Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Young Athlete: A Treatment Algorithm for the Skeletally Immature

Clinics in Sports Medicine

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 801-810

  Milewski, Matthew D ^a   Beck, Nicholas A ^b   Lawrence, J Todd ^b   Ganley, Theodore J ^b  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL LOS ANGELES   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

ACL reconstruction; Anterior cruciate ligament; Skeletally immature; Sports medicine

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; ATHLETE; BONE GRAFT; BONE MATURATION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; GENU RECURVATUM; GROWTH DISORDER; HUMAN; LEG LENGTH INEQUALITY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SPINE FRACTURE; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VALGUS DEFORMITY; VALGUS KNEE;

AGE FACTORS; ALGORITHMS; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CHILD; EPIPHYSES; HUMANS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; RISK FACTORS; SPORTS MEDICINE;

EID: 80055099088     PISSN: 02785919     EISSN: 1556228X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Clanton T.O., DeLee J.C., Sanders B., et al. Knee ligament injuries in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979, 61:1195-1201.
2. DeLee J.C., Curtis R. Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983, 172:112-118.
3. Lipscomb A.B., Anderson A.F. Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986, 68:19-28.
4. McCarroll J.R., Rettig A.C., Shelbourne K.D. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the young athlete with open physes. Am J Sports Med 1988, 16:44-47.
5. Eiskjaer S., Larsen S.T., Schmidt M.B. The significance of hemarthrosis of the knee in children. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1988, 107:96-98.
6. Kloeppel-Wirth S., Koltai J.L., Dittmer H. Significance of arthroscopy in children with knee joint injuries. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1992, 2:169-172.
7. Stanitski C.L., Harvell J.C., Fu F. Observations on acute knee hemarthrosis in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 1993, 13:506-510.
8. Vahasarja V., Kinnuen P., Serlo W. Arthroscopy of the acute traumatic knee in children. Prospective study of 138 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1993, 64:580-582.
9. Luhmann S.J. Acute traumatic knee effusions in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 2003, 23:199-202.
10. Hennrikus WL. Incidence of tibial spine fractures relative to ACL disruption in the skeletally immature. AAP Annual Meeting 2002.
11. Schaefer R.A., Eilert R.E., Gillogly S.D. Disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament in a 4-year-old child. Orthop Rev 1993, 22:725-727.
12. Buckley S.L., Barrack R.L., Alexander A.H. The natural history of conservatively treated partial anterior cruciate ligament tears. Am J Sports Med 1989, 17:221-225.
13. Graf B.K., Lange R.H., Fujisaki C.K., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament tears in skeletally immature patients: meniscal pathology at presentation and after attempted conservative treatment. Arthroscopy 1992, 8:229-233.
14. Mizuta H., Kubota K., Shiraishi M., et al. The conservative treatment of complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995, 77:890-894.
15. Janarv P.M., Nystrom A., Werner S., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients. J Pediatr Orthop 1996, 16:673-677.
16. Pressman A.E., Letts R.M., Jarvis J.G. Anterior cruciate ligament tears in children: an analysis of operative versus nonoperative treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 1997, 17:505-511.
17. Kocher M.S., Micheli L.J., Zurakowski D., et al. Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Am J Sports Med 2002, 30:697-703.
18. Aichroth P.M., Patel D.V., Zorrilla P. The natural history and treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. A prospective review. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002, 84:38-41.
19. Millett P.J., Willis A.A., Warren R.F. Associated injuries in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament tears: does a delay in treatment increase the risk of meniscal tear?. Arthroscopy 2002, 18:955-959.
20. Arbes S., Resinger C., Vecsei V., et al. The functional outcome of total tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the skeletally immature patient. Int Orthop 2007, 31:471-475.
21. Engebretsen L., Benum P., Sundalsvoll S. Primary suture of the anterior cruciate ligament. A 6-year follow-up of 74 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1989, 60:561-564.
22. Engebretsen L., Svenningsen S., Benum P. Poor results of anterior cruciate ligament repair in adolescence. Acta Orthop Scand 1988, 59:684-686.
