Staging of uterine sarcomas

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 733-749

  Tse, Ka Yu ^a,b   Crawford, Robin ^b   Ngan, Hextan Y S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

adenosarcoma; carcinosarcoma; endometrial stromal sarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; staging; undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma

Indexed keywords

ADENOSARCOMA; ARTICLE; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOSARCOMA; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ENDOMETRIUM SARCOMA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; LEIOMYOSARCOMA; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENECTOMY; OVARY METASTASIS; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SALPINGOOOPHORECTOMY; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UTERUS SARCOMA;

EID: 80055027957     PISSN: 15216934     EISSN: 15321932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.05.011     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. R.R. Nordal, and S.O. Thoresen Uterine sarcomas in Norway 1956-1992: incidence, survival and mortality Eur J Cancer 33 1997 907 911 (Pubitemid 27287045)
2. S.E. Brooks, M. Zhan, and T. Cote Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis of 2677 cases of uterine sarcoma 1989-1999 Gynecol Oncol 93 2004 204 208 (Pubitemid 38429571)
3. E. D'Angelo, and J. Prat Uterine sarcomas: a review Gynecol Oncol 116 2010 1319
4. W.G. McCluggage Uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) are metaplastic carcinomas Int J Gynecol Cancer 12 2002 687 690 (Pubitemid 35388035)
5. W.T. Creasman, F. Odicino, and P. Maisonneuve Carcinoma of the corpus uteri. FIGO 6th annual report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer Int J Gynaecol Obstet 95 Suppl. 1 2006 S105 143
6. FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology Corrigendum to "FIGO staging for uterine sarcomas" [International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2009) 104:179] Int J Gynaecol Obstet 106 2009 277
7. V. Benito, A. Lubrano, and O. Arencibia Clinicopathologic analysis of uterine sarcomas from a single institution in the Canary Islands Int J Gynaecol Obstet 107 2009 44 49
8. S. Sagae, K. Yamashita, and S. Ishioka Preoperative diagnosis and treatment results in 106 patients with uterine sarcoma in Hokkaido, Japan Oncology 67 2004 33 39 (Pubitemid 39370348)
9. F. Amant, A. Coosemans, and M. Debiec-Rychter Clinical management of uterine sarcomas Lancet Oncol 10 2009 1188 1198
10. E.K. Nugent, I. Zighelboim, and A.S. Case The value of perioperative imaging in patients with uterine sarcomas Gynecol Oncol 115 2009 37 40
11. L. Chauveinc, E. Deniaud, and C. Plancher Uterine sarcomas: the Curie Institut experience. Prognosis factors and adjuvant treatments Gynecol Oncol 72 1999 232 237 (Pubitemid 29093780)
12. G. El Husseiny, N. Al Bareedy, and W.A. Mourad Prognostic factors and treatment modalities in uterine sarcoma Am J Clin Oncol 25 2002 256 260 (Pubitemid 34602546)
13. R. Blom, C. Guerrieri, and O. Stâl Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, p53, and mdm-2 analysis of 49 cases Gynecol Oncol 68 1998 54 61 (Pubitemid 28109824)
14. M. Friedrich, C. Villena-Heinsen, and D. Mink Leiomyosarcomas of the female genital tract: a clinical and histopathological study Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 19 1998 470 475 (Pubitemid 28479399)
15. K. Mayerhofer, A. Obermair, and G. Windbichler Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic multicenter study of 71 cases Gynecol Oncol 74 1999 196 201 (Pubitemid 29377212)
16. P. Pautier, C. Genestie, and A. Rey Analysis of clinicopathologic prognostic factors for 157 uterine sarcomas and evaluation of a grading score validated for soft tissue sarcoma Cancer 88 2000 1425 1431 (Pubitemid 30155181)
17. K. Bodner, B. Bodner-Adler, and O. Kimberger Evaluating prognostic parameters in women with uterine leiomyosarcoma. A clinicopathologic study J Reprod Med 48 2003 95 100 (Pubitemid 36249753)
