Correction to longitudinal examination of the psychosocial costs of racism to whites across the college experience (Journal of Counseling Psychology 58,4 508-521 2011) doi: 10.1037/a0025066;Longitudinal examination of the psychosocial costs of racism to whites across the college experience

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 508-521

  Todd, Nathan R ^a   Spanierman, Lisa B ^b   Poteat, V Paul ^c  

^a DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Costs of racism to Whites; Diversity education; Racial empathy; White guilt; White racial attitudes

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054864094     PISSN: 00220167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0034782     Document Type: Erratum

References (59)

1. Allport G.W. The nature of prejudice 1954, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA.
2. Astin A. What matters in college: Four critical years revisited 1993, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
3. Awad G.H., Cokley K., Ravitch J. Attitudes toward affirmative action: A comparison of color-blind versus modern racist attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2005, 35:1384-1399. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02175.x.
4. Bell L.A. Telling tales: What stories can teach us about racism. Race Ethnicity and Education 2003, 6:3-28. 10.1080/1361332032000044567.
5. Blumer H. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociological Review 1958, 1:3-7.
6. Bonilla-Silva E. Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States 2003, Rowman & Littlefield, New York, NY.
7. Bowman N.A. College diversity courses and cognitive development among students from privileged and marginalized groups. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 2009, 2:182-194. 10.1037/a0016639.
8. Bowman N.A. College diversity experiences and cognitive development: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research 2010, 80:4-33. 10.3102/0034654309352495.
9. Case K.A. Raising White privilege awareness and reducing racial prejudice: Assessing diversity course effectiveness. Teaching of Psychology 2007, 34:231-235. 10.1080/00986280701700250.
10. Chang M.J., Astin A.W., Kim D. Cross-racial interaction among undergraduates: Some consequences, causes, and patterns. Research in Higher Education 2004, 45:529-553. 10.1023/B:RIHE.0000032327.45961.33.
11. Chickering A.W., Reisser L. Education and identity 1993, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. 2nd ed.
12. Cohen J., Cohen P., West S.G., Aiken L.S. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences 2003, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. 3rd ed.
13. Collins L.M., Schafer J.L., Kam C.M. A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing-data procedures. Psychological Methods 2001, 6:330-351. 10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.330.
14. Curran P.J., Bauer D.J. The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology 2011, 62:583-619. 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356.
15. Denson N. Do curricular and cocurricular diversity activities influence racial bias? A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research 2009, 79:805-838. 10.3102/0034654309331551.
16. Engberg M.E. Improving intergroup relations in higher education: A critical examination of the influences of educational interventions on racial bias. Review of Educational Research 2004, 74:473-524. 10.3102/00346543074004473.
17. Engberg M.E., Mayhew M.J. The influence of first-year " success" courses on student learning and democratic outcomes. Journal of College Student Development 2007, 48:241-258. 10.1353/csd.2007.0023.
18. Fischer M.J. Settling into campus life: Differences by race/ethnicity in college involvement and outcomes. The Journal of Higher Education 2007, 78:125-156. 10.1353/jhe.2007.0009.
19. Foubert J.D., Nixon M.L., Sisson V.S., Barnes A.C. A longitudinal study of Chickering and Reisser's vectors: Exploring gender differences and implications for refining the theory. Journal of College Student Development 2005, 46:461-471. 10.1353/csd.2005.0047.
20. Gardner J.N., Van der Veer G. The senior year experience: Facilitating integration, reflection, closure, and transition 1998, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
21. Goldrick-Rab S., Carter D.F., Wagner R.W. What higher education has to say about the transition to college. Teachers College Record 2007, 109:2444-2481.
22. Goodman D.J. Promoting diversity and social justice: Educating people from privileged groups 2001, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
23. Gurin P., Dey E.L., Hurtado S., Gurin G. Diversity and higher education: Theory and impact on educational outcomes. Harvard Educational Review 2002, 72:330-366.
24. Helms J.E. An update of Helms's White and people of color racial identity models. Handbook of multicultural counseling 1995, 181-198. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. J.G. Ponterotto, J.M. Casas, L.A. Suzuki, C.M. Alexander (Eds.).
25. Henry K.L., Oetting E.R., Slater M.D. The role of attachment to family, school, and peers in adolescents' use of alcohol: A longitudinal study of within-person and between-persons effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2009, 56:564-572. 10.1037/a0017041.
26. Henscheid J.M. Institutional efforts to move seniors through and beyond college. New Directions for Higher Education 2008, 2008(144):79-87. 10.1002/he.328.
27. Holmbeck G.N., Wandrei M.L. Individual and relational predictors of adjustment in first-year college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1993, 40:73-78. 10.1037/0022-0167.40.1.73.
28. Hu S., Kuh G.D. Diversity experiences and college student learning and personal development. Journal of College Student Development 2003, 44:320-334. 10.1353/csd.2003.0026.
29. Iyer A., Leach C.W., Pedersen A. Racial wrongs and restitutions: The role of guilt and other group-based emotions. Off White: Readings on power, privilege, and resistance 2004, 345-361. Routledge, New York, NY. 2nd ed. M. Fine, L. Weis, L.P. Pruitt, A. Burns (Eds.).
30. Kivel P. Uprooting racism: How White people can work for racial justice 2002, New Society, Gabriola Island, British Columbia. Rev. ed.
