Injectable neurotoxins and fillers: There is no free lunch

Clinics in Dermatology

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 678-690

  Emer, Jason ^a   Waldorf, Heidi ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BONTA ABO; BONTA INCO; BONTA ONA; BONTB RIMA; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; FILLER; HYALURONIC ACID; HYDROXYAPATITE; NEUROTOXIN; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); POLYLACTIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTERY OCCLUSION; BOTULISM; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG SAFETY; EDEMA; ERYTHEMA; FATIGUE; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GRANULOMA; HUMAN; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INJECTION SITE PAIN; INJECTION SITE SWELLING; MALAISE; NAUSEA; NOTE; PARALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; PTOSIS; SKIN BRUISING; SKIN NECROSIS;

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; BOTULISM; COSMETIC TECHNIQUES; EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE; FACIAL DERMATOSES; HEADACHE; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, INTRADERMAL; NEUROTOXINS; REJUVENATION;

EID: 80054744549     PISSN: 0738081X     EISSN: 18791131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.005     Document Type: Note

References (142)

1. American Society of Plastic Surgeons National Clearinghouse of plastic surgery statistics. 2010 report of the 2009 statistics Accessed December 10, 2010. http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Documents/Media/statistics/2009-US-cosmeticreconstructiveplasticsurgeryminimally-invasive-statistics.pdf.
2. Pena M.A., Alam M., Yoo S.S. Complications with the use of botulinum toxin type A for cosmetic applications and hyperhidrosis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2007, 26:29-33.
3. Allergan Allergan's BOTOX-botulinum toxin type A-not the cause of botulinum in Florida patients Accessed December 15, 2010. http://agn.client.shareholder.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=150344.
4. Chertow D.S., Tan E.T., Maslanka S.E., et al. Botulism in 4 adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation. JAMA 2006, 296:2476-2479.
5. Scott A.B., Suzuki D. Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by intramuscular injection in the monkey. Mov Disord 1988, 3:333-335.
6. Huang W., Foster J.A., Rogachefsky A.S. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000, 43:249-259.
7. Brin M.F. Botulinum toxin: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and immunology. Muscle Nerve Suppl 1997, 6:S146-S168.
8. De Boulle K., Fagien S., Sommer B., et al. Treating glabellar lines with botulinum toxin type A-hemagglutinin complex: a review of the science, the clinical data, and patient satisfaction. Clin Interv Aging 2010, 5:101-118.
9. Myobloc package insert Accessed December 15, 2010. http://www.myobloc.com/hp_about/PI_7-19-05.pdf.
10. Brashear A., Lew M.F., Dykstra D.D., et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-responsive cervical dystonia. Neurology 1999, 53:1439-1446.
11. Brin M.F., Lew M.F., Adler C.H., et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia. Neurology 1999, 53:1431-1438.
12. Flynn T.C., Clark R.E. Botulinum toxin type B (MYOBLOC) versus botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) frontalis study: rate of onset and radius of diffusion. Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:519-522.
13. Alster T.S., Lupton J.R. Botulinum toxin type B for dynamic glabellar rhytides refractory to botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:516-518.
14. Sadick N.S. Prospective open-label study of botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc) at doses of 2,400 and 3,000 U for the treatment of glabellar wrinkles. Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:501-507.
15. Spencer J.M., Gordon M., Goldberg D.J. Botulinum B treatment of the glabellar and frontalis regions: a dose response analysis. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2002, 4:19-23.
16. Baumann L., Slezinger A., Vujevich J., et al. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B)-purified neurotoxin complex for the treatment of crow's feet: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:508-515.
17. Kim E.J., Ramirez A.L., Reeck J.B., et al. The role of botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc) in the treatment of hyperkinetic facial lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003, 112:88S-93S.
18. Jacob C.I. Botulinum neurotoxin type B-a rapid wrinkle reducer. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2003, 22:131-135.
19. Baumann L., Black L. Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc). Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:496-500.
