The Dead Sea scrolls and the Pseudepigrapha

Dead Sea Discoveries

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 270-295

  Stone, Michael E ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950411845     PISSN: 09290761     EISSN: 15685179     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/156851796X00048     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (66)

1. M.E. Stone, "Categorization and Classification of the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha," AbrN 24 (1986) 167-77
2. A. Momigliano proposed that the Letter by Anna to Seneca might be one such; see "The New Letter by 'Anna' to 'Seneca'," Athenaeum 69 (1985) 217-19
3. E. Tov, "The Biblical Texts Discovered in the Judean Desert and their Contribution to the Textual Criticism of the Bible," ed. M. Broshi et al. (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1992) 76 (Hebrew)
4. Compare our comments in M.E. Stone, "The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea Scrolls," Biblical Archeology Today 1990 (Jerusalem: IES and the Israel Academy of Sciences, 1993) 383-90
5. A recent attempt to present the overall configuration of the Qumran library, including the Pseudepigrapha, is D. Dimant, "The Qumran Manuscripts: Contents and Significance," Time to Prepare the Way in the Wilderness: Papers on the Qumran Scrolls by the Fellows of the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1989-1990, eds. D. Dimant and L.H. Schiffman (STDJ 16; Leiden: Brill, 1995) 23-58
6. See J.A. Sanders, The Psalms Scroll of Qumrân Cave 11 (DJD 4; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965) 54-64
7. see also M. Haran, "The Two Text-Forms of Ps 151," JJS 39 (1988) 171-82
8. a Column 24)," JSP 10 (1992) 57-59
9. E. Schuller has written an excellent review of the prayer and hymnic texts from Qumran together with the formulation of the agenda for the next stage of research: see Schuller, "Prayer, Hymnic, and Liturgical Texts from Qumran," The Community of the Renewed Covenant, ed. E. Ulrich and J. VanderKam (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994) 153-71
10. Such works do not properly include the so-called Psalms of Joshua; see C. Newsom, "The 'Psalms of Joshua' from Qumran Cave 4," JJS 39 (1988) 56-73
11. and H. Eshel, "The Historical Background of 4QTest in Light of Archeological Discoveries," Zion 55 (1990) 141-50 (Hebrew)
12. idem, "The Historical Background of the Pesher Interpreting Joshua's Curse on the Rebuilder of Jericho," RevQ 15 (1992) 409-20
13. Note also H. Eshel, "The Prayer of Joseph from Qumran, a Papyrus from Masada, and the Samaritan Temple on Mt. Gerizim," Zion 56 (1991) 125-36 (Hebrew)
14. This is set forth in D. Dimant, "New Light from Qumran on the Jewish Pseudepigrapha -4Q390," The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid, 18-21 March 1991, ed. J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner (STDJ 10; Madrid/Leiden: Brill, 1992) 408-12
15. John Strugnell has proposed that four Qumran manuscripts (1Q22, 1Q29 and 4Q375-6) most probably come from a single Mosaic pseudepigraphon which reported on divine commandments of a ritual character. These, he suggests, might go back to a pre-Qumranian line of Zadokite priests; see J. Strugnell, "Moses-Pseudepigrapha at Qumran: 4Q375, 4Q376, and Similar Works," Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls: The New York University Conference in Memory of Yigael Yadin, ed. L.H. Schiffman (JSP Supplement Series 8; JSOT/ASOR, Monographs 2; Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990) 221-56. All of Strugnell's hypotheses may prove justified, but it still should be remarked that the style and character of this Moses book differ markedly from the "conventional" Moses pseudepigrapha
16. E. Tov, "The Unpublished Qumran Texts from Caves 4 and 11," BA 55 (1992) 94-104 and JJS 43 (1992) 101-36
17. See also M. Kister, "A Contribution to the Interpretation of Ben Sira," Tarbiz 59 (1990) 303-78 (Hebrew) and other studies by him
18. Y. Yadin, The Ben Sira Scroll from Masada (Jerusalem: IES and Shrine of the Book, 1965)
19. See the study of A. Di Lella, The Hebrew Text of Ben Sira (Hague: Mouton, 1966) and note particularly pp. 20-46
20. See M. Baillet, J.T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Les "Petites Grottes" de Qumrân, (DJD 3; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962) 143 and pl. 30. The canonical status of the Epistle of Jeremiah is not consistent throughout the various churches, and it is excluded from the post-Tridentine Vulgate
21. Some small parts were published by J.T. Milik, "Les modèles araméens du livre d'Esther dans la grotte 4 du Qumrân," RevQ 15 (1992) 321-406
22. Note also J.T. Milik, "La patrie de Tobie," RB 73 (1966) 522-530
23. a ar, Fragment 2," Bib 75 (1994) 220-24
24. See also in some detail E. Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BC-AD 135), vol. 3, rev. ed. by G. Vermes, F. Millar, and M. Goodman (Edinburgh: Clark, 1986) 1, 222-32
25. More details about the 11Q manuscript and two further fragments of it were added by J.T. Milik, "A propos de 11QJub," Bib 54 (1973) 77-78
