The composition of the minority population as a threat: Can real economic and cultural threats explain xenophobia?

International Sociology

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 815-843

  Hjerm, Mikael ^a   Nagayoshi, Kikuko ^b  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

attitude; culture; economic; ESS; Europe; group threat; majority; minority; Muslim; prejudice; xenophobia

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054776227     PISSN: 02685809     EISSN: 14617242     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0268580910394004     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Alesina A,Devleeschauwer A,Easterly W,Kurlat S,Wacziarg R.Fractionalization.Journal of Economic Growth. 2003;8 (2): 155-194.
2. Ålund A,Schierup C-UParadoxes of Multiculturalism: Essays on Swedish Society. Aldershot and Brookfield: Avebury; 1991:.
3. Arends-Tóth J,Van de Vijver FJR.Multiculturalism and acculturation: Views of Dutch and Turkish-Dutch.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2003;33 (2): 249-266.
4. Berezin MIlliberal Politics in Neoliberal Times: Culture, Security and Populism in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009:.
5. Blalock HM.Percent non-white and discrimination in the South.American Sociological Review. 1957;22 (6): 667-682.
6. Blalock HMTowards a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: Wiley; 1967:.
7. Blumer H.Race prejudice as a sense of group position.Pacific Sociological Review. 1958;1 (1): 3-7.
8. Bobo L.Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1983;45 (6): 1196-1210.
9. Bonacich E.A theory of ethnic antagonism: The split labor market.American Sociological Review. 1972;37 (5): 547-559.
10. Boswell TE.A split labor market analysis of discrimination against Chinese immigrants, 1850-1882.American Sociological Review. 1986;51 (3): 352-371.
11. Burns P,Gimpel JG.Economic insecurity, prejudicial stereotypes, and public opinion on immigration policy.Political Science Quarterly. 2000;115 (2): 201-225.
12. Coenders M,Scheepers P.The effect of education on nationalism and ethnic exclusionism: An international comparison.Political Psychology. 2003;24 (2): 313-343.
13. Crepaz MTrust beyond Borders: Immigration, the Welfare State, and Identity in Modern Societies. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press; 2008:.
14. Dixon JC.The ties that bind and those that don't: Towards reconciling group threat and contact theories of prejudice.Social Forces. 2006;84 (4): 2179-2204.
15. Dixon JC,Rosenbaum M.Nice to know you? Testing contact cultural, and group threat theories of anti-black and anti-Hispanic stereotypes.Social Science Quarterly. 2004;85 (2): 257-280.
16. Dustmann C.Speaking fluency, writing fluency and earnings of migrants.Journal of Population Economics. 1994;7 (2): 133-156.
17. Espenshade TJ,Hempstead K.Contemporary American attitudes toward US immigration.International Migration Review. 1996;30 (2): 559-576.
18. Esposito L,Murphy WJ.Desensitizing Herbert Blumer's work on race relations: Recent applications of his group threat theory to the study of contemporary race prejudice.Sociological Quarterly. 1999;40 (3): 397-410.
19. Esser H.Migration, language and integration.AKI Research Review. 2006;:4.
20. Esses V,Dovido L,Jackson LM,Armstrong TL.The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived group competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity.Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57 (3): 389-412.
21. Eurostat (2008) Population by Citizenship and Country of Birth. Available at: epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/population/data/database.
22. Fetzer JSPublic Attitudes towards Immigration in the United States, France and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000:.
23. Fosset M,Kiecolt JK.The relative size of minority populations and white racial attitudes.Social Science Quarterly. 1989;70 (4): 820-835.
24. Garner CL,Raudenbush SW.Neighborhood effects of educational attainment: A multilevel analysis.Sociology of Education. 1991;64 (4): 251-262.
25. Giles M,Hertz K.Racial threat and partisan identification.American Political Science Review. 1994;88 (2): 317-326.
26. Glaser JM.Back to the black belt: Racial environment and white racial attitudes in the South.Journal of Politics. 1994;56 (1): 21-41.
27. Goldberg DT.Racial Europeanization.Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2006;29 (2): 331-364.
28. Gordon MMAssimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin. New York: Oxford University Press; 1964:.
29. Green EGT.Guarding the gates of Europe: A typological analysis of immigration attitudes across 21 countries.International Journal of Psychology. 2007;42 (6): 365-379.
30. Halperin E,Canetti-Nisism D,Pedahzur A.Threatened by the uncontrollable: Psychological and socio-economic antecedents of social distance towards labor migrants in Israel.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2007;31 (4): 459-478.
31. Hello E,Scheepers P,Vermulst A,Gerris JRM.Association between educational attainments and ethnic distance in young adults.Acta Sociologica. 2004;47 (3): 253-275.
32. Hjerm M.What the future bring: Xenophobia among Swedish adolescents.Acta Sociologica. 2005;48 (4): 292-307.
33. Hjerm MThe Political Sociology of the Welfare State: Institutions, Cleavages, Orientations. Svallfors S, ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2007a:223-257.
34. Hjerm M.Do numbers really count? Group threat theory revisited.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2007b;33 (7): 1253-1276.
35. Hood MV,Morris IL.Amigo o enemigo? Context, attitudes, and Anglo public opinion toward immigration.Social Science Quarterly. 1997;78 (2): 309-323.
