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Volumn 25, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 346-373

Environment, production and social difference in the Kalahari Thornveld, c1750-1830

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL HISTORY; FOOD PRODUCTION; GENDER ROLE; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; PASTORALISM;

EID: 0032753880     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/030570799108560     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (7)

References (310)
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    • This area stretches' from north-east of modern Vryburg over Kuruman to west of Olifantshoek in present-day South Africa's Northern Cape and North-West Provinces. Definitions of environmental zones are inexact. Most of the area discussed in this history is not considered Kalahari proper. See D. Thomas and P. Shaw, The Kalahari Environment (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 1-4. The term 'Kalahari Thornveld' is from Acocks. J.P.H. Acocks, Veld Types of Southern Africa (Pretoria, Botanical Research Institute, 1988), pp. 44-49.
    • (1991) The Kalahari Environment , pp. 1-4
    • Thomas, D.1    Shaw, P.2
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    • This area stretches' from north-east of modern Vryburg over Kuruman to west of Olifantshoek in present-day South Africa's Northern Cape and North-West Provinces. Definitions of environmental zones are inexact. Most of the area discussed in this history is not considered Kalahari proper. See D. Thomas and P. Shaw, The Kalahari Environment (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 1-4. The term 'Kalahari Thornveld' is from Acocks. J.P.H. Acocks, Veld Types of Southern Africa (Pretoria, Botanical Research Institute, 1988), pp. 44-49.
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    • note
    • Because of its greater size and better documentation, this essay makes more frequent reference to the Tlhaping than the Tlharo chiefdom.
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    • Boserup points out that in Europe people understood the techniques of intensification and delayed using them because of the extra labour involved. Boserup, The Conditions, p. 38.
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    • Regarding archeological research into agro-pastoralist sites near Kuruman, see T. Maggs, Bilabial Dwellings: a Persistent Feature of Southern Tswana Settlements, Goodwin Series, 1 (South African Archaeological Society, 1972), pp. 54-64; A.J.B. Humphreys, 'Note on the Southern Limits of Iron Age Settlement in the Northern Cape', South African Archaeological Bulletin, 31, 121-122 (1976). pp. 54-57; A.I. Thackeray, J.F. Thackeray and P. Beaumont, 'Excavations at the Blinkklipkop Specularite Mine Near Postmasburg, Northern Cape', South African Archaeological Bulletin, 38, 137 (1983), pp. 17-24.
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    • Regarding archeological research into agro-pastoralist sites near Kuruman, see T. Maggs, Bilabial Dwellings: a Persistent Feature of Southern Tswana Settlements, Goodwin Series, 1 (South African Archaeological Society, 1972), pp. 54-64; A.J.B. Humphreys, 'Note on the Southern Limits of Iron Age Settlement in the Northern Cape', South African Archaeological Bulletin, 31, 121-122 (1976). pp. 54-57; A.I. Thackeray, J.F. Thackeray and P. Beaumont, 'Excavations at the Blinkklipkop Specularite Mine Near Postmasburg, Northern Cape', South African Archaeological Bulletin, 38, 137 (1983), pp. 17-24.
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    • Regarding archeological research into agro-pastoralist sites near Kuruman, see T. Maggs, Bilabial Dwellings: a Persistent Feature of Southern Tswana Settlements, Goodwin Series, 1 (South African Archaeological Society, 1972), pp. 54-64; A.J.B. Humphreys, 'Note on the Southern Limits of Iron Age Settlement in the Northern Cape', South African Archaeological Bulletin, 31, 121-122 (1976). pp. 54-57; A.I. Thackeray, J.F. Thackeray and P. Beaumont, 'Excavations at the Blinkklipkop Specularite Mine Near Postmasburg, Northern Cape', South African Archaeological Bulletin, 38, 137 (1983), pp. 17-24.
    • (1983) South African Archaeological Bulletin , vol.38 , Issue.137 , pp. 17-24
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    • D.F. Ellenberger and J.C. MacGregor, History of the Basotho Ancient and Modern (London, Caxton, 1912), pp. 52-53. J.T. Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads (London, Sceley, Service), pp. 204-205. There are kraal ruins at old Dithakong, which were built before settlement by the Tlhaping. D. Morris, 'Dithakong: "The Place of Ruins", Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape (Kimberley, MacGregor Museum, 1990), pp. 148-154.
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    • D.F. Ellenberger and J.C. MacGregor, History of the Basotho Ancient and Modern (London, Caxton, 1912), pp. 52-53. J.T. Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads (London, Sceley, Service), pp. 204-205. There are kraal ruins at old Dithakong, which were built before settlement by the Tlhaping. D. Morris, 'Dithakong: "The Place of Ruins", Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape (Kimberley, MacGregor Museum, 1990), pp. 148-154.
    • Among the Bantu Nomads , pp. 204-205
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    • D.F. Ellenberger and J.C. MacGregor, History of the Basotho Ancient and Modern (London, Caxton, 1912), pp. 52-53. J.T. Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads (London, Sceley, Service), pp. 204-205. There are kraal ruins at old Dithakong, which were built before settlement by the Tlhaping. D. Morris, 'Dithakong: "The Place of Ruins", Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape (Kimberley, MacGregor Museum, 1990), pp. 148-154.
    • (1990) Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape , pp. 148-154
    • Morris, D.1
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    • T. Maggs and G. Whitelaw, 'A Review of Recent Archaeological Research on Food-producing communities in Southern Africa', Journal of African History, 32,1 (1991), p. 5. This fluidity is a strong theme in archaeological findings throughout the region. See also J. Denbow, 'Patterns and Processes: a New Look at the Later Pre-history of the Kalahari', Journal of African History, 27, 1 (1986), pp. 3-28. J. Parkington and M. Hall, 'Patterning in Recent Radiocarbon Dates from Southern Africa as a Reflection of Prehistoric Settlement and Interaction', Journal of African History; 28, 1 (1987), pp. 1-25.
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    • T. Maggs and G. Whitelaw, 'A Review of Recent Archaeological Research on Food-producing communities in Southern Africa', Journal of African History, 32,1 (1991), p. 5. This fluidity is a strong theme in archaeological findings throughout the region. See also J. Denbow, 'Patterns and Processes: a New Look at the Later Pre-history of the Kalahari', Journal of African History, 27, 1 (1986), pp. 3-28. J. Parkington and M. Hall, 'Patterning in Recent Radiocarbon Dates from Southern Africa as a Reflection of Prehistoric Settlement and Interaction', Journal of African History; 28, 1 (1987), pp. 1-25.
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    • T. Maggs and G. Whitelaw, 'A Review of Recent Archaeological Research on Food-producing communities in Southern Africa', Journal of African History, 32,1 (1991), p. 5. This fluidity is a strong theme in archaeological findings throughout the region. See also J. Denbow, 'Patterns and Processes: a New Look at the Later Pre-history of the Kalahari', Journal of African History, 27, 1 (1986), pp. 3-28. J. Parkington and M. Hall, 'Patterning in Recent Radiocarbon Dates from Southern Africa as a Reflection of Prehistoric Settlement and Interaction', Journal of African History; 28, 1 (1987), pp. 1-25.