18. L. Livi, F. Paiar, and N. Shah Uterine sarcoma: twenty-seven years of experience Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57 2003 1366 1373 (Pubitemid 37443978)
19. T.A. Dinh, E.A. Oliva, and A.F. Fuller Jr. The treatment of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Results from a 10-year experience (1990-1999) at the Massachusetts General Hospital Gynecol Oncol 92 2004 648 652 (Pubitemid 38183158)
20. T.I. Wu, T.C. Chang, and S. Hsueh Prognostic factors and impact of adjuvant chemotherapy for uterine leiomyosarcoma Gynecol Oncol 100 2006 166 172 (Pubitemid 41815068)
21. D. Denschlag, I. Masoud, and G. Stanimir Prognostic factors and outcome in women with uterine sarcoma Eur J Surg Oncol 33 2007 91 95 (Pubitemid 46156623)
22. R. Koivisto-Korander, R. Butzow, and A.M. Koivisto Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in 100 cases of uterine sarcoma: experience in Helsinki University Central Hospital 1990-2001 Gynecol Oncol 111 2008 74 81
23. G. Albrektsen, I. Heuch, and E. Wik Prognostic impact of parity in 493 uterine sarcoma patients Int J Gynecol Cancer 19 2009 1062 1067
24. M. Pelmus, F. Penault-Llorca, and L. Guillou Prognostic factors in early-stage leiomyosarcoma of the uterus Int J Gynecol Cancer 19 2009 385 390
25. R.R. Nordal, G.B. Kristensen, and J. Kaern The prognostic significance of stage, tumor size, cellular atypia and DNA ploidy in uterine leiomyosarcoma Acta Oncol 34 1995 797 802
26. B. Larson, C. Silfverswärd, and B. Nilsson Prognostic factors in uterine leiomyosarcoma. A clinical and histopathological study of 143 cases. The Radiumhemmet series 1936-1981 Acta Oncol 29 1990 185 191 (Pubitemid 20145283)
27. A. Gadducci, F. Landoni, and E. Sartori Uterine leiomyosarcoma: analysis of treatment failures and survival Gynecol Oncol 62 1996 25 32 (Pubitemid 26234541)
28. A. Gadducci, E. Sartori, and F. Landoni The prognostic relevance of histological type in uterine sarcomas: a Cooperation Task Force (CTF) multivariate analysis of 249 cases Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 23 2002 295 299 (Pubitemid 34948043)
29. R.L. Giuntoli 2nd, D.S. Metzinger, and C.S. DiMarco Retrospective review of 208 patients with leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: prognostic indicators, surgical management, and adjuvant therapy Gynecol Oncol 89 2003 460 469 (Pubitemid 36687793)
30. C.H. Hsieh, H. Lin, and C.C. Huang Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82 2003 74 81 (Pubitemid 36228411)
31. D.S. Kapp, J.Y. Shin, and J.K. Chan Prognostic factors and survival in 1396 patients with uterine leiomyosarcomas: emphasis on impact of lymphadenectomy and oophorectomy Cancer 112 2008 820 830 (Pubitemid 351240576)
32. V.M. Abeler, O. Røyne, and S. Thoresen Uterine sarcomas in Norway. A histopathological and prognostic survey of a total population from 1970 to 2000 including 419 patients Histopathology 54 2009 355 364
33. E. D'Angelo, L.G. Spagnoli, and J. Prat Comparative clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of uterine sarcomas diagnosed using the World Health Organization classification system Hum Pathol 40 2009 1571 1585
34. C.P. Raut, M.R. Nucci, and Q. Wang Predictive value of FIGO and AJCC staging systems in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma Eur J Cancer 45 2009 2818 2824
35. O. Zivanovic, M.M. Leitao, and A. Iasonos Stage-specific outcomes of patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma: a comparison of the international Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Systems J Clin Oncol 27 2009 2066 2072
36. J.Y. Park, D.Y. Kim, and D.S. Suh Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of patients with uterine sarcoma: analysis of 127 patients at a single institution, 1989-2007 J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 134 2008 1277 1287
