More Inequality, More Killings: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal

American Journal of Political Science

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 886-906

  Nepal, Mani ^a   Bohara, Alok K ^b   Gawande, Kishore ^c  

^a TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY   (Nepal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^c TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054036977     PISSN: 00925853     EISSN: 15405907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00529.x     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson 2005. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
2. Acharya, Avidit. 2007. "The Causes of Insurgency in Nepal: Theory, Empirical Analysis and Policy Implications." Working paper. Princeton University.
3. Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton 2000. "Economics and Identity. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(3): 715-53.
4. Alesina, Alberto, and Dani Rodrik 1994. "Distributive Politics and Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 109 (May): 465-90.
5. Allendorf, Keera. 2007. "Do Women's Land Rights Promote Empowerment and Child Health in Nepal? World Development 35(11): 1975-88.
6. Allison, Paul D., and Richard P. Waterman 2002. "Fixed-Effects Negative Binomial Regression Models. Sociological Methodology 32(1): 247-65.
7. Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Andrew F. Newman 1993. "Occupational Choice and the Process of Development. Journal of Political Economy 101(2): 274-98.
8. Bardhan, Pranab. 1997. "Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues. Journal of Economic Literature 35(3): 1320-46.
9. Behrman, Jere R., Alejandro Gaviria, and Miguel Székely 2001. "Intergenerational Mobility in Latin America. Economía 2(1): 1-31.
10. Bhattachan, K. B., and K. N. Pyakuryal 1996. "The Issue of National Integration in Nepal: An Ethnoregional Approach. Occasional Papers on Sociology and Anthropology 5: 17-38.
11. Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
12. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, and Alastair Smith 2009. "Political Survival and Endogenous Institutional Change. Comparative Political Studies 42(2): 167-97.
13. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph Siverson, and James Morrow 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA MIT Press.
14. Cederman, Lars-Erik, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Nils B. Weidmann 2010. "Horizontal Inequalities and Ethno-Nationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison." ETH Zurich. Unpublished manuscript.
15. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2004. Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS) 2003/04: Statistical Report, I and II. Kathmandu CBS.
16. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2005. Summary Results on Poverty Analysis from Nepal Living Standards Survey, 2003/04. Kathmandu CBS.
17. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler 2004. "Greed and Grievances in Civil Wars. Oxford Economic Papers 56(4): 563-95.
18. Deaton, Angus. 2000. The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press.
19. Do, Quy-Toan, and Lakshmi Iyer 2010. "Geography, Poverty and Conflict in Nepal. Journal of Peace Research 47(6): 735-48.
20. Duclos, Jean-Yves, John Esteban, and Debraj Ray 2004. "Polarization: Concepts, Measurement, Estimation. Econometrica 72(6): 1737-72.
21. Dunn, Christopher E. 2007. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Lifetime Earnings: Evidence from Brazil. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 7(2) Contributions, Article 2.
22. Easterly, William. 2001. "Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict? Economic Development and Cultural Change 49(4): 687-706.
23. Elbers, Chris, Jean O. Lanjouw, and Peter Lanjouw 2003. "Micro-Level Estimation of Poverty and Inequality. Econometrica 71(1): 355-64.
24. Esteban, Joan, and Debraj Ray 1994. "On the Measurement of Polarization. Econometrica 62(4): 819-51.
25. Esteban, Joan, and Debraj Ray 1999. "Conflict and Distribution. Journal of Economic Theory 87(2): 379-415.
26. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin 2003. "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review 97(1): 75-90.
27. Ganguly, Sumit, and Brian Shoup 2005. "Nepal: Between Dictatorship and Anarchy. Journal of Democracy 16(4): 129-43.
28. Ghosh, Malay, and J. N. K. Rao 1994. "Small Area Estimation: An Appraisal. Statistical Science 9(1): 55-76.
29. Granovetter, Mark, and Charles Tilly 1988. "Inequality and Labor Processes." In Handbook of Sociology, ed., N. J. Smelser Newbury Park, CA Sage, 175-222.
30. Greene, William. 2007. "Fixed and Random Effects Models for Count Data." NYU Working Paper No. 2451/26046.
31. Grossman, Herschel I., and Minseong Kim 1995. "Swords or Plowshares? A Theory of the Security of Claims to Property. Journal of Political Economy 103(6): 1275-88.
32. Gurr, Ted R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.
33. Gurung, D. B., ed. 2003. Nepal Tomorrow Voices and Visions: Selected Essays on Nepal. Kathmandu: Koselee Prakashan.
34. Hausman, Jerry, Bronwyn H. Hall, and Zvi Griliches 1984. "Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents-R&D Relationship. Econometrica 52(4): 909-38.
35. Hirshleifer, Jack. 1995. "Anarchy and Its Breakdown. Journal of Political Economy 103(1): 27-52.
36. Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
37. Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2008. "Promises and Pitfalls of an Emerging Research Program: The Microdynamics of Civil War." In Order, Conflict, Violence, ed. S. N. Kalyvas, I. Shapiro, and T. Masoud Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 397-421.
