메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 31, Issue 41, 2011, Pages 14565-14576

Multiplexed and robust representations of sound features in auditory cortex

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC NERVE FIBER; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; AUDITORY CORTEX; AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BRAIN CELL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FERRET; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PITCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE TIME; SOUND; SPIKE; STIMULUS RESPONSE; VOWEL;

EID: 80054025638     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: 15292401     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2074-11.2011     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (92)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 77951246111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural coding of periodicity in marmoset auditory cortex
    • Bendor D, Wang X (2010) Neural coding of periodicity in marmoset auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 103:1809-1822.
    • (2010) J Neurophysiol , vol.103 , pp. 1809-1822
    • Bendor, D.1    Wang, X.2
  • 2
    • 0019459286 scopus 로고
    • Single-unit activity in the auditory cortex of monkeys actively localizing sound sources: Spatial tuning and behavioral dependency
    • Benson DA, Hienz RD, Goldstein MH Jr (1981) Single-unit activity in the auditory cortex of monkeys actively localizing sound sources: spatial tuning and behavioral dependency. Brain Res 219:249-267.
    • (1981) Brain Res , vol.219 , pp. 249-267
    • Benson, D.A.1    Hienz, R.D.2    Goldstein Jr, M.H.3
  • 3
  • 4
    • 60849086474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interdependent encoding of pitch, timbre, and spatial location in auditory cortex
    • Bizley JK, Walker KM, Silverman BW, King AJ, Schnupp JW (2009) Interdependent encoding of pitch, timbre, and spatial location in auditory cortex. J Neurosci 29:2064-2075.
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 2064-2075
    • Bizley, J.K.1    Walker, K.M.2    Silverman, B.W.3    King, A.J.4    Schnupp, J.W.5
  • 5
    • 77950613699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural ensemble codes for stimulus periodicity in auditory cortex
    • Bizley JK, Walker KM, King AJ, Schnupp JW (2010) Neural ensemble codes for stimulus periodicity in auditory cortex. J Neurosci 30:5078-5091.
    • (2010) J Neurosci , vol.30 , pp. 5078-5091
    • Bizley, J.K.1    Walker, K.M.2    King, A.J.3    Schnupp, J.W.4
  • 6
    • 77957330750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendritic discrimination of temporal input sequences in cortical neurons
    • Branco T, Clark BA, Häusser M (2010) Dendritic discrimination of temporal input sequences in cortical neurons. Science 329:1671-1675.
    • (2010) Science , vol.329 , pp. 1671-1675
    • Branco, T.1    Clark, B.A.2    Häusser, M.3
  • 7
    • 0030050457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT
    • Britten KH, Newsome WT, Shadlen MN, Celebrini S, Movshon JA (1996) A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT. Vis Neurosci 13:87-100.
    • (1996) Vis Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 87-100
    • Britten, K.H.1    Newsome, W.T.2    Shadlen, M.N.3    Celebrini, S.4    Movshon, J.A.5
  • 8
    • 0032824994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between neural discharges are related to receptive field properties in cat primary auditory cortex
    • Brosch M, Schreiner CE (1999) Correlations between neural discharges are related to receptive field properties in cat primary auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 11:3517-3530.
    • (1999) Eur J Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 3517-3530
    • Brosch, M.1    Schreiner, C.E.2
  • 9
    • 65949118690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of neurons in chinchilla auditory cortex to frequency-modulated tones
    • Brown TA, Harrison RV (2009) Responses of neurons in chinchilla auditory cortex to frequency-modulated tones. J Neurophysiol 101:2017-2029.
    • (2009) J Neurophysiol , vol.101 , pp. 2017-2029
    • Brown, T.A.1    Harrison, R.V.2
  • 10
    • 72449163021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief sounds evoke prolonged responses in anesthetized ferret auditory cortex
    • Campbell RA, Schulz AL, King AJ, Schnupp JW (2010) Brief sounds evoke prolonged responses in anesthetized ferret auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 103:2783-2793.