36. International Monetary Fund. (2002) World Economic Outlook Database 2002. September. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2002/02/data/.
37. Jackman MR,Crane M.Some of my best friends are black. interracial friendship and whites' racial attitudes.Public Opinion Quarterly. 1986;50 (4): 459-486.
38. Jasinskaja-Lahti I.Long-term immigrant adaptation: Eight-year follow-up study among immigrants from Russia and Estonia living in Finland.International Journal of Psychology. 2008;43 (1): 6-18.
39. Kymlicka WPolitics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001:.
40. McLaren LM.Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the exclusion of immigrants.Social Forces. 2003;81 (3): 909-936.
41. McLaren LM,Johnson M.Resources, group conflict and symbols: Explaining anti-immigrant hostility in Britain.Political Studies. 2007;55 (4): 709-732.
42. Moreno JLWho Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama. New York: Beacon House; 1953 [1934]:.
43. Mulder M,Krahn H.Individual- and community-level determinants of support for immigration and cultural diversity in Canada.Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. 2005;42 (4): 421-444.
44. Nukaga M.Xenophobia and the effect of education: Determinants of Japanese attitudes toward acceptance of foreigners.Japan General Social Surveys/Kenkyu Ronbun Shu. 2006;5:191-202.
45. O'Connell M.Economic forces and anti-immigrant attitudes in Western Europe: A paradox in search of an explanation.Patterns of Prejudice. 2005;39 (1): 60-74.
46. OECD. (2008) Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries. Available at: stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx.
47. Olzak SThe Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1992:.
48. Park RERace and Culture. Glencoe, IL: Free Press; 1950:.
49. Paxton P,Mughan A.What's to fear from immigrants? Creating an assimilationist threat scale.Political Psychology. 2006;27 (4): 549-568.
50. Pettigrew TF.Demographic correlates of border-state desegregation.American Sociological Review. 1957;22 (6): 683-689.
51. Pettigrew TF.Intergroup contact theory.Annual Review of Psychology. 1998;49:65-85.
52. Pettigrew TFSystematizing the Predictors of Prejudice. Sears DOSidanius JLawrence B, ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 2000:280-301.
53. Portes A,Zhou M.The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants among post-1965 immigrant youth.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1993;530:74-98.
54. Quillian L.Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti immigrant racial prejudice in Europe.American Sociological Review. 1995;60 (4): 586-611.
55. Quillian L.Group threat and regional change in attitudes toward African-Americans.American Journal of Sociology. 1996;102 (3): 816-860.
56. Raudenbush S,Bryk A,Congdon RHLM Version 5.05. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International Inc; 2001:.
57. Rumbaut RG.Assimilation and its discontents: Between rhetoric and reality.The International Migration Review. 1997;31 (4): 923-960.
58. Scheepers P,Gijsbert M,Coenders M.Ethnic exclusionism in European countries: Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat.European Sociological Review. 2002;18 (1): 17-34.
59. Schneider LS.Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat.European Sociological Review. 2007;24 (1): 53-67.
60. Sears DO,Jessor T.White's racial policy attitudes: The role of white racism.Social Science Quarterly. 1996;61:16-53.
61. Semyonov M,Raijman R,Gorodzeisky A.The rise of anti-foreigner sentiment in European societies, 1998-2000.American Sociological Review. 2006;71 (June): 426-449.
62. Sherif M,Sherif CGroups in Harmony and Tension: An Integration of Studies on Intergroup Relations. New York: Harper; 1953:.
63. Sigelman L,Bledsoe T,Welch S,Combs MW.Making contact? Black-white social interaction in an urban setting.American Journal of Sociology. 1996;101 (5): 1306-1322.
64. Skenderovic D.Immigration and the radical right in Switzerland: Ideology, discourse and opportunities.Patterns of Prejudice. 2007;41 (2): 155-176.
65. Smith AW.Racial tolerance as a function of group position.American Sociological Review. 1981;46 (5): 558-573.
66. Sniderman PM,Hagendoorn LWhen Ways of Life Collide: Multiculturalism and its Discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2007:.
67. Snijders TAB,Bosker RJMultilevel Analysis. London: Sage; 1999:.
68. Stephan WG,Stephan CWImproving Intergroup Relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001:.
69. Svallfors SThe Moral Economy of Class. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2006:.
70. Tajfel H,Turner JCThe Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Austin WGWorchel S, ed. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1979:33-47.
71. Taylor MC.How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count.American Sociological Review. 1998;63 (4): 512-535.
72. Taylor MCThe Significance of Racial Context. Sears DOSidanius JBobo L, ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 2000:118-136.
73. Van der Brug W,Fnennema M,Tillie J.Anti-immigrant parties in Europe: Ideological or protest vote?.European Journal of Political Research. 2000;37 (1): 77-102.
74. Wilson TC.Americans' views on immigration policy: Testing the role of threatened group interest.Sociological Perspectives. 2001;44 (4): 485-501.
75. Yakushko O.Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants.The Counseling Psychologist. 2009;37 (1): 36-66.
76. Zárate MA,Garcia B,Garza AA,Hitlam RT.Cultural threat and perceived realistic group conflict as dual predictors of prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2002;40 (1): 99-105.
77. Zhou M.Segmented assimilation: Issues, controversies, and recent research on the new second generation.International Migration Review. 1997;31 (4): 975-1008.