Interpretation as primordial writing: Jubilees and its authority conferring strategies

Journal for the Study of Judaism

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 379-410

  Najman, Hindy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054340649     PISSN: 00472212     EISSN: 15700631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157006399X00064     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. An earlier version of this paper was given to the Pseudcpigrapha Group, SBL 1996, New Orleans.
2. Paul Franks, Florentino Garcia Martinez, Jay Harris, James Kugel, Jon Levenson, John Strugncll, Patrick Tiller, and James VanderKam, As well as to the participants in the 1996 Pseudepigrapha Group for their incisive comments and suggesttonss.
3. James C. VanderKam, The Book of'Jubilees (2 vols. CSCO 510-511, Scriptores Aethiopici 87-88, volume 2; Leuven: Peeters, 1989))
4. F. García Martinez, "The Heavenly Tablets in the Book of Jubilees," in Studies in the Book of Jubilees (eds. M. Albani, J. Frey, A. Lange; Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1997) 243-260.
5. Translated by M.T. Davis, Princeton from "Las Tablas Celestes en el Libro de los Jubileos," Palabra y Vida: Hotnenaje a José Alonss Diaz en su 70 cumpleanos (eds. A. Vargas Machuca and G. Ruiz: Publicaciones de la Universidad Pontifica Comil-lias Madrid, Series I. Estudios 58; Madrid: Ediciones Universidad de Comillias, 1984) 333-349.
6. "book(s)) or "writings" of Noah in Jubilees see 10:12-10::4; 21:10.
7. 1QapGen 5:29; 1 Enoch 82:1-61;
8. Aram. Levi Doc. 57.
9. M. Morgenstern, E. Qimron, and D. Sivan (With an appendix by G. Bearman and S. Spiro), "The Hitherto Unpublished Columns of the Genesis Apocryphon," AbN 33 (1995) 41.
10. Craig A. Evans, "The Genesis Apocryphon and the Rewritten Bible," #0,13 (1988) 153-165, esp. pp. 156-158 and 162-164.
11. James L. Kugel, The Bible As It Was (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1997) 406-407.
12. Kugel cites Aramaic Levi Document 57 and 1 Enoch 82:1-6 as illustrations of this interpretive motif.
13. Richard C. Steiner, "The Heading of the Book of the Words of Noah on a Fragment of the Genesis Apocryphon: New Light on a 'Lost' Work," DSD 2 (1995) 66-71;
14. F. García Martinez, Qumran and Apocalyptic: Studies on the Aramaii Textt from Qumran (Leiden: Brill, 1992) 24-44;
15. N. Schmidt, "The Apocalypse of Noah and the Parables of Enoch," in Oriental Studies Published in Commemoration of the Fortieth Anniversary of Paul Haupt (eds. E. Adler and A. Ember; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1926))
16. J.P. Lewis, A Study of the Interpretation of Noaa and the Flood in Jewish and Christian Literature (Leiden: Brill, 1978y 10-15.
17. Kugel, "Part I: Joseph in the Bible," in In Potiphar's Housee The Interpretive Life of Biblical Textt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1994) 23.
18. Kugel, The Bible As It Was, 258.
19. Pirqe R. El. ch. 8 (Warsaw, 1852)) reprinted with commentary of David Luria (Jerusalem, 1970))
20. Genesis 5:21-24
21. Jub. 10:17.
22. Armin Lange, "Wisdom and Predestination in the Dead Sea Scrolls," DSD 2 (1995) 353
23. James C. VanderKam, The Book of Jubilees, vol. 2, 116.
24. Richard C. Steiner, "The Heading of the Book of the Words of Noah on a Fragment of the Genesis Apocryphon," 67-68 n. 13.
25. Jubilees 19:13-15, Jacob also learns to write.
26. Yigael Yadin, The Temple Scroll (voll 2 Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983) 1.182; 2.128-9.
27. Joshua Schwartz, 'Jubilees, Bethel and the Temple of Jacob," HUCA 56 (1985) 63-85;
28. Judith L. Wending, "Unraveling the Relationship between 11QT, the Eschatological Temple, and the Qumran Community," RQ 14 (1989) 61-73;
29. Dwight D. Swanson, '"A Covenant Just Like Jacob's': the Covenant of 11QT 29 and Jeremiah's New Covenant," in New Qumran Textt and Studies (ed. G.J. Brooke with F. Garcia Martínez; Leiden, New York, and Köln: Brill, 1994) 273-386;
30. Michael O. Wise, "The Covenant of Temple Scroll XXIX, 3-10," RQ, 14 (1989) 49-60;
31. idem, "The Eschatological Vision of the Temple Scroll," JNES 40 (1990) 155-172.