    • (1987) Journal of African History , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-25
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    • J. Barrow, A Voyage to Cochinchina (London, Cadell and Davies, 1806; reprint edn, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 387. This is from 'An Account of a Journey to the Booshuanas', by P.J. Truter, Barrow's father-in-law, which Barrow edited for a book on his own travels in Asia. P. Borcherds, An AutoBiographical Memoir (Cape Town, A.A. Roberts, 1861 ; reprint edn, Cape Town, Africana Connoisseurs, 1963),p. 123. W. Somerville, in F. Bradlowand E. Bradlow(eds), William Somerville's Narrative of his Journeys to the Eastern Cape Frontier and to Lattakoe 1799-1802 (Cape Town, Van Riebeeck Society, 1979), p. 123.
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    • Cape Town, A.A. Roberts, 1861 ; reprint edn, Cape Town, Africana Connoisseurs
    • J. Barrow, A Voyage to Cochinchina (London, Cadell and Davies, 1806; reprint edn, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 387. This is from 'An Account of a Journey to the Booshuanas', by P.J. Truter, Barrow's father-in-law, which Barrow edited for a book on his own travels in Asia. P. Borcherds, An AutoBiographical Memoir (Cape Town, A.A. Roberts, 1861 ; reprint edn, Cape Town, Africana Connoisseurs, 1963),p. 123. W. Somerville, in F. Bradlowand E. Bradlow(eds), William Somerville's Narrative of his Journeys to the Eastern Cape Frontier and to Lattakoe 1799-1802 (Cape Town, Van Riebeeck Society, 1979), p. 123.
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    • J. Barrow, A Voyage to Cochinchina (London, Cadell and Davies, 1806; reprint edn, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 387. This is from 'An Account of a Journey to the Booshuanas', by P.J. Truter, Barrow's father-in-law, which Barrow edited for a book on his own travels in Asia. P. Borcherds, An AutoBiographical Memoir (Cape Town, A.A. Roberts, 1861 ; reprint edn, Cape Town, Africana Connoisseurs, 1963),p. 123. W. Somerville, in F. Bradlowand E. Bradlow(eds), William Somerville's Narrative of his Journeys to the Eastern Cape Frontier and to Lattakoe 1799-1802 (Cape Town, Van Riebeeck Society, 1979), p. 123.
    • (1979) William Somerville's Narrative of His Journeys to the Eastern Cape Frontier and to Lattakoe 1799-1802 , pp. 123
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    • Barrow differentiated between the 'Booshuanas' at Dithakong and the 'Baaroloos' (Barolong) further north, A Voyage, pp. 403-404.
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    • See note 150 below for further reference to Kok
    • Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 66. See note 150 below for further reference to Kok.
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    • London, Black, Perry, 1815; reprint edn, Cape Town, C. Struik
    • Campbell, Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of the Missionary Society (London, Black, Perry, 1815; reprint edn, Cape Town, C. Struik, 1974), pp. 206-207. A differing genealogy often cited in the Tlhaping tradition is J. Mackenzie, Austral Africa: Ruling It or Losing It, vol. 1 (London, Sampson, Low, Martin, Searle and Rivington, 1887), p. 43.
    • (1974) Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of the Missionary Society , pp. 206-207
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    • London, Sampson, Low, Martin, Searle and Rivington
    • Campbell, Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of the Missionary Society (London, Black, Perry, 1815; reprint edn, Cape Town, C. Struik, 1974), pp. 206-207. A differing genealogy often cited in the Tlhaping tradition is J. Mackenzie, Austral Africa: Ruling It or Losing It, vol. 1 (London, Sampson, Low, Martin, Searle and Rivington, 1887), p. 43.
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    • Mackenzie, J.1
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    • London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1902; reprint edn, Cape Town. C. Struik
    • G. Stow, The Native Races of South Africa (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1902; reprint edn, Cape Town. C. Struik, 1964), pp. 432-459; G. Theal, The Yellow and Dark-Skinned People of Africa South of the Zambezi (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1910; reprint edn, New York, Negro Universities, 1969), pp. 152-153; S. Molema, The Bantu Past and Present (Edinburgh W. Green and Son, 1920), pp. 38-40.
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    • Stow, G.1
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    • London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1910; reprint edn, New York, Negro Universities
    • G. Stow, The Native Races of South Africa (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1902; reprint edn, Cape Town. C. Struik, 1964), pp. 432-459; G. Theal, The Yellow and Dark-Skinned People of Africa South of the Zambezi (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1910; reprint edn, New York, Negro Universities, 1969), pp. 152-153; S. Molema, The Bantu Past and Present (Edinburgh W. Green and Son, 1920), pp. 38-40.
    • (1969) The Yellow and Dark-Skinned People of Africa South of the Zambezi , pp. 152-153
    • Theal, G.1
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    • Edinburgh W. Green and Son
    • G. Stow, The Native Races of South Africa (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1902; reprint edn, Cape Town. C. Struik, 1964), pp. 432-459; G. Theal, The Yellow and Dark-Skinned People of Africa South of the Zambezi (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1910; reprint edn, New York, Negro Universities, 1969), pp. 152-153; S. Molema, The Bantu Past and Present (Edinburgh W. Green and Son, 1920), pp. 38-40.
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    • Brown, Among the Bantu, pp. 205-208. Brown had long experience among the Tlhaping, but he does not record where he heard this story.
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    • Herkoms and Geskiedcnis van die Tlhaping
    • Language constructed and dated genealogies for Tlhaping chiefs. F.J. Language, 'Herkoms and Geskiedcnis van die Tlhaping', African Studies, 1 (1942), p. 117.
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    • Republic of South Africa, Department of Bantu Administration and Development Ethnological Publications, no. 49 Pretoria, Government Printer
    • P.L. Breutz, The Tribes of the Kuruman and Postmasburg District, Republic of South Africa, Department of Bantu Administration and Development Ethnological Publications, no. 49 (Pretoria, Government Printer, 1963), pp. 38, 154.
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    • I. Schapera (ed). London, Chatto and Windus, note 36 by editor
    • On the Thamaga, see R. Moffat, in I. Schapera (ed). Apprenticeship at Kuruman: Journals and tetters of Robert and Mary Moffat, 1820-1828 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1951 ) note 36 by editor, p. 102; Campbell, Travels, p. 214, Campbell, Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of The London Missionary Society; Being a Narrative of a Second Journey into the Interior of That Country, vol. 2 (London, London Missionary Society, 1822; reprint edn, New York, Johnson Reprints, 1967), pp. 6-8; S. Kay, Travels and Researches in Caffraria (New York, B. Waugh and T. Mason, 1834), p. 190.
