Avoidant coping as a mediator between peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 317-325

  Pacella, Maria L ^a   Irish, Leah ^a   Ostrowski, Sarah A ^b   Sledjeski, Eve ^c   Ciesla, Jeffrey A ^a   Fallon, William ^d   Spoonster, Eileen ^d   Delahanty, Douglas L ^a  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WESTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c ROWAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d SUMMA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; UNITED STATES;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OHIO; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WOUNDS AND INJURIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80054698233     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.20641     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Aldwin, C., & Yancura, L. A. (2005). Coping and health: A comparison of the stress and trauma literatures. In P. P. Schnurr & B. L. Green (Eds.), Physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress (pp. 99-126). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Baker, S. P., O'Neill, B., Haddon, W., & Long, W. B. (1974). The injury severity score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care, 14, 187-196. Retrieved from
4. Bal, S., van Oost, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Crombez, G. (2003). Avoidant coping as a mediator between self-reported sexual abuse and stress-related symptoms in adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 883-897. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00137-6
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
6. Bentler, P. M. (2004). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
7. Bisson, J. I., Jenkins, P. L., Alexander, J., & Bannister, C. (1997). Randomized controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 78-81. doi:10.1192/bjp.171.1.78
8. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupeck, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75-90. doi:10.1007/BF02105408
9. Breh, D. C., & Seidler, G. H. (2007). Is peritraumatic dissociation a risk factor for PTSD? Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 8, 53-69. doi:10.1300/J229v08n01-04
10. Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1995). Avoidant coping style and post-traumatic stress following motor vehicle accidents. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 631-635. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00093-Y
11. Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92-100. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401-6
12. Collins, F. E., & Ffrench, C. H. (1998). Dissociation, coping strategies, and locus-of-control in a non-clinical population: Clinical implications. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 26, 113-126. Retrieved from
13. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. document doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
14. Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Kindt, M., Arntz, A., & Schouten, E. (2003). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress after pregnancy loss: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 67-78. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00130-9
15. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
16. Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral and cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 155-176. document doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80067-X
17. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 466-475. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.3.466
18. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
19. Gershuny, B. S., Cloitre, M., & Otto, M. W. (2003). Peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD severity: do event related fears about death and control mediate their relation? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 157-166. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00134-6
20. Jex, S. M., Bliese, P. D., Bezzell, S., & Primeau, J. (2001). The impact of self efficacy on stressor-strain relations: Coping style as an explanatory mechanism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 401-409. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.401
21. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
22. Kraemer, H. C., Kiernan, M., Essex, M., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008). How and why criteria defining moderators and mediators differ between the Baron & Kenny and MacArthur Approaches. Health Psychology, 27, S101-S108. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S101
23. Krause, E. D., Kaltman, S., Goodman, L. A., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Avoidant coping and PTSD symptoms related to domestic violence exposure: A longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 83-90. doi:10.1002/jts .20288
24. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: a history of changing outlooks. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 44, 1-21. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245
25. Lensvelt-Mulders, G., van der Hart, O., van Ochten, J. M., van Son, M. J. M., Steele, K., & Breeman, L. (2008). Relations among peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1138-1151. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.03.006
26. Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., & Metzler, T. J. (1997). The peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 412-428). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
27. Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Kulka, R. A., & Hough, R. L. (1994). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 902-907. Retrieved from
28. Marshall, G. N., & Schell, T. L. (2002). Reappraising the link between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD symptom severity: Evidence from a longitudinal study of community violence survivors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 626-636. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.111.4.626
29. Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 549-583. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.04.004
30. Nunnally, J. C. (1970). Introduction to psychological measurement. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
31. Olff, M., Langeland, W., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2005). The psychobiology of PTSD: Coping with trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 974-982. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.009
32. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
33. Rachman, S. (1990). Fear and courage (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Freeman.
34. Regambal, M. J., & Alden, L. E. (2009). Pathways to intrusive memories in a trauma analogue paradigm: A structural equation model. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 155-166. doi:10.1002/da.20483
35. Teasdale, G., & Jennett, D. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. Lancet, 2, 81-84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0
36. Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 959-992. doi:10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.37
37. Ullman, S. E., Townsend, S. M., Filipas, H. H., & Starzynski, L. L. (2007). Structural models of the relations of sexual assault severity, social support, avoidance coping, self-blame, and PTSD among sexual assault survivors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 23-37. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00328.x
38. van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., Steele, K., & Brown, D. (2004). Trauma-related dissociation: Conceptual clarity lost and found. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 906-914. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004 .01480.x
39. van der Veldon, P. G., & Wittmann, L. (2008). The independent predictive value of peritraumatic dissociation for PTSD symptomology after type I trauma: A systematic review of prospective studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1009-1020. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.006
40. Wong, M., Looney, E., Michaels, J., Palesh, O., & Koopman, C. (2006). A preliminary study of peritraumatic dissociation, social support, and coping in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms for a parent's cancer. Psycho-oncology, 15, 1093-1098. doi:10.1002/pon.1041