32. Philo, De Somniis; The Ladder of Jacob.
33. Genesis 28:11-17
34. James L. Kugel, "Levi's Elevation to the Priesthood in Second Temple Writings," HTR 86 (1993) 1-64;
35. idem, "The Ladder of Jacob," HTR 88 (1995) 209-228;
36. James C. VanderKam, "Jubilees' Exegetical Creation of Levi the Priest," RQ17 (1996) 359-373.
37. Noah to Levi (via Shem, Abraham, and Jacob)
38. J.M. Allegro, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth (Amherstt New York: Prometheus Books, 1992) 65-66.
39. Enoch and the Growtt of an Apocalyptic Tradition (CBMS 16, Washington, D.C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1984) 151.
40. Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985) 528
41. M. Fishbane writes, "It is significant to observe that a number of exegetical traditions are authorized in the Book of Jubilees by their observance by the pious patriarchs them selves."
42. Ber Rab, Parsha Vayiggash, 95:3 (ed. Theodor-Albeck; Jerusalem: Wahrmann Books, 1965) 1189 lines 4-5; b. Yoma 28a.
43. James C. VanderKam, "The Putative Author of the Book of Jubilees," JSS 26 (1981) 213.
44. Armin Lange notes a connection between 4Q180 and Jub. 1:27, "Wisdom and Predestination in the Dead Sea Scrolls," DSD 2 (1995) 353 n31.
45. Garcia Martinez, "The Heavenly Tablets in the Book of Jubilees," 243-260.
46. R. Eppel, "Les tables de la Loi et les tables célestes," RHPhR 17 (1937) 401-412;
47. James L. Kugel, "Reuben's Sin with Bilhah in the Testament of Reuben" in Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Easterr Rituall Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacoo Milgrom (cds. D.P. Wright, D.N. Freedman, and A. Hurvitz; Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1995. 541 n21;
48. Shalom M. Paul, "Heavenly Tablets and the Book of Life," ANESJ 5-6 (1973-4) 345-353;
49. Tzvi I. Abusch, "Alakll and Halakhalv. Oracular Decision, Divine Revel ation," HTR 80 (1987) 15-42;
50. Michael E. Stone, Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra, Hermeneia-A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990) 372-442;
51. Peter Machinist and Hayim Tadmor, "Heavenly Wisdom," in The Tablet and the Scroll: Near Easterr Studies in Honor of William XV. Hallo (eds. M. Cohen, D. Sncll, and D. Weisberg; Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press, 1993) 146-151.
52. Garcia Martinez, 243-246
53. Heavenly Tablets: The Tablets of the Law."
54. James C. VanderKam discusses another example from 1 Enoch 93:2b
55. James L. Kugel, "The Jubilees Apocalypse," DSD 1 (1994) 330
56. Two additional examples of this phenomenon can be found inJub. 18:18-19 and 32:27-29.
57. G. Anderson, "The Status of the Torah Before Sinai," DSD 1 (1994) 1-30;
58. Joseph A. Baumgarten, "The Unwritten Law in the Pre-Rabbinic Period," in Studies in Qumran Law, SJLA 24 (Leiden: Brill, 1977) 13-38;
59. James L. Kugel, "The Jubilees Apocalypse," Dead Sea Discoverier 1 (1994) 322-338.
60. Harold W. Attridge, The Epistle to the Hebrews: A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews, Hermeneia-A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1989) 54 n58, n59;
61. Mary Rose D'Angelo, "Chapter Four: Moses Likened to the Son of God According to Glory: The Theologica, Function of Moses in Hebrews," in Moses in the Letter to the Hebrews, SBLDS no. 42 (Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1979) 151-200.