20. Yamauchi P.S., Lowe N.J. Botulinum toxin types A and B: comparison of efficacy, duration, and dose-ranging studies for the treatment of facial rhytides and hyperhidrosis. Clin Dermatol 2004, 22:34-39.
21. Sadick N.S. The cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type B in the upper face. Clin Dermatol 2004, 22:29-33.
22. Klein A.W. Complications and adverse reactions with the use of botulinum toxin. Dis Mon 2002, 48:336-356.
23. Klein A.W. Complications and adverse reactions with the use of botulinum toxin. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2001, 20:109-120.
24. Klein A.W. Complications, adverse reactions, and insights with the use of botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:549-556.
25. Wollina U., Konrad H. Managing adverse events associated with botulinum toxin type A: a focus on cosmetic procedures. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005, 6:141-150.
26. Lowe N.J., Lask G., Yamauchi P., et al. Bilateral, double-blind, randomized comparison of 3 doses of botulinum toxin type A and placebo in patients with crow's feet. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002, 47:834-840.
27. Dinehart S.M., Henry L. Dietary supplements: altered coagulation and effects on bruising. Dermatol Surg 2005, 31:819-826.
28. Broughton G., Crosby M.A., Coleman J., et al. Use of herbal supplements and vitamins in plastic surgery: a practical review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007, 119:48e-66e.
29. Ciocon J.O., Ciocon D.G., Galindo D.J. Dietary supplements in primary care. Botanicals can affect surgical outcomes and follow-up. Geriatrics 2004, 59:20-24.
30. Matarasso S.L. Complications of botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional lines. Dermatol Surg 1998, 24:1249-1254.
31. MacKay D., Miller A.L. Nutritional support for wound healing. Altern Med Rev 2003, 8:359-377.
32. Kouzi S.A., Nuzum D.S. Arnica for bruising and swelling. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007, 64:2434-2443.
33. Carruthers A., Carruthers J. Single-center, double-blind, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy of 4% lidocaine cream versus vehicle cream during botulinum toxin type A treatments. Dermatol Surg 2005, 31:1655-1659.
34. Yomtoob D.E., Dewan M.A., Lee M.S., et al. Comparison of pain scores with 30-gauge and 32-gauge needles for periocular botulinum toxin type a injections. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2009, 25:376-377.
35. Söylev M.F., Koçak N., Kuvaki B., et al. Anesthesia with EMLA cream for botulinum A toxin injection into eyelids. Ophthalmologica 2002, 216:355-358.
36. Linder J.S., Edmonson B.C., Laquis S.J., et al. Skin cooling before periocular botulinum toxin A injection. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2002, 18:441-442.
37. Carruthers A., Carruthers J. Cosmetic uses of botulinum A exotoxin. Adv Dermatol 1997, 12:325-347.
38. Cohen D.E., Kaufmann J.M. Hypersensitivity reactions to products and devices in plastic surgery. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2003, 11:253-265.
39. Li M., Goldberger B.A., Hopkins C. Fatal case of BOTOX-related anaphylaxis?. J Forensic Sci 2005, 50:169-172.
40. Alam M., Arndt K.A., Dover J.S. Severe, intractable headache after injection with botulinum a exotoxin: report of 5 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002, 46:62-65.
41. Klein A.W. Contraindications and complications with the use of botulinum toxin. Clin Dermatol 2004, 22:66-75.
42. Aurora S.K., Dodick D.W., Turkel C.C., et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 1 trial. Cephalalgia 2010, 30:793-803.
43. Diener H.C., Dodick D.W., Aurora S.K., et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial. Cephalalgia 2010, 30:804-814.
44. BOTOX cosmetic: package insert Accessed December 15, 2010. http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/botox_cosmetic_pi.pdf.
45. Carruthers J.D., Lowe N.J., Menter M.A., et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for patients with glabellar lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003, 112:1089-1098.
46. André P. Evaluation of the safety of a non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid (NASHA-Q-Medical, Sweden) in European countries: a retrospective study from 1997 to 2001. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004, 18:422-425.
