Epidemiology, severity classification, and outcome of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: A prospective multicenter study

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 28, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 2019-2031

  Andriessen, Teuntje M J C ^a   Horn, Janneke ^b   Franschman, Gaby ^c   Van Der Naalt, Joukje ^d   Haitsma, Iain ^e   Jacobs, Bram ^d   Steyerberg, Ewout W ^e   Vos, Pieter E ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^e ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

epidemiology; mortality; multicenter study; outcome; TBI

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BRAIN; BRAIN INJURIES; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HUMANS; INFORMED CONSENT; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NETHERLANDS; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80054745710     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: 15579042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2034     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. (2008). ATLS: Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors (Student Course Manual), 8th edition. American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL.
2. Badjatia, N., Carney, N., Crocco, T.J., Fallat, M.E., Hennes, H.M., Jagoda, A.S., Jernigan, S., Letarte, P.B., Lerner, E.B., Moriarty, T.M., Pons, P.T., Sasser, S., Scalea, T., Schleien, C.L., and Wright, D.W. (2008). Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury 2nd edition. Prehosp. Emerg. Care 12, Suppl. 1, S1-52.
3. Balestreri, M., Czosnyka, M., Chatfield, D.A., Steiner, L.A., Schmidt, E.A., Smielewski, P., Matta, B., and Pickard, J.D. (2004). Predictive value of Glasgow Coma Scale after brain trauma: change in trend over the past ten years. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 161-162. (Pubitemid 38091292)
4. Brain Trauma Foundation (2007). Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 24, Suppl. 1, S1-106.
5. Bratton, S.L., Chestnut, R.M., Ghajar, J., Connell Hammond, F.F., Harris, O.A., Hartl, R., Manley, G.T., Nemecek, A., Newell, D.W., Rosenthal, G., Schouten, J., Shutter, L., Timmons, S.D., Ullman, J.S., Videtta, W., Wilberger, J.E., and Wright, D.W. (2007). Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. VI. Indications for intracranial pressure monitoring. J. Neurotrauma 24, Suppl. 1, S37-S44.
6. Bulger, E.M., Nathens, A.B., Rivara, F.P., Moore, M., MacKenzie, E.J., and Jurkovich, G.J. (2002). Management of severe head injury: institutional variations in care and effect on outcome. Crit. Care Med. 30, 1870-1876. (Pubitemid 34879606)
7. Clifton, G.L., Miller, E.R., Choi, S.C., Levin, H.S., McCauley, S., Smith, K.R., Jr., Muizelaar, J.P., Wagner, F.C., Jr., Marion, D.W., Luerssen, T.G., Chesnut, R.M., and Schwartz, M. (2001). Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 556-563. (Pubitemid 32167869)
8. Compagnone, C., d'Avella, D., Servadei, F., Angileri, F.F., Brambilla, G., Conti, C., Cristofori, L., Delfini, R., Denaro, L., Ducati, A., Gaini, S.M., Stefini, R., Tomei, G., Tagliaferri, F., Trincia, G., and Tomasello, F. (2009). Patients with moderate head injury: a prospective multicenter study of 315 patients. Neurosurgery 64, 690-696.
9. Cremer, O.L., van Dijk, G.W., van, W.E., Brekelmans, G.J., Moons, K.G., Leenen, L.P., and Kalkman, C.J. (2005). Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and targeted intensive care on functional outcome after severe head injury. Crit. Care Med. 33, 2207-2213. (Pubitemid 41437472)
10. Davis, D.P., Serrano, J.A., Vilke, G.M., Sise, M.J., Kennedy, F., Eastman, A.B., Velky, T., and Hoyt, D.B. (2006). The predictive value of field versus arrival Glasgow Coma Scale score and TRISS calculations in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. J. Trauma 60, 985-990. (Pubitemid 43778629)
11. Edwards, P., Arango, M., Balica, L., Cottingham, R., El-Sayed, H., Farrell, B., Fernandes, J., Gogichaisvili, T., Golden, N., Hartzenberg, B., Husain, M., Ulloa, M.I., Jerbi, Z., Khamis, H., Komolafe, E., Laloe, V., Lomas, G., Ludwig, S., Mazairac, G., Munoz Sanchez, M.L., Nasi, L., Olldashi, F., Plunkett, P., Roberts, I., Sandercock, P., Shakur, H., Soler, C., Stocker, R., Svoboda, P., Trenkler, S., Venkataramana, N.K., Wasserberg, J., Yates, D., and Yutthakasemsunt, S. (2005). Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 365, 1957-1959.
