Physeal sparing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature prepubescent children and adolescents

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 87, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 2371-2379

  Kocher, Mininder S ^a   Garg, Sumeet ^b   Micheli, Lyle J ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE; AUTOGRAFT; BODY HEIGHT; CHILD; CHILD GROWTH; CLINICAL ARTICLE; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMAN; KNEE FUNCTION; KNEE RADIOGRAPHY; LIGAMENT INJURY; LIGAMENT SURGERY; MALE; PEDIATRIC SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 27544440178     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02802     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Kocher MS, Micheli LJ, Gerbino P, Hresko MT. Tibial eminence fractures in children: prevalence of meniscal entrapment. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:404-7.
2. Rang M. Children's fractures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1983.
3. Kocher MS, Foreman ES, Micheli LJ. Laxity and functional outcome after arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of displaced tibial spine fractures in children. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:1085-90.
4. Kocher MS, Mandiga R, Klingele K, Bley L, Micheli LJ. Anterior cruciate ligament injury versus tibial spine fracture in the skeletally immature knee: a comparison of skeletal maturation and notch width index. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:185-8.
5. Eiskjaer S, Larsen ST, Schmidt MB. The significance of hemarthrosis of the knee in children. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1988;107:96-8.
6. Kloeppel-Wirth S, Koltai JL, Dittmer H. Significance of arthroscopy in children with knee joint injuries. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1992;2:169-72.
7. Kocher MS, DiCanzio J, Zurakowski D, Micheli LJ. Diagnostic performance of clinical examination and selective magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of intraarticular knee disorders in children and adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:292-6.
8. Luhmann SJ. Acute traumatic knee effusions in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23:199-202.
9. Stanitski CL, Harvell JC, Fu F. Observations on acute knee hemarthrosis in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:506-10.
10. Vahasarja V, Kinnuen p Serlo W. Arthroscopy of the acute traumatic knee in children. Prospective study of 138 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1993;64:580-2.
11. Aichroth PM, Patel DV, Zorrilla P The natural history and treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. A prospective review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84:38-41.
12. Graf BK, Lange RH, Fujisaki CK, Landry GL, Saluja RK. Anterior cruciate ligament tears in skeletally immature patients: meniscal pathology at presentation and after attempted conservative treatment. Arthroscopy. 1992;8:229-33.
13. Janarv PM, Nystrom A, Werner S, Hirsch G. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:673-7.
14. McCarroll JR, Rettig AC, Shelbourne KD. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the young athlete with open physes. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:44-7.
15. Millett PJ, Willis AA, Warren RF. Associated injuries in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament tears: does a delay in treatment increase the risk of meniscal tear? Arthroscopy. 2002;18:955-9.
16. Mizuta H, Kubota K, Shiraishi M, Otsuka Y, Nagamoto N, Takagi K. The conservative treatment of complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:890-4.
17. Pressman AE, Letts RM, Jarvis JG. Anterior cruciate ligament tears in children: an analysis of operative versus nonoperative treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 1997;17:505-11.
18. Guzzanti V, Falciglia F, Gigante A, Fabbriciani C. The effect of intra-articular ACL reconstruction on the growth plates of rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76:960-3.
19. Edwards TB, Greene CC, Baratta RV, Zieske A, Willis RB. The effect of placing a tensioned graft across open growth plates. A gross and histologic analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:725-34.
20. Houle JB, Letts M, Yang J. Effects of a tensioned tendon graft in a bone tunnel across the rabbit physis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;391:275-81.
21. Lipscomb AB, Anderson AF. Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:19-28.
22. Koman JD, Sanders JO. Valgus deformity after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in a skeletally immature patient. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:711-5.
23. Kocher MS, Saxon HS, Hovis WD, Hawkins RJ. Management and complications of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients: survey of the Herodicus Society and The ACL Study Group. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22:452-7.
24. Clanton TO, DeLee JC, Sanders B, Neidre A. Knee ligament injuries in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:1195-201.