47. Carruthers J., Fagien S., Matarasso S.L., et al. Introduction to the consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004, 114:i-iii.
48. Carruthers J., Fagien S., Matarasso S.L., et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type a in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004, 114:1S-22S.
49. Shetty M.K., IADVL Dermatosurgery Task Force Guidelines on the use of botulinum toxin type A. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008, 74:S13-22.
50. DeLorenzi C., Weinberg M., Solish N., et al. Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous non-animal-stabilized hyaluronic acid in aesthetic facial contouring: interim report. Dermatol Surg 2006, 32:205-211.
51. Godin M.S., Majmundar M.V., Chrzanowski D.S., et al. Use of radiesse in combination with restylane for facial augmentation. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2006, 8:92-97.
52. Berlin A., Cohen J.L., Goldberg D.J. Calcium hydroxylapatite for facial rejuvenation. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2006, 25:132-137.
53. Georgescu D., Jones Y., McCann J.D., et al. Skin necrosis after calcium hydroxylapatite injection into the glabellar and nasolabial folds. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2009, 25:498-499.
54. Glaich A.S., Cohen J.L., Goldberg L.H. Injection necrosis of the glabella: protocol for prevention and treatment after use of dermal fillers. Dermatol Surg 2006, 32:276-281.
55. Bachmann F., Erdmann R., Hartmann V., et al. The spectrum of adverse reactions after treatment with injectable fillers in the glabellar region: results from the Injectable Filler Safety Study. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35:1629-1634.
56. Beljaards R.C., de Roos K.P., Bruins F.G. NewFill for skin augmentation: a new filler or failure?. Dermatol Surg 2005, 31:772-776.
57. Toy B.R., Frank P.J. Outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus infection after soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:971-973.
58. Inoue K., Sato K., Matsumoto D., et al. Arterial embolization and skin necrosis of the nasal ala following injection of dermal fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008, 121:127-128e.
59. Jham B.C., Nikitakis N.G., Scheper M.A., et al. Granulomatous foreign-body reaction involving oral and perioral tissues after injection of biomaterials: a series of 7 cases and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009, 67:280-285.
60. Leonhardt J.M., Lawrence N., Narins R.S. Angioedema acute hypersensitivity reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid. Dermatol Surg 2005, 31:577-579.
61. Al-Shraim M., Jaragh M., Geddie W. Granulomatous reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid (Restylane) diagnosed by fine needle biopsy. J Clin Pathol 2007, 60:1060-1061.
62. Ghislanzoni M., Bianchi F., Barbareschi M., et al. Cutaneous granulomatous reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid gel. Br J Dermatol 2006, 154:755-758.
63. Massone C., Horn M., Kerl H., et al. Foreign body granuloma due to Matridex injection for cosmetic purposes. Am J Dermatopathol 2009, 31:197-199.
64. Narins R.S., Jewell M., Rubin M., et al. Clinical conference: management of rare events following dermal fillers-focal necrosis and angry red bumps. Dermatol Surg 2006, 32:426-434.
65. Parada M.B., Michalany N.S., Hassun K.M., et al. A histologic study of adverse effects of different cosmetic skin fillers. Skinmed 2005, 4:345-349.
66. Hirsch R.J., Cohen J.L., Carruthers J.D. Successful management of an unusual presentation of impending necrosis following a hyaluronic acid injection embolus and a proposed algorithm for management with hyaluronidase. Dermatol Surg 2007, 33:357-360.
67. Stewart D.B., Morganroth G.S., Mooney M.A., et al. Management of visible granulomas following periorbital injection of poly-L-lactic Acid. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2007, 23:298-301.
68. Winslow C.P. The management of dermal filler complications. Facial Plast Surg 2009, 25:124-128.
69. Niamtu J. Filler injection with micro-cannula instead of needles. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35:2005-2008.
70. Sclafani A.P., Fagien S. Treatment of injectable soft tissue filler complications. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 2):1672-1680.