    • (2010) J Neurophysiol , vol.103 , pp. 2783-2793
    • Campbell, R.A.1    Schulz, A.L.2    King, A.J.3    Schnupp, J.W.4
  • 11
    • 0032702589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal coding of periodicity pitch in the auditory system: An overview
    • Cariani P (1999) Temporal coding of periodicity pitch in the auditory system: an overview. Neural Plast 6:147-172.
    • (1999) Neural Plast , vol.6 , pp. 147-172
    • Cariani, P.1
  • 12
    • 23844497336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limited segregation of different types of sound localization information among classes of units in the inferior colliculus
    • Chase SM, Young ED (2005) Limited segregation of different types of sound localization information among classes of units in the inferior colliculus. J Neurosci 25:7575-7585.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 7575-7585
    • Chase, S.M.1    Young, E.D.2
  • 13
    • 33646078110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spike-timing codes enhance the representation of multiple simultaneous sound-localization cues in the inferior colliculus
    • Chase SM, Young ED (2006) Spike-timing codes enhance the representation of multiple simultaneous sound-localization cues in the inferior colliculus. J Neurosci 26:3889-3898.
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 3889-3898
    • Chase, S.M.1    Young, E.D.2
  • 14
    • 42249107515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cues for sound localization are encoded in multiple aspects of spike trains in the inferior colliculus
    • Chase SM, Young ED (2008) Cues for sound localization are encoded in multiple aspects of spike trains in the inferior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 99:1672-1682.
    • (2008) J Neurophysiol , vol.99 , pp. 1672-1682
    • Chase, S.M.1    Young, E.D.2
  • 16
    • 0028850539 scopus 로고
    • Rate representation and discriminability of second formant frequencies for /epsilon/-like steady-state vowels in cat auditory nerve
    • Conley RA, Keilson SE (1995) Rate representation and discriminability of second formant frequencies for /epsilon/-like steady-state vowels in cat auditory nerve. J Acoust Soc Am 98:3223-3234.
    • (1995) J Acoust Soc Am , vol.98 , pp. 3223-3234
    • Conley, R.A.1    Keilson, S.E.2
  • 18
    • 58149388894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity of cortical frequency representation
    • Dahmen JC, Hartley DE, King AJ (2008) Stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity of cortical frequency representation. J Neurosci 28:13629-13639.
    • (2008) J Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 13629-13639
    • Dahmen, J.C.1    Hartley, D.E.2    King, A.J.3
  • 19
    • 34547928124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between neural spike trains increases with firing rate
    • de la Rocha J, Doiron B, Shea-Brown E, Josić K, Reyes A (2007) Correlation between neural spike trains increases with firing rate. Nature 448:802-806.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 802-806
    • de la Rocha, J.1    Doiron, B.2    Shea-Brown, E.3    Josić, K.4    Reyes, A.5
  • 20
    • 0028814553 scopus 로고
    • Synchrony between single-unit activity and local field potentials in relation to periodicity coding in primary auditory cortex
    • Eggermont JJ, Smith GM (1995) Synchrony between single-unit activity and local field potentials in relation to periodicity coding in primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 73:227-245.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.73 , pp. 227-245
    • Eggermont, J.J.1    Smith, G.M.2
  • 21
    • 67649458066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporally dynamic frequency tuning of population responses in monkey primary auditory cortex
    • Fishman YI, Steinschneider M (2009) Temporally dynamic frequency tuning of population responses in monkey primary auditory cortex. Hear Res 254:64-76.
    • (2009) Hear Res , vol.254 , pp. 64-76
    • Fishman, Y.I.1    Steinschneider, M.2
  • 22
    • 23844484827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential dynamic plasticity of A1 receptive fields during multiple spectral tasks
    • Fritz JB, Elhilali M, Shamma SA (2005) Differential dynamic plasticity of A1 receptive fields during multiple spectral tasks. J Neurosci 25:7623-7635.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 7623-7635
    • Fritz, J.B.1    Elhilali, M.2    Shamma, S.A.3
  • 23
    • 77956910156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum decoding abilities of temporal patterns and synchronized firings: Application to auditory neurons responding to click trains and amplitude modulated white noise
    • Gourévitch B, Eggermont JJ (2010) Maximum decoding abilities of temporal patterns and synchronized firings: application to auditory neurons responding to click trains and amplitude modulated white noise. J Comput Neurosci 29:253-277.