37. F.J. Major, J.A. Blessing, and S.G. Silverberg Prognostic factors in early-stage uterine sarcoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study Cancer 71 4 Suppl. 1993 1702-1709
38. M.M. Leitao, Y. Sonoda, and M.F. Brennan Incidence of lymph node and ovarian metastases in leiomyosarcoma of the uterus Gynecol Oncol 91 2003 209 212 (Pubitemid 37188613)
39. B.A. Goff, L.W. Rice, and D. Fleischhacker Uterine leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma: lymph node metastases and sites of recurrence Gynecol Oncol 50 1993 105 1099
40. A. Ayhan, Z.S. Tuncer, and M. Tanir Uterine sarcoma: the Hacettepe hospital experience of 88 consecutive patients Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 18 1997 146 148 (Pubitemid 27135859)
41. J.H. Nam, and J.Y. Park Update on treatment of uterine sarcoma Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 22 2010 36 42
42. A. Gadducci, S. Cosio, and A. Romanini The management of patients with uterine sarcoma: a debated clinical challenge Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 65 2008 129 142
43. G.B. Gard, N.J. Mulvany, and M.A. Quinn Management of uterine leiomyosarcoma in Australia Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 39 1999 93 98 (Pubitemid 29108194)
44. J.S. Younis, E. Okon, and S.O. Anteby Uterine leiomyosarcoma in pregnancy Arch Gynecol Obstet 247 1990 155 160 (Pubitemid 20157237)
45. A. Lissoni, G. Cormio, and C. Bonazzi Fertility-sparing surgery in uterine leiomyosarcoma Gynecol Oncol 70 1998 348 350 (Pubitemid 28473633)
46. G. Cormio, V. Loizzi, and C. Carriero Conservative management of uterine leiomyosarcoma: report of a failure Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 30 2009 206 207
47. N.R. Abu-Rustum, J.P. Curtin, and M. Burt Regression of uterine low-grade smooth-muscle tumors metastatic to the lung after oophorectomy Obstet Gynecol 89 1997 850 852 (Pubitemid 27184826)
48. A. Ayhan, G. Aksan, and M. Gultekin Prognosticators and the role of lymphadenectomy in uterine leiomyosarcomas Arch Gynecol Obstet 280 2009 79 85
49. H.J. Norris, and H.B. Taylor Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. I. A clinical and pathological study of 53 endometrial stromal tumors Cancer 19 1966 755 766
50. World Health Organization classification of tumours F.A. Tavassoli, and P. Devilee Pathology and genetics of tumours of the breast and female genital organs 2003 IARC Press Lyon
51. P.A. De Fusco, T.A. Gaffey, and G.D. Malkasian Jr. Endometrial stromal sarcoma: review of Mayo Clinic experience, 1945-1980 Gynecol Oncol 35 1989 8 14 (Pubitemid 19257737)
52. G. Echt, J. Jepson, and J. Steel Treatment of uterine sarcomas Cancer 66 1990 35 39 (Pubitemid 20197081)
53. B. Larson, C. Silfverswärd, and B. Nilsson Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. A clinical and histopathological study. The Radiumhemmet series 1936-1981 Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 35 1990 239 249 (Pubitemid 20184068)
54. A. Haberal, F. Kayikiolu, and N. Boran Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus: analysis of 25 patients Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 109 2003 209 213 (Pubitemid 36809134)
55. K.T. Huang, C.A. Chen, and G.C. Tseng Endometrial stromal sarcoma of twenty cases Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75 1996 551 555
56. C. Bartosch, M.I. Exposito, and J.M. Lopes Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma: a comparative analysis emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between these two groups Int J Surg Pathol 18 2010 286 291
57. R.R. Nordal, G.B. Kristensen, and J. Kaern The prognostic significance of surgery, tumor size, malignancy grade, menopausal status, and DNA ploidy in endometrial stromal sarcoma Gynecol Oncol 62 1996 254 259 (Pubitemid 26274808)
58. A. Gadducci, E. Sartori, and F. Landoni Endometrial stromal sarcoma: analysis of treatment failures and survival Gynecol Oncol 63 1996 247 253 (Pubitemid 26398607)