25. Engebretsen L, Svenningsen S, Benum P Poor results of anterior cruciate ligament repair in adolescence. Acta Orthop Scand. 1988;59:684-6.
26. Angel KR, Hall DJ. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy. 1989;5:197-200.
27. Aronowitz ER, Ganley TJ, Goode JR, Gregg JR, Meyer JS. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescents with open physes. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:168-75.
28. Edwards PH, Grana WA. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the immature athlete: long-term results of intra-articular reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg. 2001;14:232-7.
29. Fuchs R, Wheatley W, Uribe JW, Hechtman KS, Zvijac JE, Schurhoff MR. Intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon allograft in the skeletally immature patient. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:824-8.
30. Matava MJ, Siegel MG. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL with semitendinosis-gracilis autograft in skeletally immature adolescent patients. Am J Knee Surg. 1997;10:60-9.
31. McCarroll JR, Shelbourne KD, Porter DA, Rettig AC, Murray S. Patellar tendon graft reconstruction for midsubstance anterior cruciate ligament rupture in junior high school athletes. An algorithm for management. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:478-84.
32. Shelbourne KD, Gray T, Wiley BV. Results of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft in tanner stage 3 or 4 adolescents with clearly open growth plates. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1218-22.
33. Simonian PT, Metcalf MH, Larson RV. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the skeletally immature patient. Am J Orthop. 1999;28:624-8.
34. Stanitski CL. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in the skeletally immature patient: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1995;3:146-58.
35. Volpi P, Galli M, Bait C, Pozzoni R. Surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in adolescents using double-looped semitendinosis and gracilis tendons: supraepiphysary femoral and tibial fixation. Arthroscopy. 2004;20:447-9.
36. Andrews M, Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:48-54.
37. Bisson LJ, Wickiewicz T, Levinson M, Warren R. ACL reconstruction in children with open physes. Orthopedics. 1998;21:659-63.
38. Guzzanti V, Falciglia F, Stanitski CL. Physeal-sparing intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in preadolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:949-53.
39. Guzzanti V, Falciglia F, Stanitski CL. Preoperative evaluation and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique for skeletally immature patients in Tanner stages 2 and 3. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:941-8.
40. Lo IK, Kirkley A, Fowler PJ, Miniaci A. The outcome of operatively treated anterior cruciate ligament disruptions in the skeletally immature child. Arthroscopy. 1997;13:627-34.
41. Anderson AF. Transepiphyseal replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature patients. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:1255-63.
42. Brief LP. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction without drill holes. Arthroscopy. 1991;7:350-7.
43. DeLee JC, Curtis R. Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;172:112-8.
44. Kim SH, Ha KI, Ahn JH, Chang DK. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the young patient without violation of the epiphyseal plate. Arthroscopy. 1999;15:792-5.
45. Micheli LJ, Rask B, Gerberg L. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients who are prepubescent. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;364:40-7.
46. Parker AW, Drez D Jr, Cooper JL. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in patients with open physes. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:44-7.
47. Greulich WW, Pyle SI. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1959.
48. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH. Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, and stages of puberty. Arch Dis Child. 1976;51:170-9.
49. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P Richmond JC, Shelborne KD. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:600-13.
50. Lysholm J, Gillquist J. Evaluation of knee ligament surgery results with special emphasis on use of a scoring scale. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10:150-4.
51. MacIntosh DL, Darby TA. Lateral substitution reconstruction [abstract]. In: Proceedings and reports of universities, colleges, councils and associations. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58:142.
52. Behr CT, Potter HG, Paletta GA Jr. The relationship of the femoral origin of the anterior cruciate ligament and the distal femoral physeal plate in the skeletally immature knee. An anatomic study. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:781-7.
53. Kocher MS, Micheli LJ, Zurakowski D, Luke A. Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:697-703.
54. Stadelmaier DM, Arnoczky SP Dodds J, Ross H. The effect of drilling and soft tissue grafting across open growth plates. A histologic study. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:431-5.