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    • On the Thamaga, see R. Moffat, in I. Schapera (ed). Apprenticeship at Kuruman: Journals and tetters of Robert and Mary Moffat, 1820-1828 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1951 ) note 36 by editor, p. 102; Campbell, Travels, p. 214, Campbell, Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of The London Missionary Society; Being a Narrative of a Second Journey into the Interior of That Country, vol. 2 (London, London Missionary Society, 1822; reprint edn, New York, Johnson Reprints, 1967), pp. 6-8; S. Kay, Travels and Researches in Caffraria (New York, B. Waugh and T. Mason, 1834), p. 190.
    • Travels , pp. 214
    • Campbell1
  • 47
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    • London, London Missionary Society, 1822; reprint edn, New York, Johnson Reprints
    • On the Thamaga, see R. Moffat, in I. Schapera (ed). Apprenticeship at Kuruman: Journals and tetters of Robert and Mary Moffat, 1820-1828 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1951 ) note 36 by editor, p. 102; Campbell, Travels, p. 214, Campbell, Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of The London Missionary Society; Being a Narrative of a Second Journey into the Interior of That Country, vol. 2 (London, London Missionary Society, 1822; reprint edn, New York, Johnson Reprints, 1967), pp. 6-8; S. Kay, Travels and Researches in Caffraria (New York, B. Waugh and T. Mason, 1834), p. 190.
    • (1967) Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of the London Missionary Society; Being a Narrative of a Second Journey into the Interior of That Country , vol.2 , pp. 6-8
    • Campbell1
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    • New York, B. Waugh and T. Mason
    • On the Thamaga, see R. Moffat, in I. Schapera (ed). Apprenticeship at Kuruman: Journals and tetters of Robert and Mary Moffat, 1820-1828 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1951 ) note 36 by editor, p. 102; Campbell, Travels, p. 214, Campbell, Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of The London Missionary Society; Being a Narrative of a Second Journey into the Interior of That Country, vol. 2 (London, London Missionary Society, 1822; reprint edn, New York, Johnson Reprints, 1967), pp. 6-8; S. Kay, Travels and Researches in Caffraria (New York, B. Waugh and T. Mason, 1834), p. 190.
    • (1834) Travels and Researches in Caffraria , pp. 190
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    • The Tlharo tradition is not as well developed, so no similar treatment is possible. They hold that they are an offshoot of the Hurutsche. Their more proper name is 'Batho baga Motlhware', or 'people of the wild olive', for the original group took shelter under a tree. See Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 107-108; Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads, pp. 223-225; Breulz, The Tribes, pp. 38, 92. Despite this tradition, they also lived in communities with Korana. Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 73 -130, esp. p. 376. Korana presence is also evident in a map by Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 83. It refers to them as 'Matsamqua'. 'Ma' is an incorrect prefix for a plural form in the Tswana language and 'qua' is a Khoisan suffix for group names.
    • Second Journey , vol.2 , pp. 107-108
    • Campbell1
  • 50
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    • The Tlharo tradition is not as well developed, so no similar treatment is possible. They hold that they are an offshoot of the Hurutsche. Their more proper name is 'Batho baga Motlhware', or 'people of the wild olive', for the original group took shelter under a tree. See Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 107-108; Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads, pp. 223-225; Breulz, The Tribes, pp. 38, 92. Despite this tradition, they also lived in communities with Korana. Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 73 -130, esp. p. 376. Korana presence is also evident in a map by Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 83. It refers to them as 'Matsamqua'. 'Ma' is an incorrect prefix for a plural form in the Tswana language and 'qua' is a Khoisan suffix for group names.
    • Among the Bantu Nomads , pp. 223-225
    • Brown1
  • 51
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    • The Tlharo tradition is not as well developed, so no similar treatment is possible. They hold that they are an offshoot of the Hurutsche. Their more proper name is 'Batho baga Motlhware', or 'people of the wild olive', for the original group took shelter under a tree. See Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 107-108; Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads, pp. 223-225; Breulz, The Tribes, pp. 38, 92. Despite this tradition, they also lived in communities with Korana. Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 73 -130, esp. p. 376. Korana presence is also evident in a map by Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 83. It refers to them as 'Matsamqua'. 'Ma' is an incorrect prefix for a plural form in the Tswana language and 'qua' is a Khoisan suffix for group names.
    • The Tribes , pp. 38
    • Breulz1
  • 52
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    • The Tlharo tradition is not as well developed, so no similar treatment is possible. They hold that they are an offshoot of the Hurutsche. Their more proper name is 'Batho baga Motlhware', or 'people of the wild olive', for the original group took shelter under a tree. See Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 107-108; Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads, pp. 223-225; Breulz, The Tribes, pp. 38, 92. Despite this tradition, they also lived in communities with Korana. Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 73 -130, esp. p. 376. Korana presence is also evident in a map by Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 83. It refers to them as 'Matsamqua'. 'Ma' is an incorrect prefix for a plural form in the Tswana language and 'qua' is a Khoisan suffix for group names.
    • Second Journey , vol.2 , pp. 73-130
    • Campbell1
  • 53
    • 7644236241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tlharo tradition is not as well developed, so no similar treatment is possible. They hold that they are an offshoot of the Hurutsche. Their more proper name is 'Batho baga Motlhware', or 'people of the wild olive', for the original group took shelter under a tree. See Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 107-108; Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads, pp. 223-225; Breulz, The Tribes, pp. 38, 92. Despite this tradition, they also lived in communities with Korana. Campbell, Second Journey, 2, pp. 73 -130, esp. p. 376. Korana presence is also evident in a map by Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 83. It refers to them as 'Matsamqua'. 'Ma' is an incorrect prefix for a plural form in the Tswana language and 'qua' is a Khoisan suffix for group names.
    • About the Bechuanas , pp. 83
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 54
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    • A. Pumptre (trans) London, Henry Colburn, 1812; reprint edn, Cape Town, Van Riebeeck Society
    • H. Lichtenstein, in A. Pumptre (trans) Travels in Southern Africa in the Years 1803, 1804,1805, and 1806, vol. 2 (London, Henry Colburn, 1812; reprint edn, Cape Town, Van Riebeeck Society, 1930), p. 371.
    • (1930) Travels in Southern Africa in the Years 1803, 1804,1805, and 1806 , vol.2 , pp. 371
    • Lichtenstein, H.1
  • 57
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    • Legassick, 'The Griqua, the Sotho', p. 48, described it as a period of amalgamation. N. Parsons wrote of Tswana wars between 1770 and 1820 in A New History of Southern Africa (London, Macmillan, 1982), pp. 48-50.
    • The Griqua, the Sotho , pp. 48
    • Legassick1
  • 58
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    • wrote of Tswana wars between 1770 and 1820 London, Macmillan
    • Legassick, 'The Griqua, the Sotho', p. 48, described it as a period of amalgamation. N. Parsons wrote of Tswana wars between 1770 and 1820 in A New History of Southern Africa (London, Macmillan, 1982), pp. 48-50.