59. R. Blom, H. Malmström, and C. Guerrieri Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, p53, and mdm-2 analysis of 17 cases Int J Gynecol Cancer 9 1999 98 104 (Pubitemid 29220745)
60. M.A. Geller, P. Argenta, and W. Bradley Treatment and recurrence patterns in endometrial stromal sarcomas and the relation to c-kit expression Gynecol Oncol 95 2004 632 636 (Pubitemid 39592532)
61. N. Li, L.Y. Wu, and H.T. Zhang Treatment options in stage I endometrial stromal sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of 53 cases Gynecol Oncol 108 2008 306 311 (Pubitemid 351174299)
62. J.K. Chan, N.M. Kawar, and J.Y. Shin Endometrial stromal sarcoma: a population-based analysis Br J Cancer 99 2008 1210 1215
63. J.P. Shah, C.S. Bryant, and S. Kumar Lymphadenectomy and ovarian preservation in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma Obstet Gynecol 112 2008 1102 1108
64. M.B. Thomas, G.L. Keeney, and K.C. Podratz Endometrial stromal sarcoma: treatment and patterns of recurrence Int J Gynecol Cancer 19 2009 253 256
65. G. Garg, J.P. Shah, and E.P. Toy Stage IA vs. IB endometrial stromal sarcoma: does the new staging system predict survival? Gynecol Oncol 118 2010 8 13
66. K. Bodner, B. Bodner-Adler, and A. Obermair Prognostic parameters in endometrial stromal sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study in 31 patients Gynecol Oncol 81 2001 160 165 (Pubitemid 32424154)
67. M.C. Chu, G. Mor, and C. Lim Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: hormonal aspects Gynecol Oncol 90 2003 170 176 (Pubitemid 37338093)
68. A.J. Li, R.L. Giuntoli 2nd, and R. Drake Ovarian preservation in stage I low grade endometrial stromal sarcomas Obstet Gynecol 106 2005 1304 1308 (Pubitemid 41668950)
69. J. Riopel, M. Plante, and M.C. Renaud Lymph node metastases in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma Gynecol Oncol 96 2005 402 406 (Pubitemid 40127141)
70. T. Ashraf-Ganjoei, N. Behtash, and M. Shariat Low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma of uterine corpus, a clinico-pathological and survey study in 14 cases World J Surg Oncol 4 2006 50
71. F. Amant, A. De Knijf, and B. Van Calster Clinical study investigating the role of lymphadenectomy, surgical castration and adjuvant hormonal treatment in endometrial stromal sarcoma Br J Cancer 97 2007 1194 1199 (Pubitemid 350035798)
72. C.A. Leath 3rd, W.K. Huh, and J. Hyde Jr. A multi-institutional review of outcomes of endometrial stromal sarcoma Gynecol Oncol 105 2007 630 634 (Pubitemid 46734182)
73. W.Y. Kim, J.W. Lee, and C.H. Choi Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: a single center's experience with 22 cases Int J Gynecol Cancer 18 2008 1084 1089
74. H.L. Evans Endometrial stromal sarcoma and poorly differentiated endometrial sarcoma Cancer 50 1982 2170 2182 (Pubitemid 13203626)
75. E. Oliva, P.B. Clement, and R.H. Young Endometrial stromal tumors: an update on a group of tumors with a protean phenotype Adv Anat Pathol 7 2000 257 281
76. F. Amant, I. Vergote, and P. Moerman The classification of a uterine sarcoma as 'high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma' should be abandoned Gynecol Oncol 95 2004 412 413 (Pubitemid 39445884)
77. S. Kurihara, Y. Oda, and Y. Ohishi Endometrial stromal sarcomas and related high-grade sarcomas: immunohistochemical and molecular genetic study of 31 cases Am J Surg Pathol 32 2008 1228 1238
78. K.L. Chang, G.S. Crabtree, and S.K. Lim-Tan Primary uterine endometrial stromal neoplasms. A clinicopathologic study of 117 cases Am J Surg Pathol 14 1990 415 438 (Pubitemid 20140662)
79. B. Barney, J.D. Tward, and T. Skidmore Does radiotherapy or lymphadenectomy improve survival in endometrial stromal sarcoma? Int J Gynecol Cancer 19 2009 1232 1238
80. I. Chew, and E. Oliva Endometrial stromal sarcomas: a review of potential prognostic factors Adv Anat Pathol 17 2010 113 121