23. Angel K.R., Hall D.J. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy 1989, 5:197-200.
24. Aronowitz E.R., Ganley T.J., Goode J.R., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescents with open physes. Am J Sports Med 2000, 28:168-175.
25. Lawrence JT, Ganley TJ. Degeneration of the knee joint in skeletally immature patients with an anterior cruciate ligament tear: is there harm in delaying treatment? Paper presented at AOSSM Annual Meeting, Keystone (CO); July 9, 2009.
26. Bhat S, Kanj, W, Lawrence JT, et al. Stochastic decision and cost simulation of early vs. delayed reconstruction of pediatric ACL rupture. Paper presented at AAOS Annual Meeting; San Diego; February 7-11, 2011.
27. Larsen M.W., Garrett W.E., Delee J.C., et al. Surgical management of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in patients with open physes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006, 14:736-744.
28. Guzzanti V., Falciglia F., Gigante A., et al. The effect of intra-articular ACL reconstruction on the growth plates of rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994, 76(6):960-963.
29. Stadelmaier D.M., Arnoczky S.P., Dodds J., et al. The effect of drilling and soft tissue grafting across open growth plates. A histologic study. Am J Sports Med 1995, 23:431-435.
30. Houle J.B., Letts M., Yang J. Effects of a tensioned tendon graft in a bone tunnel across the rabbit physis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001, 391:275-281.
31. Kocher M.S., Saxon H.S., Hovis W.D., et al. Management and complications of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients: survey of the Herodicus Society and The ACL Study Group. J Pediatr Orthop 2002, 22:452-457.
32. Koman J.D., Sanders J.O. Valgus deformity after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in a skeletally immature patient. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999, 81:711-715.
33. Frosch K.H., Stengel D., Brodhun T., et al. Outcomes and risks of operative treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy 2010, 26:1539-1550.
34. Tanner J.M., Whitehouse R.H. Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Arch Dis Child 1976, 51:170-179.
35. Gruelich W.W., Pyle S.I. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist 1959, Stanford University Press, Stanford (CA). 2nd edition.
36. Brief L.P. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction without drill holes. Arthroscopy 1991, 7:350-357.
37. Parker A.W., Drez D., Cooper J.L. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in patients with open physes. Am J Sports Med 1994, 22:44-47.
38. Guzzanti V., Falciglia F., Stanitski C.L. Physeal-sparing intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in preadolescents. Am J Sports Med 2003, 31:949-953.
39. Anderson A.F. Transepiphyseal replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature patients. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003, 85A:1255-1263.
40. Lawrence J.T., Bowers A.L., Belding J., et al. All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010, 468:1971-1977.
41. Kocher M.S., Garg S., Micheli L.J. Physeal sparing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature prepubescent children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005, 87:2371-2379.
42. Losee R.E., Johnson T.R., Southwick W.O. Anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau. A diagnostic test and operative repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978, 60:1015-1030.
43. Sankar W.N., Carrigan R.B., Gregg J.R., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescents: a survivorship analysis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2008, 37:47-49.
44. Sankar W.N., Wells L., Sennett B.J., et al. Combined anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 2006, 26:733-736.
45. Kocher M.S., Smith J.T., Zoric B.J., et al. Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature pubescent adolescents. Bone Joint Surg Am 2007, 89:2632-2639.
46. Abebe E.S., Utturkar G.M., Taylor D.C., et al. The effects of femoral graft placement on in vivo knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Biomech 2011, 44(5):924-929.
47. Abebe E.S., Moorman C.T., Dziedzic T.S., et al. Femoral tunnel placement during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an in vivo imaging analysis comparing transtibial and 2-incision tibial tunnel-independent techniques. Am J Sports Med 2009, 37(10):1904-1911.
48. Nelson J., Miller M. Distal femoral physeal implications of an anatomic ACL reconstruction in a skeletally immature soccer player: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011, 93:e53.