    • (1982) A New History of Southern Africa , pp. 48-50
    • Parsons, N.1
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    • Prelude to Difiqane in the Interior of Southern Africa c. 1600-c. 1822
    • C. Hamilton (ed), Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press
    • N. Parsons, in 'Prelude to Difiqane in the Interior of Southern Africa c. 1600-c. 1822', in C. Hamilton (ed), The Mfecane Aftermath: Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History (Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press, 1995), pp. 323-349; A. Manson, 'Conflict in the Western Highveld/Southern Kalahari C1750-1820', in Hamilton (ed), The Mfecane Aflennath, pp. 351-361.
    • (1995) The Mfecane Aftermath: Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History , pp. 323-349
    • Parsons, N.1
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    • Conflict in the Western Highveld/Southern Kalahari C1750-1820
    • Hamilton (ed)
    • N. Parsons, in 'Prelude to Difiqane in the Interior of Southern Africa c. 1600-c. 1822', in C. Hamilton (ed), The Mfecane Aftermath: Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History (Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press, 1995), pp. 323-349; A. Manson, 'Conflict in the Western Highveld/Southern Kalahari C1750-1820', in Hamilton (ed), The Mfecane Aflennath, pp. 351-361.
    • The Mfecane Aflennath , pp. 351-361
    • Manson, A.1
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    • See Borcherds, An AutoBiographical Memoir, p. 114 and Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 378, for reports of theft by 'bushmen' near Tlhaping territory.
    • An AutoBiographical Memoir , pp. 114
    • Borcherds1
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    • See Borcherds, An AutoBiographical Memoir, p. 114 and Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 378, for reports of theft by 'bushmen' near Tlhaping territory.
    • Travels in the Interior , vol.2 , pp. 378
    • Burchell1
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    • A Short History of the Bangwaketse
    • I. Schapera, 'A Short History of the Bangwaketse', African Studies, 1 (1947), p. 3; E. Wilmsen, A Land Filled With Flies: a Political Economy of the Kalahari (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp. 84-85.
    • (1947) African Studies , vol.1 , pp. 3
    • Schapera, I.1
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    • Campbell, Travels, p. 186. He apparently missed the humour behind this circular reasoning.
    • Travels , pp. 186
    • Campbell1
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    • Slave Raiding Across the Cape Frontier
    • E. Eldredge and F. Morton (eds), Boulder, Westview Press
    • E. Eldredge, 'Slave Raiding Across the Cape Frontier', in E. Eldredge and F. Morton (eds), Slavery in South Africa: Captive Labor on the Dutch Frontier (Boulder, Westview Press, 1994), pp. 101-114.
    • (1994) Slavery in South Africa: Captive Labor on the Dutch Frontier , pp. 101-114
    • Eldredge, E.1
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    • Manson, 'Conflict in the Western Highveld', p. 357; Parsons, 'Prelude to Difiqane ', pp. 338-341; See also E. Eldredge, 'Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800-1830: the "Mfecane" Reconsidered', in C. Hamilton (ed), The Mfecane Aftermath, pp. 157-160.
    • Conflict in the Western Highveld , pp. 357
    • Manson1
  • 73
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    • Manson, 'Conflict in the Western Highveld', p. 357; Parsons, 'Prelude to Difiqane ', pp. 338-341; See also E. Eldredge, 'Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800-1830: the "Mfecane" Reconsidered', in C. Hamilton (ed), The Mfecane Aftermath, pp. 157-160.
    • Prelude to Difiqane , pp. 338-341
    • Parsons1
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    • Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800-1830: The "Mfecane" Reconsidered
    • C. Hamilton (ed)
    • Manson, 'Conflict in the Western Highveld', p. 357; Parsons, 'Prelude to Difiqane ', pp. 338-341; See also E. Eldredge, 'Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800-1830: the "Mfecane" Reconsidered', in C. Hamilton (ed), The Mfecane Aftermath, pp. 157-160.
    • The Mfecane Aftermath , pp. 157-160
    • Eldredge, E.1
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    • Manson, 'Conflict in the Western Highveld', pp. 227-228; Parsons, 'Prelude to Difiqane', pp. 336-337.
    • Prelude to Difiqane , pp. 336-337
    • Parsons1
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    • Lichtenstein. About the Bechuanas, pp. 80-81. On caille types, see M. Hall and A.B. Smith (eds), Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa, Goodwin Series, 5 (South African Archaeological Society, 1986), pp. 16-17; H.H. Curson and R.W. Thornton, 'A Contribution to the Study of African Native Cattle', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 7 (1936), pp. 646, 661-663; H. Epstein, 'Animal Husbandry of the Hottentots', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 9 (1937), pp. 640-641.
    • About the Bechuanas , pp. 80-81
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 85
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    • Goodwin Series, South African Archaeological Society
    • Lichtenstein. About the Bechuanas, pp. 80-81. On caille types, see M. Hall and A.B. Smith (eds), Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa, Goodwin Series, 5 (South African Archaeological Society, 1986), pp. 16-17; H.H. Curson and R.W. Thornton, 'A Contribution to the Study of African Native Cattle', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 7 (1936), pp. 646, 661-663; H. Epstein, 'Animal Husbandry of the Hottentots', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 9 (1937), pp. 640-641.
    • (1986) Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa , vol.5 , pp. 16-17
    • Hall, M.1    Smith, A.B.2
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    • A Contribution to the Study of African Native Cattle
    • Lichtenstein. About the Bechuanas, pp. 80-81. On caille types, see M. Hall and A.B. Smith (eds), Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa, Goodwin Series, 5 (South African Archaeological Society, 1986), pp. 16-17; H.H. Curson and R.W. Thornton, 'A Contribution to the Study of African Native Cattle', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 7 (1936), pp. 646, 661-663; H. Epstein, 'Animal Husbandry of the Hottentots', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 9 (1937), pp. 640-641.
    • (1936) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry , vol.7 , pp. 646
    • Curson, H.H.1    Thornton, R.W.2
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    • Animal Husbandry of the Hottentots
    • Lichtenstein. About the Bechuanas, pp. 80-81. On caille types, see M. Hall and A.B. Smith (eds), Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa, Goodwin Series, 5 (South African Archaeological Society, 1986), pp. 16-17; H.H. Curson and R.W. Thornton, 'A Contribution to the Study of African Native Cattle', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 7 (1936), pp. 646, 661-663; H. Epstein, 'Animal Husbandry of the Hottentots', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 9 (1937), pp. 640-641.
    • (1937) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry , vol.9 , pp. 640-641
    • Epstein, H.1
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    • School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Council for World Mission Archive, London Missionary Society, Africa South, Incoming Letters [hereafter LMS] Box 15, Moffat, 25 November 1836
    • School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Council for World Mission Archive, London Missionary Society, Africa South, Incoming Letters [hereafter LMS] Box 15, Moffat, 25 November 1836.