12. Fakhry, S.M., Trask, A.L., Waller, M.A., and Watts, D.D. (2004). Management of brain-injured patients by an evidence-based medicine protocol improves outcomes and decreases hospital charges. J. Trauma 56, 492-499.
13. Foulkes, M.A., Eisenberg, H.M., Jane, J.A., Marmarou, A., and Marshall, L.F. (1991). The Traumatic Coma Data Bank: design, methods and baseline characteristics. J. Neurosurg. 75, s8-s13.
14. Gennarelli, T.A., Spielman, G.M., Langfitt, T.W., Gildenberg, P.L., Harrington, T., Jane, J.A., Marshall, L.F., Miller, J.D., and Pitts, L.H. (1982). Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury. J. Neurosurg. 56, 26-32.
15. Ho, K.M., Burrell, M., and Rao, S. (2010). Extracranial injuries are important in determining mortality of neurotrauma. Crit. Care Med. 38, 1562-1568.
16. Hukkelhoven, C.W., Steyerberg, E.W., Farace, E., Habbema, J.D., Marshall, L.F., and Maas, A.I. (2002). Regional differences in patient characteristics, case management, and outcomes in traumatic brain injury: experience from the tirilazad trials. J. Neurosurg. 97, 549-557. (Pubitemid 34994371)
17. Hukkelhoven, C.W., Steyerberg, E.W., Rampen, A.J., Farace, E., Habbema, J.D., Marshall, L.F., Murray, G.D., and Maas, A.I. (2003). Patient age and outcome following severe traumatic brain injury: an analysis of 5600 patients. J. Neurosurg. 99, 666-673. (Pubitemid 37159043)
18. Jacobs, B., Beems, T., Stulemeijer, M., van Vugt, A.B., van der Vliet, T.M., Borm, G.F., and Vos, P. E. (2010a). Outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury: age and clinical variables are stronger predictors than CT abnormalities. J. Neurotrauma 27, 655-668.
19. Jacobs, B., Beems, T., van der Vliet, T.M., Borm, G.F., and Vos, P.E. (2010b). The status of the fourth ventricle and ambient cisterns predict outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 27, 331-340.
20. Jacobs, B., Beems, T., van der Vliet, T.M., Diaz-Arrastia, R.R., Borm, G.F., and Vos, P.E. (2011). Computed tomography and outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: he-matoma volume and midline shift revisited. J. Neurotrauma 28, 203-215.
21. Jennett, B., Teasdale, G.M., Galbraith, S., Pickard, J.D., Grant, H., Braakman, R., Avezaat, C., Maas, A., Minderhoud, J., Vecht, C.J., Heiden, J., Small, R., Caton, W., and Kurze, T. (1977). Severe head injuries in three countries. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 40, 291-298. (Pubitemid 8095033)
22. Leitgeb, J., Erb, K., Mauritz, W., Janciak, I., Wilbacher, I., and Rusnak, M. (2007). Severe traumatic brain injury in Austria V: CT findings and surgical management. Wien Klin. Wo-chenschr. 119, 56-63. (Pubitemid 46972110)
23. Maas, A.I., Harrison-Felix, C.L., Menon, D., Adelson, P.D., Balkin, T., Bullock, R., Engel, D.C., Gordon, W., Langlois-Orman, J., Lew, H.L., Robertson, C., Temkin, N., Valadka, A., Verfaellie, M., Wainwright, M., Wright, D.W., and Schwab, K. (2011). Standardizing data collection in traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 28, 177-187.