38. Keefer, Philip, and Stephen Knack 2002. "Polarization, Politics and Property Rights: Links between Inequality and Growth. Public Choice 111(1-2): 127-54.
39. Kleibergen, Frank, and Richard Paap 2006. "Generalized Reduced Rank Tests Using the Singular Value Decomposition. Journal of Econometrics 127(1): 97-126.
40. Lichbach, Mark Irving. 1989. "An Evaluation of 'Does Economic Inequality Breed Political Conflict?' Studies. World Politics 41(4): 431-70.
41. MacCulloch, Robert. 2004. "The Impact of Income on the Taste for Revolt. American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 830-48.
42. Mackerras, Colin, Donald H. McMillen, and Andrew Watson 1998. Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China. New York Routledge.
43. Macours, Karen. 2006. "Relative Deprivation and Civil Conflict in Nepal." Working paper. Johns Hopkins University.
44. Macours, Karen. 2011. "Increasing Inequality and Civil Conflict in Nepal. Oxford Economic Papers 63(1): 1-26.
45. Mahat, Ram Sharan. 2005. In Defense of Democracy: Dynamics and Fault Lines of Nepal's Political Economy. New Delhi Adroit.
46. Mancini, L. 2008 Horizontal Inequality and Communal Violence: Evidence from Indonesian Districts." In Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies, ed. F. Stewart Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, 106-35.
47. Miguel, Edward, Shanker Satyanath, and Ernest Sergenti 2004. "Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach. Journal of Political Economy 112(4): 725-53.
48. Milante, Gary. 2004. "The Non-Monotonic Relationship between Inequality and Conflict." Working paper. University of California, Irvine.
49. Meltzer, Allan H., and Scott F. Richard 1981. "A Rational Theory of the Size of Government. Journal of Political Economy 89(5): 914-27.
50. Montalvo, Jose G., and Marta Reynal-Querol 2005. "Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars. American Economic Review 95(3): 796-816.
51. Mueller, Edward N. 1985. "Income Inequality, Regime Repressiveness and Political Violence. American Sociological Review 50(1): 47-61.
52. Mueller, Edward N., and Mitchell A. Seligson 1987. "Inequality and Insurgency. American Political Science Review 81(2): 425-52.
53. Mulligan, Casey. 1997. Parental Priorities and Economic Inequality. Chicago University of Chicago Press.
54. Murshed, S. Mansoob, and Scott Gates 2005. "Spatial-Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal. Review of Development Economics 9(1): 121-34.
55. Murshed, S. Mansoob, and Mohammed Z. Tadjoeddin 2009. "Revisiting the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict. Journal of International Development 21(1): 87-111.
56. Østby, Gudrun. 2008. "Polarization, Horizontal Inequalities and Civil Conflict. Journal of Peace Research 45(2): 143-62.
57. Perotti, Roberto. 1993. "Political Equilibrium, Income Distribution, and Growth. Review of Economic Studies 60(4): 755-76.
58. Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini 1994. "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? American Economic Review 84(3): 600-621.
59. Piketty, Thomas. 2000. "Theories of Persistent Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility." In Handbook of Income Distribution, ed. A. B. Atkinson and F. Bourguignon Amsterdam Elsevier, 429-76.
60. Popham, Peter. 2002, February 18. "Nepalese Maoists Kill 129 in Biggest Ever Attack. The Independent. Accessed January 12, 2010.
61. Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. "Ethnicity, Political System, and Civil Wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1): 29-54.
62. Sandmo, Agnar. 1976. "Optimal Taxation: An Introduction to the Literature. Journal of Public Economics 6(1-2): 37-54.
63. Selbin, Eric. 2002. "No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. American Political Science Review 96(3): 660-61.
64. Sen, Amartya. 1992. Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.
65. Sigelman, Lee, and Miles Simpson 1977. "A Cross-National Test of the Linkage between Economic Inequality and Political Violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 21(1): 105-28.
66. Simkhada, Shambhu Ram, and Fabio Oliva 2005. The Maoist Conflict in Nepal: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography. IUHEI, CH-Geneva. Unpublished manuscript.
67. Staiger, Douglas, and James H. Stock 1997. "Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments. Econometrica 65(3): 557-86.
68. Stewart, Frances. 2002. "Horizontal Inequalities: A Neglected Dimension of Development." QEH Working Paper No. 81 Oxford Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
69. Stock, James H., and Motohiro Yogo 2005. "Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression." In Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg, ed. D. W. Andrews and J. H. Stock Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 80-108.
70. Thapa, Deepak, and Bandita Sijapati 2003. A Kingdom under Siege: Nepal's Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003. Kathmandu The Printhouse.
71. Wang, T. Y., William J. Dixon, Edward N. Muller, and Mitchell A. Seligson 1993. "Inequality and Political Violence Revisited. American Political Science Review 87(4): 979-94.
72. Weede, Erich. 1986. "Income Inequality and Political Violence Reconsidered. American Sociological Review 51(3): 438-41.
73. Weede, Erich. 1987. "Some New Evidence on Correlates of Political Violence: Income Inequality, Regime Repressiveness, and Economic Development. European Sociological Review 3(2): 97-108.
74. Williams, Kirk R., and Michael Timberlake 1984. "Structured Inequality, Conflict, and Control: A Cross-National Test of the Threat Hypothesis. Social Force 63(2): 414-32.