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    • Notes on the Southern Tswana Social Formation
    • K. Gottschalk and C. Saunders (eds), Cape Town, Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town
    • M. Kinsman, 'Notes on the Southern Tswana Social Formation', in K. Gottschalk and C. Saunders (eds), Africa Seminar Collected Papers, vol. 2 (Cape Town, Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1981), p. 189.
    • (1981) Africa Seminar Collected Papers , vol.2 , pp. 189
    • Kinsman, M.1
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    • Chicago, University of Chicago, note 12, p. 268.
    • Comaroff and Comaroff have characterised the lower classes in this period as 'non-Tswana serfs'. Their discussion of poverty among the Tswana explains how it resulted from the capitalist agrarian transformation. Sec J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa, vol. 1 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1991), pp. 144, note 12, p. 268. J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: the Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier, vol. 2 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1997), pp. 119-165. Eldredge sees class among the Tlhaping after the model of Moshoeshoe's kingdom, resulting from the incorporation of outsiders, 'Slave Raiding', p. 104. Also see P. Kallaway, 'Tribesman, Trader, Peasant and Proletarian: the Process of Transition from a Prc-Capitalist to a Capitalist Mode of Production in the Immediate Hinterland of the Kimberley Diamond Fields during the Nineteenth Century: a Case Study of the BaTlhaping', in P. Bonner (ed), Working Papers in Southern African Studies, vol. 2 (Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1981), p. 12.
    • (1991) Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa , vol.1 , pp. 144
    • Comaroff, J.1    Comaroff, J.L.2
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    • Chicago, University of Chicago
    • Comaroff and Comaroff have characterised the lower classes in this period as 'non-Tswana serfs'. Their discussion of poverty among the Tswana explains how it resulted from the capitalist agrarian transformation. Sec J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa, vol. 1 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1991), pp. 144, note 12, p. 268. J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: the Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier, vol. 2 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1997), pp. 119-165. Eldredge sees class among the Tlhaping after the model of Moshoeshoe's kingdom, resulting from the incorporation of outsiders, 'Slave Raiding', p. 104. Also see P. Kallaway, 'Tribesman, Trader, Peasant and Proletarian: the Process of Transition from a Prc-Capitalist to a Capitalist Mode of Production in the Immediate Hinterland of the Kimberley Diamond Fields during the Nineteenth Century: a Case Study of the BaTlhaping', in P. Bonner (ed), Working Papers in Southern African Studies, vol. 2 (Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1981), p. 12.
    • (1997) Of Revelation and Revolution: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier , vol.2 , pp. 119-165
    • Comaroff, J.L.1    Comaroff, J.2
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    • Comaroff and Comaroff have characterised the lower classes in this period as 'non-Tswana serfs'. Their discussion of poverty among the Tswana explains how it resulted from the capitalist agrarian transformation. Sec J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa, vol. 1 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1991), pp. 144, note 12, p. 268. J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: the Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier, vol. 2 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1997), pp. 119-165. Eldredge sees class among the Tlhaping after the model of Moshoeshoe's kingdom, resulting from the incorporation of outsiders, 'Slave Raiding', p. 104. Also see P. Kallaway, 'Tribesman, Trader, Peasant and Proletarian: the Process of Transition from a Prc-Capitalist to a Capitalist Mode of Production in the Immediate Hinterland of the Kimberley Diamond Fields during the Nineteenth Century: a Case Study of the BaTlhaping', in P. Bonner (ed), Working Papers in Southern African Studies, vol. 2 (Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1981), p. 12.
    • Slave Raiding , pp. 104
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    • Tribesman, Trader, Peasant and Proletarian: The Process of Transition from a Prc-Capitalist to a Capitalist Mode of Production in the Immediate Hinterland of the Kimberley Diamond Fields during the Nineteenth Century: A Case Study of the BaTlhaping
    • P. Bonner (ed), Johannesburg, Ravan Press
    • Comaroff and Comaroff have characterised the lower classes in this period as 'non-Tswana serfs'. Their discussion of poverty among the Tswana explains how it resulted from the capitalist agrarian transformation. Sec J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa, vol. 1 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1991), pp. 144, note 12, p. 268. J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: the Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier, vol. 2 (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1997), pp. 119-165. Eldredge sees class among the Tlhaping after the model of Moshoeshoe's kingdom, resulting from the incorporation of outsiders, 'Slave Raiding', p. 104. Also see P. Kallaway, 'Tribesman, Trader, Peasant and Proletarian: the Process of Transition from a Prc-Capitalist to a Capitalist Mode of Production in the Immediate Hinterland of the Kimberley Diamond Fields during the Nineteenth Century: a Case Study of the BaTlhaping', in P. Bonner (ed), Working Papers in Southern African Studies, vol. 2 (Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1981), p. 12.
    • (1981) Working Papers in Southern African Studies , vol.2 , pp. 12
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    • G. Okihiro, 'Precolonial Economic Change Among the BaTlhaping, c, 1795-1817', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 17, 1 (1984), pp. 72-78; Kallaway, Tribesman, Trader', p. 13; Wilmsen, A Land Filled with Flies, but see especially pp. 52-53.
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    • G. Okihiro, 'Precolonial Economic Change Among the BaTlhaping, c, 1795-1817', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 17, 1 (1984), pp. 72-78; Kallaway, Tribesman, Trader', p. 13; Wilmsen, A Land Filled with Flies, but see especially pp. 52-53.
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    • but see especially
    • G. Okihiro, 'Precolonial Economic Change Among the BaTlhaping, c, 1795-1817', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 17, 1 (1984), pp. 72-78; Kallaway, Tribesman, Trader', p. 13; Wilmsen, A Land Filled with Flies, but see especially pp. 52-53.
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    • E. Eldredge, 'Drought, Famine and Disease in Lesotho', African Economic History, 16 (1987), pp. 69-71; D. Wylie, The Changing Face of Hunger in Southern African History', Past and Present, 122 (1989), pp. 159-199.
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    • On wild foods, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 415; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 217; G. Fritsch, Drei Jahren Süd-Afrika: Reiseskizzen nach Notizen des Tagebuchs Zusammengestellt (Brcslau, Ferdinand Hirt, 1868), p. 254.
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    • Burchell1
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    • On wild foods, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 415; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 217; G. Fritsch, Drei Jahren Süd-Afrika: Reiseskizzen nach Notizen des Tagebuchs Zusammengestellt (Brcslau, Ferdinand Hirt, 1868), p. 254.
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    • T. Anderson, 'Edible Veld Plants: a Food Source for the Future?', MacGregor Miscellany, 3 (1991). For a comprehensive account of wild foods throughout southern Africa, see F.W. Fox and M. E. Norwood Young, Food from the Veld: Edible Wild Plants of Southern Africa (Johannesburg, Delta, 1982).