81. J. Prat Classification and staging of endometrial sarcomas: one disease or two different tumor types? Gynecol Oncol 118 2010 1 2
82. D. Navarro, J.J. Cabrera, and L. León Endometrial stromal sarcoma expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and estrogen-induced srp27 (24K) suggests hormone responsiveness J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 41 1992 589 596
83. G. Sabini, J.C. Chumas, and W.J. Mann Steroid hormone receptors in endometrial stromal sarcomas. A biochemical and immunohistochemical study Am J Clin Pathol 97 1992 381 386
84. O. Reich, S. Regauer, and W. Urdl Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas Br J Cancer 82 2000 1030 1034 (Pubitemid 30128855)
85. J.P. Spano, J.C. Soria, and M. Kambouchner Long-term survival of patients given hormonal therapy for metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma Med Oncol 20 2003 87 93 (Pubitemid 36344030)
86. D. Pink, T. Lindner, and A. Mrozek Harm or benefit of hormonal treatment in metastatic low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: single center experience with 10 cases and review of the literature Gynecol Oncol 101 2006 464 469 (Pubitemid 44251067)
87. A. Berchuck, S.C. Rubin, and W.J. Hoskins Treatment of endometrial stromal tumors Gynecol Oncol 36 1990 60 65 (Pubitemid 20038003)
88. J. Mansi, S. Ramachandra, and E. Wiltshaw Endometrial stromal sarcomas (case Report) Gynecol Oncol 36 1990 113 118 (Pubitemid 20038014)
89. O. Reich, R. Winter, and S. Regauer Should lymphadenectomy be performed in patients with endometrial stromal sarcoma? Gynecol Oncol 97 2005 982
90. P. Clement, and R. Scully Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic analysis of ten cases of a distinctive type of Mullerian mixed tumor Cancer 34 1974 1138 1149
91. W.G. McCluggage Mullerian adenosarcoma of the female genital tract Adv Anat Pathol 17 2010 122 129
92. C.J. Zaloudek, and H.J. Norris Adenofibroma and adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases Cancer 48 1981 354 366 (Pubitemid 11127377)
93. P.B. Clement, and R.E. Scully Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic analysis of 100 cases with a review of the literature Hum Pathol 21 1990 363 381 (Pubitemid 20141021)
94. C.F. Verschraegen, A. Vasuratna, and C. Edwards Clinicopathologic analysis of Mullerian adenosarcoma: the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience Oncol Rep 5 1998 939 944 (Pubitemid 28270700)
95. Y. Shi, Z. Liu, and Z. Peng The diagnosis and treatment of Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterus Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 48 2008 596 600
96. R. Blom, and C. Guerrieri Adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, p53 and mdm-2 analysis of 11 cases Int J Gynecol Cancer 9 1999 37 43 (Pubitemid 29095788)
97. T. Kaku, S.G. Silverberg, and F.J. Major Adenosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group clinicopathologic study of 31 cases Int J Gynecol Pathol 11 1992 75 88
98. R. Arend, M. Bagaria, and S.N. Lewin Long-term outcome and natural history of uterine adenosarcomas Gynecol Oncol 119 2010 305 308
99. B. Ozmen, N. Uzum, and C. Unlu Surgical conservation of both ovaries in an adolescent with uterinemüllerian adenosarcoma: a case report J Minim Invasive Gynecol 14 2007 375 378 (Pubitemid 46660802)
100. C.M. Michener, and N.L. Simon Ovarian conservation in a woman of reproductive age with Mullerian adenosarcoma Gynecol Oncol 83 2001 424 427 (Pubitemid 33033093)
101. X.Y. Han, Y. Xiang, and L.N. Guo Clinicopathological analysis of Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterus Chin Med J (Engl) 123 2010 756 759
102. F. Amant, K. Schurmans, and E. Steenkiste Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity in uterine adenosarcoma Gynecol Oncol 93 2004 680 685 (Pubitemid 38766055)
103. P.B. Clement Müllerian adenosarcomas of the uterus with sarcomatous overgrowth. A clinicopathological analysis of 10 cases Am J Surg Pathol 13 1989 28 38 (Pubitemid 19015527)