24. Maas, A.I., Harrison-Felix, C.L., Menon, D., Adelson, P.D., Balkin, T., Bullock, R., Engel, D.C., Gordon, W., Orman, J.L., Lew, H.L., Robertson, C., Temkin, N., Valadka, A., Verfaellie, M., Wainwright, M., Wright, D.W., and Schwab, K. (2010). Common data elements for traumatic brain injury: recommendations from the interagency working group on demographics and clinical assessment. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 91, 1641-1649.
25. Maas, A.I., Hukkelhoven, C.W., Marshall, L.F., and Steyerberg, E.W. (2005). Prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury with computed tomographic characteristics: a comparison between the computed tomographic classification and combinations of computed tomographic predictors. Neurosurgery 57, 1173-1182.
26. Maas, A.I., Stocchetti, N., and Bullock, R. (2008). Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol. 7, 728-741. (Pubitemid 351957931)
27. Marshall, L.F., Becker, D.P., Bowers, S.A., Cayard, C., Eisenberg, H., Gross, C.R., Grossman, R.G., Jane, J.A., Kunitz, S.C., Rimel, R., Tabaddor, K., and Warren, J. (1983). The National Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Part 1: Design, purpose, goals, and results. J. Neurosurg. 59, 276-284. (Pubitemid 13029207)
28. Marshall, L.F., Eisenberg, H.M., Jane, J.A., Luerssen, T.G., Mar-marou, A., and Foulkes, M.A. (1991a). A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography. J. Neuro-surg. 75, s14-s20.
29. Marshall, L.F., Gautille, T., Klauber, M.R., Eisenberg, H.M., Luerssen, T.G., Marmarou, A., and Foulkes, M.A. (1991b). The outcome of severe closed head injury. J. Neurosurg. 75, s29-s37.
30. Marshall, L.F., Maas, A.I., Marshall, S.B., Bricolo, A., Fearnside, M., Iannotti, F., Klauber, M.R., Lagarrigue, J., Lobato, R., Persson, L., Pickard, J.D., Piek, J., Servadei, F., Wellis, G.N., Morris, G.F., Means, E.D., and Musch, B. (1998). A multicenter trial on the efficacy of using tirilazad mesylate in cases of head injury. J. Neurosurg. 89, 519-525. (Pubitemid 28440918)
31. Mauritz, W., Janciak, I., Wilbacher, I., and Rusnak, M. (2007). Severe traumatic brain injury in Austria IV: intensive care management. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 119, 46-55. (Pubitemid 46972109)
32. Mauritz, W., Steltzer, H., Bauer, P., Dolanski-Aghamanoukjan, L., and Metnitz, P. (2008a). Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: an Austrian prospective multicenter study. Intensive Care Med. 34, 1208-1215. (Pubitemid 351904300)
33. Mauritz, W., Wilbacher, I., Majdan, M., Leitgeb, J., Janciak, I., Brazinova, A., and Rusnak, M. (2008b). Epidemiology, treatment and outcome of patients after severe traumatic brain injury in European regions with different economic status. Eur. J. Public Health 18, 575-580.
34. Murray, G.D., Teasdale, G.M., Braakman, R., Cohadon, F., Dearden, M., Iannotti, F., Karimi, A., Lapierre, F., Maas, A., Ohman, J., Persson, L., Servadei, F., Stocchetti, N., Troja-nowski, T., and Unterberg, A. (1999a). The European Brain Injury Consortium survey of head injuries. Acta Neurochir. 141, 223-236. (Pubitemid 29137535)
35. Murray, L.S., Teasdale, G.M., Murray, G.D., Miller, D.J., Pickard, J.D., and Shaw, M.D. (1999b). Head injuries in four British neurosurgical centres. Br. J. Neurosurg. 13, 564-569. (Pubitemid 30009119)
36. Myburgh, J.A., Cooper, D.J., Finfer, S.R., Venkatesh, B., Jones, D., Higgins, A., Bishop, N., and Higlett, T. (2008). Epidemiology and 12-month outcomes from traumatic brain injury in Australia and New Zealand. J. Trauma 64, 854-862. (Pubitemid 351521868)
37. Nijboer, J.M., van der Sluis, C.K., van der Naalt, J., Nijsten, M.W., and Ten Duis, H.J. (2007). Two cohorts of severely injured trauma patients, nearly two decades apart: unchanged mortality but improved quality of life despite higher age. J. Trauma 63, 670-675.