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    • Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 298; Borchcrds, An AutoBiographical Memoir, p. 125; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 386; R. Gordon Cumming, A Hunter's Life in South Africa (London, John Murray, 1850; reprint edn, Bulawago, Books of Zimbabwe, 1980), p. 235; W. Cotton Oswell, 'South Africa Fifty Years Ago', in C. Phillipps-Wolley (ed), Big Game Shooting, vol. 1, (London, Longmans, Green, 1894), pp. 36-37.
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    • Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 298; Borchcrds, An AutoBiographical Memoir, p. 125; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 386; R. Gordon Cumming, A Hunter's Life in South Africa (London, John Murray, 1850; reprint edn, Bulawago, Books of Zimbabwe, 1980), p. 235; W. Cotton Oswell, 'South Africa Fifty Years Ago', in C. Phillipps-Wolley (ed), Big Game Shooting, vol. 1, (London, Longmans, Green, 1894), pp. 36-37.
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    • Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 298; Borchcrds, An AutoBiographical Memoir, p. 125; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 386; R. Gordon Cumming, A Hunter's Life in South Africa (London, John Murray, 1850; reprint edn, Bulawago, Books of Zimbabwe, 1980), p. 235; W. Cotton Oswell, 'South Africa Fifty Years Ago', in C. Phillipps-Wolley (ed), Big Game Shooting, vol. 1, (London, Longmans, Green, 1894), pp. 36-37.
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    • Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 298; Borchcrds, An AutoBiographical Memoir, p. 125; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 386; R. Gordon Cumming, A Hunter's Life in South Africa (London, John Murray, 1850; reprint edn, Bulawago, Books of Zimbabwe, 1980), p. 235; W. Cotton Oswell, 'South Africa Fifty Years Ago', in C. Phillipps-Wolley (ed), Big Game Shooting, vol. 1, (London, Longmans, Green, 1894), pp. 36-37.
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    • E. Solomon, Two Lectures on the Native Tribes of the Interior (Cape Town, Saul Solomon, 1855), p. 51; J. Comaroff and J.L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, p. 153. These people were also called 'poor Bechuana', Campbell, Travels, p. 218.
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    • E. Solomon, Two Lectures on the Native Tribes of the Interior (Cape Town, Saul Solomon, 1855), p. 51; J. Comaroff and J.L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, p. 153. These people were also called 'poor Bechuana', Campbell, Travels, p. 218.
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    • E. Solomon, Two Lectures on the Native Tribes of the Interior (Cape Town, Saul Solomon, 1855), p. 51; J. Comaroff and J.L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, p. 153. These people were also called 'poor Bechuana', Campbell, Travels, p. 218.
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    • On the use of term 'lala' in Nguni languages and its ethnic meaning, see C. Hamilton and J. Wright, 'The Making of the Amalala: Ethnicity, Ideology and Relations of Subordination in a Precolonial Context', South African Historical Journal, 22 (1990), pp. 3-23.
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    • Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 186. For evidence on smallpox epidemics, see Gordon, Cape Travels, 2, pp. 338, 250, 254; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 128; Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 390-391.
    • Second Journey , vol.2 , pp. 186
    • Campbell1
  • 120
    • 9744220731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 186. For evidence on smallpox epidemics, see Gordon, Cape Travels, 2, pp. 338, 250, 254; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 128; Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 390-391.
    • Cape Travels , vol.2 , pp. 338
    • Gordon1
  • 121
    • 9744277852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 186. For evidence on smallpox epidemics, see Gordon, Cape Travels, 2, pp. 338, 250, 254; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 128; Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 390-391.
    • William Somerville's Narrative , pp. 128
    • Somerville1
  • 122
    • 9744236888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 186. For evidence on smallpox epidemics, see Gordon, Cape Travels, 2, pp. 338, 250, 254; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 128; Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 390-391.
    • Diary , vol.1 , pp. 390-391
    • Smith1
  • 128
    • 9744255805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an example, see Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 288-289.
    • Second Journey , vol.1 , pp. 288-289
    • Campbell1
  • 129
    • 9744231744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein was first to use a form of the term batlhanka, but he did not mention the balala. About the Bechuanas, p. 76; Travels, 2, p. 416.
    • About the Bechuanas , pp. 76
  • 130
    • 9744249030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein was first to use a form of the term batlhanka, but he did not mention the balala. About the Bechuanas, p. 76; Travels, 2, p. 416.
    • Travels , vol.2 , pp. 416
  • 131
    • 9744229043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Burchell, 2, p. 267. Burchell is explaining the name of his assistant, Muchunka, which is his orthography for 'motlhanka', singular of batlhanka. Earlier Burchell appears to have confused the two translations. See 2, p. 248, cited in note 134 below.
  • 132
    • 9744225462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, pp. 396-397, About the Bechuanas, p. 75; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 334.
    • Travels , vol.2 , pp. 396-397
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 133
    • 9744231744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, pp. 396-397, About the Bechuanas, p. 75; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 334.
    • About the Bechuanas , pp. 75
  • 134
    • 9744259886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, pp. 396-397, About the Bechuanas, p. 75; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 334.
    • Travels in the Interior , vol.2 , pp. 334
    • Burchell1
  • 137
    • 9744249031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LMS Box 8, Moffat at Griquatown, nd, 1829
    • LMS Box 8, Moffat at Griquatown, nd, 1829.
  • 138
    • 84897207718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith, Diary, 1, p. 369.
    • Diary , vol.1 , pp. 369
    • Smith1
  • 140
    • 9744242369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365; D. Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed). Family Letters, 1841-1856, vol. 1 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 39; Fritsch, Drei Jahre, pp. 262-263, 266; A.A. Anderson, Twenty Five Years in a Wagon (London, Chapman and Hall, 1888), p. 80; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 101, 194-195; 2, p. 136; Moffat, Missionary Labours, pp. 382-383; Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871.
    • Travels , vol.2 , pp. 365
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 141
    • 9744245616 scopus 로고
    • I. Schapera (ed). London, Chatto and Windus
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365; D. Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed). Family Letters, 1841-1856, vol. 1 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 39; Fritsch, Drei Jahre, pp. 262-263, 266; A.A. Anderson, Twenty Five Years in a Wagon (London, Chapman and Hall, 1888), p. 80; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 101, 194-195; 2, p. 136; Moffat, Missionary Labours, pp. 382-383; Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871.
    • (1959) Family Letters, 1841-1856 , vol.1 , pp. 39
    • Livingstone, D.1
  • 142
    • 84922860777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365; D. Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed). Family Letters, 1841-1856, vol. 1 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 39; Fritsch, Drei Jahre, pp. 262-263, 266; A.A. Anderson, Twenty Five Years in a Wagon (London, Chapman and Hall, 1888), p. 80; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 101, 194-195; 2, p. 136; Moffat, Missionary Labours, pp. 382-383; Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871.