71. Monheit G.D., Rohrich R.J. The nature of long-term fillers and the risk of complications. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 2):1598-1604.
72. Dadzie O.E., Mahalingam M., Parada M., et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions to soft tissue fillers-a review of the histological features. J Cutan Pathol 2008, 35:536-548.
73. Sundaram H., Voigts B., Beer K., et al. Comparison of the rheological properties of viscosity and elasticity in two categories of soft tissue fillers: calcium hydroxylapatite and hyaluronic acid. Dermatol Surg 2010, 36(Suppl 3):1859-1865.
74. DeFatta R.J., Krishna S., Williams E.F. Pulsed-dye laser for treating ecchymoses after facial cosmetic procedures. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2009, 11:99-103.
75. Lemperle G., Duffy D.M. Treatment options for dermal filler complications. Aesthet Surg J 2006, 26:356-364.
76. Cohen J.L. Understanding, avoiding, and managing dermal filler complications. Dermatol Surg 2008, 34(Suppl 1):S92-S99.
77. Alam M., Gladstone H., Kramer E.M., et al. ASDS guidelines of care: injectable fillers. Dermatol Surg 2008, 34(Suppl 1):S115-S148.
78. Kamer F.M., Churukian M.M. Clinical use of injectable collagen. A three-year retrospective review. Arch Otolaryngol 1984, 110:93-98.
79. Krauss M.C. Recent advances in soft tissue augmentation. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1999, 18:119-128.
80. Lemperle G., Rullan P.P., Gauthier-Hazan N. Avoiding and treating dermal filler complications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006, 118:92S-107S.
81. Artefill product information Accessed December 15, 2010. http://www.artefill.com/pdf/Artefill%20Product%20Sheet%20SM1006rev00.pdf.
82. Cooperman L.S., Mackinnon V., Bechler G., et al. Injectable collagen: a six-year clinical investigation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1985, 9:145-151.
83. Keefe J., Wauk L., Chu S., et al. Clinical use of injectable bovine collagen: a decade of experience. Clin Mater 1992, 9:155-162.
84. Sage R.J., Chaffins M.L., Kouba D.J. Granulomatous foreign body reaction to hyaluronic acid: report of a case after melolabial fold augmentation and review of management. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 2):1696-1700.
85. Sanchis-Bielsa J.M., Bagán J.V., Poveda R., et al. Foreign body granulomatous reactions to cosmetic fillers: a clinical study of 15 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009, 108:237-241.
86. Alijotas-Reig J., Garcia-Gimenez V. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel dermal fillers: clinical findings, long-term follow-up and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008, 22:150-161.
87. Bardazzi F., Ruffato A., Antonucci A., et al. Cutaneous granulomatous reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid gel: another case. J Dermatolog Treat 2007, 18:59-62.
88. Bellman B. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to restylane. Aesthet Surg J 2005, 25:489-491.
89. Grossman K.L. Hyaluronic acid gel fillers: hypersensitivity reactions. Aesthet Surg J 2005, 25:403-405.
90. Homicz M.R., Watson D. Review of injectable materials for soft tissue augmentation. Facial Plast Surg 2004, 20:21-29.
91. Beasley K.L., Weiss M.A., Weiss R.A. Hyaluronic acid fillers: a comprehensive review. Facial Plast Surg 2009, 25:86-94.
92. Bogdan Allemann I., Baumann L. Hyaluronic acid gel (Juvéderm) preparations in the treatment of facial wrinkles and folds. Clin Interv Aging 2008, 3:629-634.
93. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics Accessed July 31, 2010. http://media.lasvegassun.com/media/pdfs/blogs/documents/2009/03/25/2008stats.pdf.
94. Larsen N.E., Pollak C.T., Reiner K., et al. Hylan gel biomaterial: dermal and immunologic compatibility. J Biomed Mater Res 1993, 27:1129-1134.
95. Raulin C., Greve B., Hartschuh W., et al. Exudative granulomatous reaction to hyaluronic acid (Hylaform). Contact Dermatitis 2000, 43:178-179.