26. Kister, "Newly-Identified Fragments of the Book of Jubilees: Jub. 23:21-23, 30-1," RevQ 12 (1987) 529-36 claims that 4Q176, frgs. 19-21 derive from yet another copy of Jubilees
27. See n. 22. The copies from caves other than 4 and 11 were published in the relevant volumes of DJD. For the cave 11 manuscript and for 4Q176, see the sources cited in the preceding note
28. Knibb, "Jubilees and the Origins of the Qumran Community" (Lecture; London: London University, 1989) 10
29. R.H. Charles, The Greek Versions of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908) gives the Greek and Aramaic texts while in The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1913) 2.364-67 he provides an English translation
30. See Stone, Studies, 247-28 where arguments for this dating are set forth
31. J.C. Greenfield, "The Words of Levi son of Jacob in Damascus Document 4.15-19," RevQ 13 (1988) 319-22
32. E. Puech, "Le testament de Qahat en araméen de la Grotte 4 (4QTQah)," RevQ 15 (1991) 24-54
33. J.T. Milik, "4QVisions de 'Amram et une citation d'Origène," RB 79 (1972) 77-97
34. and already Hollander and de Jonge, The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: a Commentary (SVTP 8; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985) 21-22
35. A first study of the Qumran Testament of Naphtali will be published by the writer, "The Genealogy of Bilhah," DSD 3 (forthcoming). The text was transcribed with some doubtful reconstructions by W. Nebe, "Qumranica I: Zu unveröffentlichten Handschriften aus Höhle 4 von Qumran," ZAW 106 (1994) 317
36. The full text will be published in M.E. Stone, "The Testament of Naphtali," JJS (forthcoming)
37. Published by Charles, Greek Versions, 239-44
38. The Prayer of Joseph, referred to in n. 6 above, is not related to this tradition: see E. Schuller, "4Q372 1: A Text About Joseph," RQ 55 (1990) 349-376
39. Milik, "Ecrits préesséniens," 97-98 gives a transcription of Aramaic fragments from Cave 4 (4Q484) which, together with the Hebrew fragments from 3Q7, he would attribute to a Testament of Judah (ibid., 98-99)
40. Prior to that, Henning had identified parts of the work but attributed them to an Enochic source; see W.B. Henning, "Ein manichäisches Henochbuch," SPAW (1934) 27-35
41. and idem, "Neue Materialen zur Geschichte des Manichäismus, " ZDMG 90 (1936) 1-18
42. Further Iranian fragments were published by W. Sundermann, Mittelpersische und parthische kosmogonische und Parabeltexte der Manichäer (Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients; Berliner Turfantexte, IV; Berlin: Akademie, 1973) 76-79
43. The most detailed study of the Book of the Giants is by J.C. Reeves, Book of Giants Traditions which is a very thorough and insightful work
44. See Reeves, Book of Giants Traditions, 9-28
45. The Cologne Mani Codex was published in a series of articles in ZPE between 1975 and 1982 by A. Henrichs and L. Koenen. A critical edition is L. Koenen and C. Römer, Der Kölner Mani-Kodex: Kritische Edition (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1988)
46. The literature on this codex and on Mani's Elchasaite origins is extensive; valuable indications may be found in Reeves, Book of Giants Traditions, 4-7
47. See further Reeves, Book of Giants Traditions, 6-7
48. J.C. VanderKam, "Some Major Issues in the Contemporary Study of 1 Enoch," MAARAV 3 (1982) 85-97; and others
49. A. Jellinek, Bet Ha-Midrasch, repr. ed. (Jerusalem: Bamberger and Wahrmann, 1938) 6.155-56
50. Compare also, on the sources used by the Book of Asaph the Physician the remarks by S. Pines, "The Oath of Asaph the Physician and Yohcombining dot belowanan ben Zabda," Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 5.9 (1970) 223-63
51. See also T.M. Ta-Shma, "Remarks on the Songs of Praise from Qumran," Tarbiz 55 (1986) 440-41 (Hebrew)
52. M. Margaliot, Sefer Ha-Razim (Jerusalem: American Academy of Jewish Research, 1966) 65
53. F. García Martínez, Qumran and Apocalyptic, 40-43
54. See R.C. Steiner, "The Heading of the Book of the Words of Noah on a Fragment of the Genesis Apocryphon: New Light on a 'Lost' Work," DSD 2 (1995) 66-71
55. VanderKam, "Birth of Noah," 213, n. 1 gives a good summary of prior bibliography
56. and M.J. Bernstein, "4Q252: Method and Context, Genre and Sources: A Response to George J. Brooke," JQR 85 (1994) 61-79
57. Bernstein, "4Q252: From ReWritten Bible to Biblical Commentary," JJS 45 (1994) 1-27
58. See M.E. Stone, Scriptures, Sects and Visions: A Profile of Judaism from Ezra to the Jewish Revolts, (Oxford/Philadelphia: Blackwell/Fortress, 1980), 40-41
59. "Fragments d'un apocalypse en araméen," 125-31
60. In addition to the initial publication by Milik, "Prière de Nabonide," see also the articles by P. Grelot, "La prière de Nabonide," RevQ 9 (1978) 485-95
61. F.M. Cross, "Fragments of the Prayer of Nabonidus," IEJ 34 (1984) 260-64
62. See Stone, Studies, 404 and 414, n. 50
63. see also the comments by Baumgarten, "On the Apotropaic Prayers from Qumran," Tarbiz 46 (1986) 443-44
64. a)," Tradition und Glaube, 128-39
65. a IV 4-V 14," The Dead Sea Scrolls: Forty Years of Research, ed. D. Dimant and U. Rappaport (Leiden/Jerusalem: Brill/Magnes, 1992) 64-93
66. b)," Mus 105 (1992) frag. 3, col. 1:7-9 and comments there