100. Maggs TMSouthern African Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments. Klein RG, ed. Rotterdam: A.A.Balkema; 1984:329-360.
101. Maggs TM.The Early Iron Age in the extreme south: Some patterns and problems.Azania. 1994/95;29/30:171-178.
102. Masolo DAAfrican Philosophy: New and Traditional Perspectives. Brown LM, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004:84-106.
103. Mendieta E.From imperial to dialogical cosmopolitanism.Ethics and Global Politics. 2009;2 (3): 241-258.
104. Menkiti IAAfrican Philosophy: New and Traditional Perspectives. Brown LM, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004:107-135.
105. Merleau-Ponty MThe Visible and the Invisible. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press; 1968:.
106. Meskell L.Archaeological ethnography: Conversations around Kruger Park.Archaeologies. 2005a;1 (1): 81-100.
107. Meskell LArchaeologies of Materiality. Meskell L, ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2005b:1-17.
108. Meskell L.Falling walls and mending fences: Archaeological ethnography in the Limpopo.Journal of Southern African Studies. 2007;33 (2): 383-400.
109. Meskell LCosmopolitan Archaeologies. Meskell L, ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2009:1-27.
110. Mignolo WD.The many faces of cosmo-polis: Border thinking and critical cosmopolitanism.Public Culture. 2000;12 (3): 721-748.
111. Miller DMateriality. Miller D, ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2005:1-50.
112. Mitchell PThe Archaeology of Southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002:.
113. Mitchell P,Whitelaw G.The archaeology of southernmost Africa from c.2000 BP to the early 1800s: A review of recent research.Journal of African History. 2005;46:209-241.
114. Moi TWhat is a Woman? And Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999:.
115. Mönnig HOThe Pedi. Pretoria: Van Schaik; 1967:.
116. Morton C.Remembering the house. Memory and materiality in Northern Botswana.Journal of Material Culture. 2007;12 (2): 157-179.
117. Motzafi-Haller PTransformations in the Tswapong Region. Central Botswana: National policies and local realities. PhD dissertation, Deparment of Anthropology, Brandeis University; 1992:.
118. Motzafi-Haller P.The politics of space and place in the Tswapong Region, Central Botswana.Canadian Journal of African Studies. 1997;31 (2): 229-267.
119. Motzafi-Haller PFragmented Worlds, Coherent Lives. The Politics of Difference in Botswana. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey; 2002:.
120. Ndoro W.Why decorate her?.Zimbabwea. 1991;3 (1): 60-65.
121. Ndoro WAspects of African Archaeology: Papers from the 10th PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies. Pwiti GSoper R, ed. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications; 1996:773-779.
122. Ngubane HBody and Mind in Zulu Medicine. London: Academic Press; 1977:.
123. Odner KTradition and Transmission. Bantu, Indo-European and Circumpolar Great Traditions. Bergen: Norse Publications; 2000:.
124. Oestigaard TMaterial Culture and Other Things. Post-disciplinary Studies in the 21st Century. Fahlander FOestigaard T, ed. Gotarc Series C 61. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg; 2004:21-55.
125. Olsen B.Material culture after text: Re-membering things.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2003;36 (2): 87-104.
126. Olsen B.Keeping things at arm's length: A genealogy of asymmetry.World Archaeology. 2007;39 (4): 579-588.
127. Oma KAHuman Animal Relationships. Mutual Becomings in Scandinavian and Sicilian Households 900-500 BC. Oslo Archaeological Series 9. Oslo: University of Oslo; 2007:.
128. Pottier JNegotiating Local Knowledge. Power and Identity in Development. Pottier JBicker ASillitoe P, ed. London: Pluto Press; 2003:1-29.
129. Ramose MThe African Philosophy Reader: A Text With Readings. Coetzee PHRoux APJ, ed. London: Routledge; 2003:1-8.
130. Reid AMAfrican Historical Archaeologies. Reid AMLane PJ, ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2004:301-324.