96. Lowe N.J., Maxwell C.A., Lowe P., et al. Hyaluronic acid skin fillers: adverse reactions and skin testing. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001, 45:930-933.
97. Friedman P.M., Mafong E.A., Kauvar A.N., et al. Safety data of injectable nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Surg 2002, 28:491-494.
98. Lupton J.R., Alster T.S. Cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid gel. Dermatol Surg 2000, 26:135-137.
99. Buck D.W., Alam M., Kim J.Y. Injectable fillers for facial rejuvenation: a review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009, 62:11-18.
100. Lemperle G., Romano J.J., Busso M. Soft tissue augmentation with artecoll: 10-year history, indications, techniques, and complications. Dermatol Surg 2003, 29:573-587.
101. Requena L., Requena C., Christensen L., et al. Adverse reactions to injectable soft tissue fillers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011, 64:1-34.
102. Narins R.S., Coleman W.P., Glogau R.G. Recommendations and treatment options for nodules and other filler complications. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 2):1667-1671.
103. Rohrich R.J., Monheit G., Nguyen A.T., et al. Soft-tissue filler complications: the important role of biofilms. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010, 125:1250-1256.
104. Prigent-Combaret C., Vidal O., Dorel C., et al. Abiotic surface sensing and biofilm-dependent regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1999, 181:5993-6002.
105. Narins R.S. Minimizing adverse events associated with poly-L-lactic acid injection. Dermatol Surg 2008, 34(Suppl 1):S100-S104.
106. Wiest L.G., Stolz W., Schroeder J.A. Electron microscopic documentation of late changes in permanent fillers and clinical management of granulomas in affected patients. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 2):1681-1688.
107. Christensen L.H. Host tissue interaction, fate, and risks of degradable and nondegradable gel fillers. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 2):1612-1619.
108. Palm M.D., Woodhall K.E., Butterwick K.J., et al. Cosmetic use of poly-l-lactic acid: a retrospective study of 130 patients. Dermatol Surg 2010, 36:161-170.
109. Gelfer A., Carruthers A., Carruthers J., et al. The natural history of polymethylmethacrylate microspheres granulomas. Dermatol Surg 2007, 33:614-620.
110. Tanner J., Swarbrook S., Stuart J. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, CD004288.
111. Hibbard J.S., Mulberry G.K., Brady A.R. A clinical study comparing the skin antisepsis and safety of ChloraPrep, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and 2% aqueous chlorhexidine. J Infus Nurs 2002, 25:244-249.
112. Cohen J.L., Brown M.R. Anatomic considerations for soft tissue augmentation of the face. J Drugs Dermatol 2009, 8:13-16.
113. Grunebaum L.D., Bogdan Allemann I., et al. The risk of alar necrosis associated with dermal filler injection. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 2):1635-1640.
114. Siclovan H.R., Jomah J.A. Injectable calcium hydroxylapatite for correction of nasal bridge deformities. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009, 33:544-548.
115. Schanz S., Schippert W., Ulmer A., et al. Arterial embolization caused by injection of hyaluronic acid (Restylane). Br J Dermatol 2002, 146:928-929.
116. Hirsch R.J., Carruthers J.D., Carruthers A. Infraorbital hollow treatment by dermal fillers. Dermatol Surg 2007, 33:1116-1119.
117. Hirsch R.J., Narurkar V., Carruthers J. Management of injected hyaluronic acid induced Tyndall effects. Lasers Surg Med 2006, 38:202-204.
118. Douse-Dean T., Jacob C.I. Fast and easy treatment for reduction of the Tyndall effect secondary to cosmetic use of hyaluronic acid. J Drugs Dermatol 2008, 7:281-283.
119. Hirsch R.J., Brody H.J., Carruthers J.D. Hyaluronidase in the office: a necessity for every dermasurgeon that injects hyaluronic acid. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2007, 9:182-185.