    • Drei Jahre , pp. 262-263
    • Fritsch1
  • 143
    • 0003971517 scopus 로고
    • London, Chapman and Hall
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365; D. Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed). Family Letters, 1841-1856, vol. 1 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 39; Fritsch, Drei Jahre, pp. 262-263, 266; A.A. Anderson, Twenty Five Years in a Wagon (London, Chapman and Hall, 1888), p. 80; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 101, 194-195; 2, p. 136; Moffat, Missionary Labours, pp. 382-383; Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871.
    • (1888) Twenty Five Years in a Wagon , pp. 80
    • Anderson, A.A.1
  • 144
    • 9744264517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365; D. Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed). Family Letters, 1841-1856, vol. 1 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 39; Fritsch, Drei Jahre, pp. 262-263, 266; A.A. Anderson, Twenty Five Years in a Wagon (London, Chapman and Hall, 1888), p. 80; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 101, 194-195; 2, p. 136; Moffat, Missionary Labours, pp. 382-383; Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871.
    • Second Journey , vol.1 , pp. 101
    • Campbell1
  • 145
    • 9744285342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365; D. Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed). Family Letters, 1841-1856, vol. 1 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 39; Fritsch, Drei Jahre, pp. 262-263, 266; A.A. Anderson, Twenty Five Years in a Wagon (London, Chapman and Hall, 1888), p. 80; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 101, 194-195; 2, p. 136; Moffat, Missionary Labours, pp. 382-383; Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871.
    • Second Journey , vol.2 , pp. 136
  • 146
    • 3543093679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871
    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365; D. Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed). Family Letters, 1841-1856, vol. 1 (London, Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 39; Fritsch, Drei Jahre, pp. 262-263, 266; A.A. Anderson, Twenty Five Years in a Wagon (London, Chapman and Hall, 1888), p. 80; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 101, 194-195; 2, p. 136; Moffat, Missionary Labours, pp. 382-383; Zimbabwe National Archives, SE 1/4 Frederick Courtenay Selous Journal, 2 November 1871.
    • Missionary Labours , pp. 382-383
    • Moffat1
  • 148
    • 9744261307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borcherds, An AntoBiographical Memoir, pp. 125, 130; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 127; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 393; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 80; Travels, 2, p. 409; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 413; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 218.
    • An AntoBiographical Memoir , pp. 125
    • Borcherds1
  • 149
    • 9744277852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borcherds, An AntoBiographical Memoir, pp. 125, 130; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 127; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 393; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 80; Travels, 2, p. 409; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 413; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 218.
    • William Somerville's Narrative , pp. 127
    • Somerville1
  • 150
    • 9744251900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borcherds, An AntoBiographical Memoir, pp. 125, 130; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 127; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 393; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 80; Travels, 2, p. 409; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 413; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 218.
    • A Voyage , pp. 393
    • Barrow1
  • 151
    • 7644236241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borcherds, An AntoBiographical Memoir, pp. 125, 130; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 127; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 393; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 80; Travels, 2, p. 409; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 413; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 218.
    • About the Bechuanas , pp. 80
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 152
    • 9744229545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borcherds, An AntoBiographical Memoir, pp. 125, 130; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 127; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 393; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 80; Travels, 2, p. 409; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 413; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 218.
    • Travels , vol.2 , pp. 409
  • 153
    • 9744260612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borcherds, An AntoBiographical Memoir, pp. 125, 130; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 127; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 393; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 80; Travels, 2, p. 409; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 413; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 218.
    • Travels in the Interior , vol.2 , pp. 413
    • Burchell1
  • 154
    • 9744282241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borcherds, An AntoBiographical Memoir, pp. 125, 130; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 127; Barrow, A Voyage, p. 393; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 80; Travels, 2, p. 409; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 413; Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 218.
    • Second Journey , vol.2 , pp. 218
    • Campbell1
  • 156
    • 9744287292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saunders, 'Early Knowledge of the Sotho', pp. 66-69; A. Morris, Skeletons of Contact, pp. 48-50; Maingard, 'The Brikwa' p. 597. On sheep, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 368; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 81.
    • Early Knowledge of the Sotho , pp. 66-69
    • Saunders1
  • 157
    • 0040224770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saunders, 'Early Knowledge of the Sotho', pp. 66-69; A. Morris, Skeletons of Contact, pp. 48-50; Maingard, 'The Brikwa' p. 597. On sheep, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 368; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 81.
    • Skeletons of Contact , pp. 48-50
    • Morris, A.1
  • 158
    • 9744282242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saunders, 'Early Knowledge of the Sotho', pp. 66-69; A. Morris, Skeletons of Contact, pp. 48-50; Maingard, 'The Brikwa' p. 597. On sheep, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 368; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 81.
    • The Brikwa , pp. 597
    • Maingard1
  • 159
    • 9744233272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saunders, 'Early Knowledge of the Sotho', pp. 66-69; A. Morris, Skeletons of Contact, pp. 48-50; Maingard, 'The Brikwa' p. 597. On sheep, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 368; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 81.
    • Travels in the Interior , vol.2 , pp. 368
    • Burchell1
  • 160
    • 7644236241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saunders, 'Early Knowledge of the Sotho', pp. 66-69; A. Morris, Skeletons of Contact, pp. 48-50; Maingard, 'The Brikwa' p. 597. On sheep, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 368; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 81.
    • About the Bechuanas , pp. 81
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 165
    • 0344807921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Comaroff and J.L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, pp. 145-146; J. Comaroff, Body of Power, pp. 67-74.
    • Body of Power , pp. 67-74
    • Comaroff, J.1
  • 166
    • 9744251900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrow, A Voyage, pp. 390, 393; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 110; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 66; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 1, p. 319; Campbell, Travels, pp. 202-203.
    • A Voyage , pp. 390
    • Barrow1
  • 167
    • 9744277852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrow, A Voyage, pp. 390, 393; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 110; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 66; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 1, p. 319; Campbell, Travels, pp. 202-203.
    • William Somerville's Narrative , pp. 110
    • Somerville1
  • 168
    • 7644236241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrow, A Voyage, pp. 390, 393; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 110; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 66; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 1, p. 319; Campbell, Travels, pp. 202-203.
    • About the Bechuanas , pp. 66
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 169
    • 9744244557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrow, A Voyage, pp. 390, 393; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 110; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 66; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 1, p. 319; Campbell, Travels, pp. 202-203.
    • Travels in the Interior , vol.1 , pp. 319
    • Burchell1
  • 170
    • 84927084074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrow, A Voyage, pp. 390, 393; Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 110; Lichtenstein, About the Bechuanas, p. 66; Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 1, p. 319; Campbell, Travels, pp. 202-203.
    • Travels , pp. 202-203
    • Campbell1
  • 173
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    • Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, p. 368; Campbell, Second Journey, 1, pp. 63-64.
    • Second Journey , vol.1 , pp. 63-64
    • Campbell1
  • 174
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    • Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 365. Somerville, William Somerville's Narrative, p. 138.
