The effects of distal limb segment shortening on locomotor efficiency in sloped terrain: Implications for Neandertal locomotor behavior

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 146, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 336-345

  Higgins, Ryan W ^a   Ruff, Christopher B ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

bovid; crural; locomotion; Neandertal; terrain

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BODY SIZE; BONE; BOVIDS; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; LEG LENGTH; LEG MOVEMENT; LOCOMOTION; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; METACARPAL BONE; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; SPECIES COMPARISON; TIBIA;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ANIMALS; ANTHROPOMETRY; BIOMECHANICS; ENVIRONMENT; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMUR; FOSSILS; GAIT; HUMANS; LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS; LOCOMOTION; LOWER EXTREMITY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEANDERTHALS; RUMINANTS; TEMPERATURE; TIBIA;

EID: 80054111254     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21575     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Agnarsson I, May-Collado LJ,. 2008. The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies. Mol Phylogenet Evol 48: 964-985.
2. Aiello LC, Wheeler P,. 2003. Neanderthal thermoregulation and the glacial climate. In:, van Andel TH, Davies W, editors. Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation. Cambridge: McDonald Institute. p 147-166.
3. Bogin B, Smith P, Orden AB, Varela Silva MI, Loucky J,. 2002. Rapid change in height and body proportions of Maya American children. Am J Hum Biol 14: 753-761. (Pubitemid 35256217)
4. Churchill SE,. 2007. Bioenergetic perspectives on Neanderthal thermoregulatory and activity budgets. In:, Harvati K, Harrison T, editors. Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer. p 113-134.
5. Coon CS,. 1962. The origin of races. London: Jonathan Cape.
6. Costigan PA, Deluzio KJ, Wyss UP,. 2002. Knee and hip kinetics during normal stair climbing. Gait Posture 16: 31-37. (Pubitemid 34786355)
7. Cuzin F,. 2003. Les Grands Mammifères du Maroc Méridional (Haut Atlas, Anti Atlas, Sahara): Distribution, Ecologie et Conservation [Thesis]. Montpellier: Université Montpellier II.
8. Finlayson C,. 2004. Neanderthals and modern humans: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Felsenstein J,. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125: 1-15.
10. Full RJ,. 1989. Mechanics and energetics of terrestrial locomotion: Bipeds to polypeds. In:, Wieser W, Gnaiger E, editors. Energy transformations in cells and organisms. Stuttgart: Thieme. p 175-182.
11. Gamble C,. 1999. The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Garland T, Adolph SC,. 1994. Why not to do two-species comparative studies: limitations on inferring adaptation. Physiol Zool 67: 797-828.
13. Gottschall JS, Aghazarian GS, Rohrbach EA,. 2010. The metabolic and muscular differences between two stair-climbing strategies of young adults. J Strength Cond Res 24: 2558-2563.
14. Heglund NC, Taylor CR,. 1988. Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait? J Exp Biol 138: 301-318.
15. Holliday TW,. 1995. Body size and proportions in the Late Pleistocene Western Old World and the origins of modern humans. [Thesis] Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
16. Holliday TW,. 1997. Postcranial evidence of cold adaptation in European Neandertals. Am J Phys Anthropol 104: 245-258. (Pubitemid 27495272)
17. Holliday TW,. 1999. Brachial and crural indices of European late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic humans. J Hum Evol 36: 549-566. (Pubitemid 29306343)
18. Holliday TW, Ruff CB,. 2001. Relative variation in human proximal and distal limb segment lengths. Am J Phys Anthropol 116: 26-33. (Pubitemid 32826176)
19. Inman VT, Ralston HJ, Todd F, Lieberman JC,. 1981. Human walking. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
20. Kawamura K, Tokuhiro A, Takechi H,. 1991. Gait analysis of slope walking: a study on step length, stride width, time factors and deviation in the center of pressure. Acta Medica Okayama 45: 179-184.
21. Klein RG,. 1999. The human career: human biological and cultural origins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Kram R, Taylor CR,. 1990. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346: 265-267.
23. Kramer PA, Eck GG,. 2000. Locomotor energetics and leg length in hominid bipedality. J Hum Evol 38: 651-666. (Pubitemid 30325191)
24. Lange GW, Hintermeister RA, Schlegel T, Dillman CJ, Steadman JR,. 1996. Electromyographic and kinematic analysis of graded treadmill walking and the implications for knee rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 23: 294-301. (Pubitemid 26126941)