38. Palmer, S., Bader, M.K., Qureshi, A., Palmer, J., Shaver, T., Borzatta, M., and Stalcup, C. (2001). The impact on outcomes in a community hospital setting of using the AANS traumatic brain injury guidelines. Americans Associations for Neurologic Surgeons. J. Trauma 50, 657-664. (Pubitemid 32336250)
39. Perel, P., Arango, M., Clayton, T., Edwards, P., Komolafe, E., Poccock, S., Roberts, I., Shakur, H., Steyerberg, E., and Yut-thakasemsunt, S. (2008). Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients. BMJ 336, 425-429. (Pubitemid 351310887)
40. Rosso, A., Brazinova, A., Janciak, I., Wilbacher, I., Rusnak, M., and Mauritz, W. (2007). Severe traumatic brain injury in Austria II: epidemiology of hospital admissions. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 119, 29-34. (Pubitemid 46972107)
41. Rusnak, M., Janciak, I., Majdan, M., Wilbacher, I., and Mauritz, W. (2007). Severe traumatic brain injury in Austria I: introduction to the study. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 119, 23-28. (Pubitemid 46972106)
42. Salim, A., Hannon, M., Brown, C., Hadjizacharia, P., Backhus, L., Teixeira, P.G., Chan, L.S., and Ford, H. (2008). Intracranial pressure monitoring in severe isolated pediatric blunt head trauma. Am. Surg. 74, 1088-1093.
43. Shafi, S., Diaz-Arrastia, R.R., Madden, C., and Gentilello, L. (2008). Intracranial pressure monitoring in brain-injured patients is associated with worsening of survival. J. Trauma 64, 335-340. (Pubitemid 351640438)
44. Smits, M., Dippel, D.W., Steyerberg, E.W., de Haan, G.G., Dekker, H.M., Vos, P.E., Kool, D.R., Nederkoorn, P.J., Hof-man, P.A., Twijnstra, A., Tanghe, H.L., and Hunink, M.G. (2007). Predicting intracranial traumatic findings on computed tomography in patients with minor head injury: the CHIP prediction rule. Ann. Intern. Med. 146, 397-405. (Pubitemid 351650574)
45. Stein, S.C., Georgoff, P., Meghan, S., Mizra, K., and Sonnad, S.S. (2010). 150 years of treating severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of progress in mortality. J. Neurotrauma 27, 1343-1353.
46. Steyerberg, E.W., Mushkudiani, N., Perel, P., Butcher, I., Lu, J., McHugh, G.S., Murray, G.D., Marmarou, A., Roberts, I., Habbema, J.D., and Maas, A.I. (2008). Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS. Med. 5, e165.
47. Stocchetti, N., Pagan, F., Calappi, E., Canavesi, K., Beretta, L., Citerio, G., Cormio, M., and Colombo, A. (2004). Inaccurate early assessment of neurological severity in head injury. J. Neurotrauma 21, 1131-1140. (Pubitemid 39280841)
48. Wilson, J.T., Edwards, P., Fiddes, H., Stewart, E., and Teasdale, G.M. (2002). Reliability of postal questionnaires for the Glasgow Outcome Scale. J. Neurotrauma 19, 999-1005.
49. Wilson, J.T., Pettigrew, L.E., and Teasdale, G.M. (1998). Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: guidelines for their use. J. Neurotrauma 15, 573-585.
50. Winkler, J.V., Rosen, P., and Alfry, E.J. (1984). Prehospital use of the Glasgow Coma Scale in severe head injury. J. Emerg. Med. 2, 1-6. (Pubitemid 14022442)
51. Zuercher, M., Ummenhofer, W., Baltussen, A., and Walder, B. (2009). The use of Glasgow Coma Scale in injury assessment: a critical review. Brain Inj. 23, 371-384.