    • Travels , vol.2 , pp. 365
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 180
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    • Die Bydrae van Droogtes en Veesiektes tot die Verarming van die Landboubevolking in Noord-Kaapland
    • The Kalahari thornveld is notorious for stock disease. There is only one historical analysis of stock disease in the region, however. P.H.R. Snyman, 'Die Bydrae van Droogtes en Veesiektes tot die Verarming van die Landboubevolking in Noord-Kaapland', Tydskrif vir Geestewetenskappe, 29 (1989), pp. 32-49.
    • (1989) Tydskrif vir Geestewetenskappe , vol.29 , pp. 32-49
    • Snyman, P.H.R.1
  • 183
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    • Testimony of Mahura's son Masse, Evidence Taken at Bloemhof, pp. 61-62. See also Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 241, 247-248, 390; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, pp. 43, 161, 211, 212; Missionary Labours, pp. 436-437; David Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed), Livingstone's Missionary Correspondence (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961), p. 35; J. Mackenzie, Ten Years North of the Orange River (Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas, 1871; reprint edn, London, Frank Cass, 1971), p. 70.
    • Diary , vol.1 , pp. 241
    • Smith1
  • 184
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    • Testimony of Mahura's son Masse, Evidence Taken at Bloemhof, pp. 61-62. See also Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 241, 247-248, 390; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, pp. 43, 161, 211, 212; Missionary Labours, pp. 436-437; David Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed), Livingstone's Missionary Correspondence (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961), p. 35; J. Mackenzie, Ten Years North of the Orange River (Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas, 1871; reprint edn, London, Frank Cass, 1971), p. 70.
    • Apprenticeship , pp. 43
    • Moffat, R.1
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    • Testimony of Mahura's son Masse, Evidence Taken at Bloemhof, pp. 61-62. See also Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 241, 247-248, 390; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, pp. 43, 161, 211, 212; Missionary Labours, pp. 436-437; David Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed), Livingstone's Missionary Correspondence (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961), p. 35; J. Mackenzie, Ten Years North of the Orange River (Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas, 1871; reprint edn, London, Frank Cass, 1971), p. 70.
    • Missionary Labours , pp. 436-437
  • 186
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    • I. Schapera (ed), Berkeley, University of California Press
    • Testimony of Mahura's son Masse, Evidence Taken at Bloemhof, pp. 61-62. See also Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 241, 247-248, 390; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, pp. 43, 161, 211, 212; Missionary Labours, pp. 436-437; David Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed), Livingstone's Missionary Correspondence (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961), p. 35; J. Mackenzie, Ten Years North of the Orange River (Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas, 1871; reprint edn, London, Frank Cass, 1971), p. 70.
    • (1961) Livingstone's Missionary Correspondence , pp. 35
    • Livingstone, D.1
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    • Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas, 1871; reprint edn, London, Frank Cass
    • Testimony of Mahura's son Masse, Evidence Taken at Bloemhof, pp. 61-62. See also Smith, Diary, 1, pp. 241, 247-248, 390; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, pp. 43, 161, 211, 212; Missionary Labours, pp. 436-437; David Livingstone, in I. Schapera (ed), Livingstone's Missionary Correspondence (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961), p. 35; J. Mackenzie, Ten Years North of the Orange River (Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas, 1871; reprint edn, London, Frank Cass, 1971), p. 70.
    • (1971) Ten Years North of the Orange River , pp. 70
    • Mackenzie, J.1
  • 193
    • 9744225463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, pp. 146-148. Not all these rights are documented in records for the Tlhaping in this period. For some examples, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, pp. 377, 384; Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 414; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, p. 126 and Missionary Labours, p. 382; Smith, Diary, 1, p. 296.
    • Of Revelation , vol.1 , pp. 146-148
    • Comaroff, J.1    Comaroff, J.L.2
  • 194
    • 9744259153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, pp. 146-148. Not all these rights are documented in records for the Tlhaping in this period. For some examples, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, pp. 377, 384; Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 414; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, p. 126 and Missionary Labours, p. 382; Smith, Diary, 1, p. 296.
    • Travels in the Interior , vol.2 , pp. 377
    • Burchell1
  • 195
    • 9744241303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, pp. 146-148. Not all these rights are documented in records for the Tlhaping in this period. For some examples, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, pp. 377, 384; Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 414; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, p. 126 and Missionary Labours, p. 382; Smith, Diary, 1, p. 296.
    • Travels , vol.2 , pp. 414
    • Lichtenstein1
  • 196
    • 7644239381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, pp. 146-148. Not all these rights are documented in records for the Tlhaping in this period. For some examples, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, pp. 377, 384; Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 414; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, p. 126 and Missionary Labours, p. 382; Smith, Diary, 1, p. 296.
    • Apprenticeship , pp. 126
    • Moffat, R.1
  • 197
    • 3543093679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, pp. 146-148. Not all these rights are documented in records for the Tlhaping in this period. For some examples, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, pp. 377, 384; Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 414; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, p. 126 and Missionary Labours, p. 382; Smith, Diary, 1, p. 296.
    • Missionary Labours , pp. 382
  • 198
    • 9744228288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Comaroff and J. L. Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1, pp. 146-148. Not all these rights are documented in records for the Tlhaping in this period. For some examples, see Burchell, Travels in the Interior, 2, pp. 377, 384; Lichtenstein, Travels, 2, p. 414; R. Moffat, Apprenticeship, p. 126 and Missionary Labours, p. 382; Smith, Diary, 1, p. 296.
    • Diary , vol.1 , pp. 296
    • Smith1
  • 202
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    • Garden City, NY, Doubleday, Doran
    • W.C. Willoughby, Soul of the Bantu (Garden City, NY, Doubleday, Doran, 1928), pp. 179, 224, 258-259.
    • (1928) Soul of the Bantu , pp. 179
    • Willoughby, W.C.1
  • 204
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    • W. Lye (ed), Cape Town, A.A. Balkema
    • A. Smith, in W. Lye (ed), Andrew Smith's Journal (Cape Town, A.A. Balkema, 1975), pp. 173.
    • (1975) Andrew Smith's Journal , pp. 173
    • Smith, A.1
  • 212
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    • London, Oxford University Press for the International African Institute
    • On mafisa relationships in Botswana, see I. Schapera, A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom, 2nd edn (London, Oxford University Press for the International African Institute, 1955), pp. 246-247.
    • (1955) A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom, 2nd Edn , pp. 246-247
    • Schapera, I.1
  • 217
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    • Cape Town Archives Repository [CTAR] Bechuanaland Crown Colony [BCC] 118 R. Price, 28 September 1887
    • Cape Town Archives Repository [CTAR] Bechuanaland Crown Colony [BCC] 118 R. Price, 28 September 1887.
  • 223
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    • Moffat, Missionary Labours, p. 8. Campbell, Second Journey, 2, p. 167.
    • Second Journey , vol.2 , pp. 167
    • Campbell1
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    • note
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