25. Lay AN, Hass CJ, Gregor RJ,. 2006. The effects of sloped surfaces on locomotion: a kinematic and kinetic analysis. J Biomech 39: 1621-1628. (Pubitemid 43817031)
26. Leslie Jr. DM, Schaller GB,. 2008. Pantholops hodgsonii. Mamm Species 817: 1-13.
27. Lin HC, Lu TW, Hsu HC,. 2005. Comparisons of joint kinetics in the lower extremity between stair ascent and descent. J Mech 21: 41-50.
28. Lyons K, Perry J, Gronley JK, Barnes L, Antonelli D,. 1983. Timing and relative intensity of hip extensor and abductor muscle action during level and stair ambulation: an EMG study. Phys Ther 63: 1597-1605. (Pubitemid 13010968)
29. Miller JA, Gross MM,. 1998. Locomotor advantages of Neandertal skeletal morphology at the knee and ankle. J Biomech 31: 355-362.
30. Muller R, Bisig A, Kramers I, Stussi E,. 1998. Influence of stair inclination on muscle activity in normals. J Biomech 31: 32-32.
31. Murray M, Drought AB, Kory RC,. 1964. Walking patterns of normal men. J Bone Joint Surg 46: 335-360.
32. Nadeau S, McFadyen BJ, Malouin F,. 2003. Frontal and sagittal plane analyses of the stair climbing task in healthy adults aged over 40 years: what are the challenges compared to level walking? Clin Biomech 18: 950-959. (Pubitemid 37324364)
33. [OSHA] Occupational Safety & Health Administration. 1984. Fixed industrial stairs. Available at:. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
34. Pearson OM,. 2000. Postcranial remains and the origin of modern humans. Evol Anthropol 9: 229-247. (Pubitemid 33341365)
35. Pontzer H,. 2007. Predicting the energy cost of terrestrial locomotion: a test of the LiMb model in humans and quadrupeds. J Exp Biol 210: 484-494. (Pubitemid 46347921)
36. Raichlen DA, Armstrong H, Lieberman DE,. 2011. Calcaneus length determines running economy: implications for endurance running performance in modern humans and Neandertals. J Hum Evol 60: 299-308.
37. Riener R, Rabuffetti M, Frigo C,. 2002. Stair ascent and descent at different inclinations. Gait Posture 15: 32-44. (Pubitemid 34059250)
38. Roberts D,. 1978. Climate and human variability. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings.
39. Ruff CB,. 1994. Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids. Yearb Phys Anthropol 37: 65-107.
40. Schmidt-Nielsen K,. 1984. Scaling: Why is animal size so important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. Scott KM,. 1979. Adaptation and allometry in bovid postcranial proportions [Thesis]. New Haven: Yale University.
42. Scott KM,. 1985. Allometric trends and locomotor adaptations in the bovidae. B Am Mus Nat Hist 179: 197-288.
43. Serrat MA, King D, Lovejoy CO,. 2008. Temperature regulates limb length in homeotherms by directly modulating cartilage growth. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 105: 19348-19353.
44. Steudel-Numbers KL, Tilkens MJ,. 2004. The effect of lower limb length on the energetic cost of locomotion: implications for fossil hominins. J Hum Evol 47: 95-109. (Pubitemid 38994775)
45. Taylor CR, Heglund NC, Maloiy GMO,. 1982. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J Exp Biol 97: 1-21.
46. Tilkens MJ, Wall-Scheffler C, Weaver TD, Steudel-Numbers K,. 2007. The effects of body proportions on thermoregulation: an experimental assessment of Allen's rule. J Hum Evol 53: 286-291. (Pubitemid 47324027)
47. Trinkaus E,. 1981. Neanderthal limb proportions and cold adaptation. In:, Stringer CB, editor. Aspects of human evolution. London: Taylor and Francis. p 187-224.
48. Trinkaus E,. 1986. The Neandertals and modern human origins. Annu Rev Anthropol 15: 193-218.
49. Trinkaus E,. 2011. The postcranial dimensions of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neanderthal. Am J Phys Anthropol 145: 461-468.
50. Trinkaus E, Rhoads ML,. 1999. Neandertal knees: power lifters in the Pleistocene? J Hum Evol 37: 833-859. (Pubitemid 30109853)
51. Ulijaszek SJ,. 1995. Human energetics in biological anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. van Andel H, Davies W, Weninger B, Joris O,. 2003. Archaeological dates as proxies for the spatial and temporal human presence in Europe: a discourse on the method. In:, van Andel H, Davies W, editors. Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation. Cambridge: McDonald Institute. p 21-30.
53. van Andel H, Davies W,. 2003. Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation. Cambridge: McDonald Institute.
54. Weaver TD, Steudel-Numbers K,. 2005. Does climate or mobility explain the differences in body proportions between Neandertals and their Upper Paleolithic successors? Evol Anthropol 14: 218-223. (Pubitemid 43779340)
55. Weyand PG, Smith BR, Puyau MR, Butte NF,. 2010. The mass-specific energy cost of human walking is set by stature. J Exp Biol 213: 3972-3979.
56. Zar JH,. 2010. Biostatistical analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.