104. T.C. Krivak, J.D. Seidman, and J.W. McBroom Uterine adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth versus uterine carcinosarcoma: comparison of treatment and survival Gynecol Oncol 83 2001 89 94 (Pubitemid 32959883)
105. A. Gallardo, and J. Prat Mullerian adenosarcoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 55 cases challenging the existence of adenofibroma Am J Surg Pathol 33 2009 278 288
106. R.A. Soslow, A. Ali, and E. Oliva Mullerian adenosarcomas: an immunophenotypic analysis of 35 cases Am J Surg Pathol 32 2008 1013 1021
107. L.E. Kernochan, and R.L. Garcia Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Müllerian tumor) of the uterus: advances in elucidation of biologic and clinical characteristics J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7 2009 550 556
108. A. Zelmanowicz, A. Hildesheim, and M.E. Sherman Evidence for a common etiology for endometrial carcinomas and malignant mixed Mullerian tumors Gynecol Oncol 69 1998 253 257 (Pubitemid 28289969)
109. P.J. Hoskins, N. Le, S. Ellard British Columbia Cancer Agency Carboplatin plus paclitaxel for advanced or recurrent uterine malignant mixed Mullerian tumors. The British Columbia Cancer Agency experience Gynecol Oncol 108 2008 58 62 (Pubitemid 350299420)
110. M.A. Powell, V.L. Filiaci, and P.G. Rose Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study Clin Oncol 28 2010 2727 2731
111. F. Mayall, K. Rutty, and F. Campbell p53 immunostaining suggests that uterine carcinosarcomas are monoclonal Histopathology 24 1994 211 214
112. E.C. Abeln, V.T. Smit, and J.W. Wessels Molecular genetic evidence for the conversion hypothesis of the origin of malignant mixed Müllerian tumours J Pathol 183 1997 424 431 (Pubitemid 27509249)
113. S. Kounelis, M.W. Jones, and H. Papadaki Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) of the female genital tract: comparative molecular analysis of epithelial and mesenchymal components Hum Pathol 29 1998 82 87 (Pubitemid 28049550)
114. Z. Jin, S. Ogata, and G. Tamura Carcinosarcomas (malignant Mullerian mixed tumors) of the uterus and ovary: a genetic study with special reference to histogenesis Int J Gynecol Pathol 22 2003 368 373 (Pubitemid 37152987)
115. A. Abargel, I. Avinoach, and V. Kravtsov Expression of p27 and p53: comparative analysis of uterine carcinosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma Int J Gynecol Cancer 14 2004 354 359 (Pubitemid 38533909)
116. A. Schipf, D. Mayr, and T. Kirchner Molecular genetic aberrations of ovarian and uterine carcinosarcomas - A CGH and FISH study Virchows Arch 452 2008 259 268
117. G. Ferrandina, G.F. Zannoni, and E. Martinelli Endometrial carcinoma recurring as carcinosarcoma: report of two cases Pathol Res Pract 203 2007 677 681 (Pubitemid 47300107)
118. E. George, T.J. Lillemoe, and L.B. Twiggs Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor versus high-grade endometrial carcinoma and aggressive variants of endometrial carcinoma: a comparative analysis of survival Int J Gynecol Pathol 14 1995 39 44
119. F. Amant, I. Cadron, and L. Fuso Endometrial carcinosarcomas have a different prognosis and pattern of spread compared to high-risk epithelial endometrial cancer Gynecol Oncol 98 2005 274 280 (Pubitemid 41019116)
120. A.P. Vaidya, N.S. Horowitz, and E. Oliva Uterine malignant mixed Mullerian tumors should not be included in studies of endometrial carcinoma Gynecol Oncol 103 2006 684 687 (Pubitemid 44602187)
121. N. Bansal, T.J. Herzog, and V.E. Seshan Uterine carcinosarcomas and grade 3 endometrioid cancers: evidence for distinct tumor behavior Obstet Gynecol 112 2008 64 70
122. A.E. Bland, R. Stone, and C. Heuser A clinical and biological comparison between malignant mixed Müllerian tumors and grade 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinomas Int J Gynecol Cancer 19 2009 261 265