120. Lee A., Grummer S.E., Kriegel D., et al. Hyaluronidase. Dermatol Surg 2010, 36:1071-1077.
121. Lambros V. The use of hyaluronidase to reverse the effects of hyaluronic acid filler. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004, 114:277.
122. Brody H.J. Use of hyaluronidase in the treatment of granulomatous hyaluronic acid reactions or unwanted hyaluronic acid misplacement. Dermatol Surg 2005, 31:893-897.
123. Carruthers A., Liebeskind M., Carruthers J., et al. Radiographic and computed tomographic studies of calcium hydroxylapatite for treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy and correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg 2008, 34(Suppl 1):S78-84.
124. Holzapfel A.M., Mangat D.S., Barron D.S. Soft-tissue augmentation with calcium hydroxylapatite: histological analysis. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2008, 10:335-338.
125. Beer K.R. Radiesse nodule of the lips from a distant injection site: report of a case and consideration of etiology and management. J Drugs Dermatol 2007, 6:846-847.
126. Ridenour B., Kontis T.C. Injectable calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres (Radiesse). Facial Plast Surg 2009, 25:100-105.
127. Sadick N.S., Katz B.E., Roy D. A multicenter, 47-month study of safety and efficacy of calcium hydroxylapatite for soft tissue augmentation of nasolabial folds and other areas of the face. Dermatol Surg 2007, 33(Suppl 2):S122-S126.
128. Tzikas T.L. Evaluation of the Radiance FN soft tissue filler for facial soft tissue augmentation. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2004, 6:234-239.
129. Busso M., Voigts R. An investigation of changes in physical properties of injectable calcium hydroxylapatite in a carrier gel when mixed with lidocaine and with lidocaine/epinephrine. Dermatol Surg 2008, 34(Suppl 1):S16-S23.
130. Schierle C.F., Casas L.A. Nonsurgical rejuvenation of the aging face with injectable poly-L-lactic acid for restoration of soft tissue volume. Aesthet Surg J 2011, 31:95-109.
131. Sculptra package insert Accessed December 15, 2010. http://products.sanofi-aventis.us/sculptra/sculptra.html.
132. Burgess C.M., Quiroga R.M. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005, 52:233-239.
133. Moyle G.J., Brown S., Lysakova L., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid in the treatment of HIV-related facial lipoatrophy. HIV Med 2006, 7:181-185.
134. Valantin M.A., Aubron-Olivier C., Ghosn J., et al. Polylactic acid implants (New-Fill) to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients: results of the open-label study VEGA. AIDS 2003, 17:2471-2477.
135. Levy R.M., Redbord K.P., Hanke C.W. Treatment of HIV lipoatrophy and lipoatrophy of aging with poly-L-lactic acid: a prospective 3-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008, 59:923-933.
136. Lam S.M., Azizzadeh B., Graivier M. Injectable poly-L-lactic acid (Sculptra): technical considerations in soft-tissue contouring. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006, 118:55S-63S.
137. Woerle B., Hanke C.W., Sattler G. Poly-L-lactic acid: a temporary filler for soft tissue augmentation. J Drugs Dermatol 2004, 3:385-389.
138. Beer K. Clinicopathologic correlation of delayed-onset periorbital poly-L-lactic acid nodules. Dermatol Surg 2009, 35(Suppl 1):399-402.
139. Apikian M., Roberts S., Goodman G.J. Adverse reactions to polylactic acid injections in the periorbital area. J Cosmet Dermatol 2007, 6:95-101.
140. Lemperle G., Hazan-Gaúthier N., Lemperle M. PMMA microspheres (Artecoll) for skin and soft-tissue augmentation. Part II: clinical investigations. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995, 96:627-634.
141. Lemperle G., Morhenn V., Charrier U. Human histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003, 27:354-366.
142. McClelland M., Egbert B., Hanko V., et al. Evaluation of artecoll polymethylmethacrylate implant for soft-tissue augmentation: biocompatibility and chemical characterization. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997, 100:1466-1474.