62. James C. VanderKam, "The Origins and Purposes of the Book of Jubilees," in Studies in the Book of Jubilees (ed. M. Albani, J. Frey, A. Lange; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1997) 3-24, on page 21
63. J.C. Endres, Biblical Interpretation of the Book of Jubilees (CBOJV1S 18; Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1987) 226-238;
64. E. Schwarz, Idenlilal durc, Abgrenzung: Abgrenzungsprozesse in Israel im 2. vorchristlichen Jahrhundert und ihre tmditions-geschichtlichen Vorasussentzungen. ^ugleich ein Beilrag zur Erforschung des Jubiläenbuches (Europaische Hochschulschriften, series 23, vol. 162; Frankfurt/Bern: Peter Lang, 1982) 99-126.
65. "The Heavenly Tablets in the Book of Jubilees," 255-258, "5. Heavenly Tablets: New Halakhot."
66. F. García Martinez argues that "tablets" here should be understood as the heavenly tablets. His careful and thorough argumentation is based, in part, on Origen's citation of the Prayer of Joseph.
67. F. García Martincz, "The Heavenly Tablets in the Book of Jubilees," 250.
68. Maxwell J. Davidson, Angels at Qumran: A Comparative Study of 1 Enoch 1-36, 72-108
69. Sectarian Writings from Qumran (Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1992))
70. Michael Mach, Entwicklungsstadien des jüdvchee Engelglaubens in vorrabinischer £eil (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1992))
71. Saul M. Olyan, A Tlwusand Thousands Served Him: Exegesis and the Naming of Angels in Ancient Judaism (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1993))
72. G. Davenport, Tike Eschatology of the Book of Jubilees (SPB 20; ed. J.C.H. Lebram; Leiden: Brill, 1971);
73. E.P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism: m Comparison of Patterns of Religion (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977) 287;
74. E. Wiesenberg, "The Jubilee of Jubilees," RQ3 (1961-62) 3-40;
75. M. Testuz, Les Idees Religimses du Loire des Jubilés (Geneva: I.ibrarie E. Droz; Paris: Librairie Minard, 1960) 39-42.
76. Yigacl Yadin, "Chapter Two: The Festivals," in The Temple Scroil (vo)l 1; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983) 89-142.
77. Kugel's, "The Jubilees Apocalypse," DSD 1 (1994) 322-337.
78. James A. Sanders, "Introduction: Why the Pseudepigrapha?" in The Pseudepigrap/ia and Earll Biblical Interpretation (eds. James H. Charlesworth and C.A. Evans; JSOPSS 14, SSEJC 2; Sheffield: JJOT 1993n 13-19.
79. Michael E. Stone, "The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Pscudcpigrapha, " DSD 3 (1996) 270-295;
80. Devorah Dimant, "Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha at Qumran," Dead Sea Discoverier 1 (1994) 151-159;
81. Kyle Keefer, "A Postscript to the Book: Authenticating the Pseudepigrapha," in Reading Bibles, Writing Bodies: Identity and The Book, eds. T.K Beal and D.M. Gunn (London: Routlcdgc, 1997) 232-241;
82. James H. Charlesworth, "The Significancc of the New Edition of the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha," in La Lilterature Intertestamentaire: Collogue de Strasbourg (17-19 Octobre 1983) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985) 11-28;
83. John Strugnelll "Moses-Pseudepigrapha At Qumran: 4Q375, 4Q376
84. Similar Works," in Archaeology and Historr in the Dead Sea Scrolls: The New Yorr University Conference in Memory of Tigael Yadyi (JSOPSS 8, JSOT/ASOR Monographs 2; ed. J.H. Charlesworth; Sheffyeld: JSOT, 1990) 221-256.
85. E.M. Forster, Anonymity: An Enquiry (London: Hogarth Press, 1925))
86. J.A. Farrer, Literary Forgeries (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1907)) in particular
87. A. Long's introduction to Farrer's book, xiii-xxvii
88. "Chapter III: Greek Forgery," 39-66
89. "Chapter VII: Forgery in the Church," 126-144;
90. Morton Smith, "Pseudepigraphy in the Israelite Literary Tradition," in Pseudepigrapha I (ed. K. von Fritz; Vandoeuvres-Geneve: Fondation Hardt, 1972) 189-215 with discussion 216-227;
91. W. Speyer, "Fälschung, pseudepigraphische freie Erfindung und 'echte religiöse Pseudepigraphie'," in Pseudepigrapha I, 367-378 with discussion 367-378.