131. Reid AM,Lane PJAfrican Historical Archaeologies. Reid AMLane PJ, ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2004:1-31.
132. Reid AM,Lane PJ,Segobye A,Borjeson L,Mathibidi N,Sekgarametso P.Tswana architecture and responses to colonialism.World Archaeology. 1997;28 (3): 370-392.
133. Sahlins M.Goodbye to Tristes Tropes: Ethnography in the context of modern world history.Journal of Modern History. 1993;65:1-25.
134. Salmon MH.Ethical considerations in anthropology and archaeology, or relativism and justice for all.Journal of Anthropological Research. 1997;53 (1): 47-63.
135. Schapera IMarried Life in an African Tribe. London: Faber and Faber; 1940:.
136. Schapera IRainmaking Rites of Tswana Tribes. Leiden: Africa Study Centre; 1971:.
137. Schlanger N.The past is in the present: On the history and archives of archaeology.Modernism/Modernity. 2004;11 (1): 165-167.
138. Schmidt PRRepresentation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press; 2006:.
139. Postcolonial Archaeologies in Africa. Schmidt PR, ed. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press; 2009:.
140. Schmidt PR,Walz J.Re-representing African pasts through historical archaeology.American Antiquity. 2007;72 (1): 53-70.
141. Schnapp J,Shanks M,Tiews M.Archaeology, modernism, modernity. Editors' introduction to 'Archaeologies of the modern'.Modernism/Modernity. 2004;11 (1): 1-16.
142. Segobye AGender in African Prehistory. Kent S, ed. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press; 1998:227-233.
143. Serres MThe Natural Contract. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press; 1995:.
144. Sillitoe PParticipating in Development. Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge. Sillitoe PBicker APottier J, ed. London: Routledge; 2002:108-138.
145. Souvatzi SGA Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An Anthropological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008:.
146. Stahl AB.'Postcolonial Archaeologies in Africa'. African Archaeological Review. 2010;27 (2): 165-168.
147. Sterner JThe Ways of the Mandara Mountain. A Comparative Regional Approach. Westafrikanisches Studien: Frankfurter Beiträge zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte, Band 28. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag; 2003:.
148. Thebe PCAn archaeological study of pottery from Ntsweng, Molepolole. MA dissertation: Department of History, University of Botswana; 1996:.
149. Thévenot LThe Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory. Schatzki TRKnorr-Cetina KVon Savigny E, ed. London: Routledge; 2001:56-73.
150. Thomas JArchaeology and Modernity. London: Routledge; 2004:.
151. Tuhiwai-Smith LDecolonizing Methodologies. Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books; 1999:.
152. Warnier J-PHandbook to Material Culture. Tilley CKeane WKüchler SRowlands MSpyer P, ed. London: SAGE; 2006:186-195.
153. Warnier J-PThe Pot-King. The Body and Technologies of Power. African Social Studies Series 17. Leiden: Brill; 2007:.
154. Webmoor T,Witmore CL.Things are us! A commentary on human/things relations under the banner of a 'social' archaeology.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2008;41 (1): 53-70.
155. Widgren MArchaeology of Drylands: Living on Margins. Barker G, ed. Florence: Routledge; 2000:252-267.
156. Wilkie LA,Hayes KH.Engendered and feminist archaeologies of the recent and documented pasts.Journal of Archaeological Research. 2006;14:243-264.
157. Witmore CL.Archaeology and modernity' - or archaeology and a modernist amnesia? Comments on Julian Thomas (2004) 'Archaeology and Modernity.Norwegian Archaeological Review. 2006;39 (1): 49-52.
158. Witmore CL.Symmetrical archaeology: Excerpts of a manifesto.World Archaeology. 2007;39 (4): 546-562.
159. Wobst HMIndigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice. Smith CWobst HM, ed. One World Archaeology 47. London: Routledge; 2005:17-32.