31. Laird T.F.N., Engberg M.E., Hurtado S. Modeling accentuation effects: Enrolling in a diversity course and the importance of social action engagement. The Journal of Higher Education 2005, 76:448-476. 10.1353/jhe.2005.0028.
32. Leach C.W., Snider N., Iyer A. " Poisoning the consciences of the fortunate": The experience of relative advantage and support for social equality. Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration 2002, 136-163. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. I. Walker, H.J. Smith (Eds.).
33. Locks A.M., Hurtado S., Bowman N.A., Oseguera L. Extending notions of campus climate and diversity to students' transition to college. The Review of Higher Education 2008, 31:257-285.
34. McClelland K., Linnander E. The role of contact and information in racial attitude change among White college students. Sociological Inquiry 2006, 76:81-115. 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2006.00145.x.
35. Neville H.A. Rationalizing the racial order: Racial color-blindness as a legitimizing ideology. Race struggles 2009, 115-133. University of Illinois Press, Champaign, IL. T. Koditschek, S.K. ChaJua, H.A. Neville (Eds.).
36. Neville H.A., Lilly R., Duran G., Lee R., Browne L. Construction and initial validation of the Color-Blindness Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology 2000, 47:59-70. 10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.59.
37. Neville, H. A., Low, K., Liao, H., Walters, J., & Landrum-Brown, J. (2007). Color-blind racial ideology: Testing a context-based legitimizing ideology model. (Unpublished manuscript.
38. Pascarella E.T., Edison M., Nora A., Hagedorn L.S., Terenzini P.T. Influences on students' openness to diversity and challenge in the first year of college. The Journal of Higher Education 1996, 67:174-195. 10.2307/2943979.
39. Pettigrew T.F., Tropp L.R. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 90:751-783. 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.
40. Pettigrew T.F., Tropp L.R. How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology 2008, 38:922-934. 10.1002/ejsp.504.
41. Raudenbush S.W. Comparing personal trajectories and drawing causal inferences from longitudinal data. Annual Review of Psychology 2001, 52:501-525. 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.501.
42. Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods 2002, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed.
43. Schafer J.L., Graham J.W. Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:147-177. 10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147.
44. Searle S.R., Casella G., McCulloch C.E. Variance components 1992, Wiley, New York, NY.
45. Sifford A., Ng K.M., Wang C. Further validation of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale on a sample of university students in the southeastern United States. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2009, 56:585-589. 10.1037/a0017278.
46. Singer J.D., Willett J.B. Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence 2003, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
47. Soble J.R., Spanierman L.B., Liao H. Effects of a brief video intervention on White university students' racial attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2011, 58:151-157. 10.1037/a0021158.
48. Spanierman L.B., Heppner M.J. Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): Construction and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2004, 51:249-262. 10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.249.
49. Spanierman L.B., Neville H.A., Liao H.Y., Hammer J.H., Wang Y.F. Participation in formal and informal campus diversity experiences: Effects on students' racial democratic beliefs. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 2008, 1:108-125. 10.1037/1938-8926.1.2.108.
50. Spanierman L.B., Oh E., Poteat V.P., Hund A.R., McClair V.L., Beer A.M., Clarke A.M. White university students' response to societal racism: A qualitative investigation. The Counseling Psychologist 2008, 36:839-870. 10.1177/0011000006295589.
51. Spanierman L.B., Poteat V.P., Beer A.M., Armstrong P.I. Psychosocial costs of racism to Whites: Exploring patterns through cluster analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2006, 53:434-441. 10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.434.
52. Spanierman L.B., Poteat V.P., Wang Y.F., Oh E. Psychosocial costs of racism to White counselors: Predicting various dimensions of multicultural counseling competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2008, 55:75-88. 10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.75.
53. Spanierman L.B., Soble J.R. Understanding Whiteness: Previous approaches and possible directions in the study of White racial attitudes and identity. Handbook of multicultural counseling 2010, 283-299. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. 3rd ed. J.G. Ponterotto, J.M. Casas, L.A. Suzuki, C.M. Alexander (Eds.).
54. Spanierman L.B., Todd N.R., Anderson C.J. Psychosocial costs of racism to Whites: Understanding patterns among university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2009, 56:239-252. 10.1037/a0015432.
55. Stewart T.L., Latu I.M., Branscombe N.R., Denney H.T. Yes we can! Prejudice reduction through seeing (inequality) and believing (in social change). Psychological Science 2010, 21:1557-1562. 10.1177/0956797610385354.
56. Todd N.R., Spanierman L.B., Aber M.S. White students reflecting on Whiteness: Understanding emotional responses. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 2010, 3:97-110. 10.1037/a0019299.
57. Whitt E.J., Edison M.R., Pascarella E.R., Terenzini P.T., Nora A. Influences on student's openness to diversity and challenge in the second and third years of college. The Journal of Higher Education 2001, 72:172-204. 10.2307/2649321.
58. Worthington R.L., Navarro R.L., Loewy M., Hart J. Color-blind racial attitudes, social dominance orientation, racial-ethnic group membership and college students' perceptions of campus climate. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 2008, 1:8-19. 10.1037/1938-8926.1.1.8.
59. Yeadon C. College senior transition programs: Transition from college to the workplace. Journal of Student Affairs 2010, 19:44-50.