92. Kyle Keefer, "A Postscript to the Book: Authenticating the Pseudepigrapha," 239
93. John Strugnell, "Moses-Pseudepigrapha At Qumran: 4Q375, 4Q376, and Similar Works," 221-256, esp. pp. 248-256.
94. "Moses-Pseudepigrapha At Qumran: 4Q375, 4Q376 Similar Works," 249
95. Moshe J. Bernstein, "4Q252: From Re-Written Bible to Biblical Commentary," JJS 45 (1994) 2-27;
96. idem, "Re-Arrangement, Anticipation and Harmonization as Exegetical Features in the Genesis Apocryphon," DSD (1996) 37-57;
97. idem, "4Q252: Method and Context, Genre and Sources," JQR 85 (1994) 61-79;
98. James H. Charlesworth, "In the Crucible: The Pseudepigrapha as Biblical Interpretation," in The Pseudepigrapha and Early Biblical Interpretation (ed. j.H. Charlesworth and C.A. Evans; JSOPSS 14, SSEJC 2; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993) 120-143;
99. C.A. Evans, "The Genesis Apocryphon and the Rewritten Bible," RQi'i (1988) 153-165;
100. J.A. Fitzmyer, The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I: A Commentary (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1971))
101. Howard Jacobson, A Commentary on Pseudo-Philo's Liber Antiquilalum Biblicarum, with Ixilin Text and English Translation (2 vols. AGAJU 31; Leiden, New York, Cologne: Brill, 1996))
102. James L. Kugel, In Potiphar's Housee The Interpretive Life of Biblical Textt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1994);
103. idem, Early Interpretation: The Common Background of Late Forms of Biblical Exegesis," in Early Biblical Interpretation (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986) 11-106;
104. Daniel J. Harrington, "Palestinian Adaptations of Biblical Narrative and Prophecies: Part I, The Bible Rewritten (Narratives)," in Early Judaism and Its Moderr Interpreters (ed. R.A. Kraft and G.W.E. Nickelsburg; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986) 239-246;
105. George W.E. Nickels-burg, "Chapter Three: Stories of Biblical and Early Post-Biblical Times" and "Chapter Four: The Bible Rewritten and Expanded," in Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period: Apocrypha, Pseudepigraphap Qumran Sectarian Writings, Philo, Josephus (ed. Michael E. Stone; CRINT; Assen: Van Gorcum and Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984) 33-156;
106. P.S. Alexander, "Retelling the Old Testament," in It is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture: Essays in Honouu of Barnabas Lindars, SSF, eds. D.A. Carson and H.G.M. Williamson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 99-121.
107. James H. Charlesworth, "In the Crucible: The Pseudepigrapha as Biblical Inter pretation," 120-143.
108. Peder Borgen, Philo of Alexandria: An Exegele for His Timee VTS 86 (Leiden: Brill, 1997)) esp. chapter 3
109. "Reviewing and Rewriting Bibltcal Material," 46-62; chapter 4
110. "Rewritten Bible," 63-79;
111. "Concluding Summary," 282-287.
112. Craig A. Evans, "The Genesis Apocryphon and the Rewritten Bible," RQ 13 (1988) 162
113. James C. VanderKam, "Authoritative Literature in the Dead Sea Scrolls," DSD 5 (1998) 382-402.
114. Sid Z. Leiman, The Canonization of Hebrew Scripture: The Talmudic and Midrashic Evidence, vol. 47 (New Haven, Connecticut: Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1976))
115. Jon D. Levenson, "Sources of Torah: Psalm 119 and the Modes of Revelation in Second Temple Judaism," in Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moorr Cross (eds. P.D. Miller,Jr., P.D. Hanson, S.D. McBride; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987) 559-574.
116. Michael Fishbane, "Interpretation of Mikra at Qumran," in Mikra: Textt Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity (ed. MJ. Mulder, CRINT, 2; Assen/Maastrict and Minneapolis: Van Gorcum and Fortress, 1990) 351.