    • (2010) J Comput Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 253-277
    • Gourévitch, B.1    Eggermont, J.J.2
  • 24
    • 0040022099 scopus 로고
    • Phonemic microtomy: The mimimum duration of perceptible speech sounds
    • Gray GW (1942) Phonemic microtomy: the mimimum duration of perceptible speech sounds. Speech Monogr 9:75-90.
    • (1942) Speech Monogr , vol.9 , pp. 75-90
    • Gray, G.W.1
  • 25
    • 0034705226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal correlates of sensory discrimination in the somatosensory cortex
    • Hernández A, Zainos A, Romo R (2000) Neuronal correlates of sensory discrimination in the somatosensory cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:6191-6196.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.97 , pp. 6191-6196
    • Hernández, A.1    Zainos, A.2    Romo, R.3
  • 26
    • 42649137285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selectivity and invariance for visual object perception
    • Ison MJ, Quiroga RQ (2008) Selectivity and invariance for visual object perception. Front Biosci 13:4889-4903.
    • (2008) Front Biosci , vol.13 , pp. 4889-4903
    • Ison, M.J.1    Quiroga, R.Q.2
  • 27
    • 60449118134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spike-phase coding boosts and stabilizes information carried by spatial and temporal spike patterns
    • Kayser C, Montemurro MA, Logothetis NK, Panzeri S (2009) Spike-phase coding boosts and stabilizes information carried by spatial and temporal spike patterns. Neuron 61:597-608.
    • (2009) Neuron , vol.61 , pp. 597-608
    • Kayser, C.1    Montemurro, M.A.2    Logothetis, N.K.3    Panzeri, S.4
  • 28
    • 0019510052 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal discrimination of natural and synthetic vowels in field L of trained mynah birds
    • Langner G, Bonke D, Scheich H (1981) Neuronal discrimination of natural and synthetic vowels in field L of trained mynah birds. Exp Brain Res 43:11-24.
    • (1981) Exp Brain Res , vol.43 , pp. 11-24
    • Langner, G.1    Bonke, D.2    Scheich, H.3
  • 29
    • 78650678824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auditory cortex spatial sensitivity sharpens during task performance
    • Lee CC, Middlebrooks JC (2011) Auditory cortex spatial sensitivity sharpens during task performance. Nat Neurosci 14:108-114.
    • (2011) Nat Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 108-114
    • Lee, C.C.1    Middlebrooks, J.C.2
  • 30
    • 68649122865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A toolbox for the fast information analysis of multiple-site LFP, EEG and spike train recordings
    • Magri C, Whittingstall K, Singh V, Logothetis NK, Panzeri S (2009) A toolbox for the fast information analysis of multiple-site LFP, EEG and spike train recordings. BMC Neurosci 10:81.
    • (2009) BMC Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 81
    • Magri, C.1    Whittingstall, K.2    Singh, V.3    Logothetis, N.K.4    Panzeri, S.5
  • 31
    • 0029131126 scopus 로고
    • The time course of auditory segregation: Concurrent vowels that vary in duration
    • McKeown JD, Patterson RD (1995) The time course of auditory segregation: concurrent vowels that vary in duration. J Acoust Soc Am 98:1866-1877.
    • (1995) J Acoust Soc Am , vol.98 , pp. 1866-1877
    • McKeown, J.D.1    Patterson, R.D.2
  • 32
    • 0028303772 scopus 로고
    • A panoramic code for sound location by cortical neurons
    • Middlebrooks JC, Clock AE, Xu L, Green DM (1994) A panoramic code for sound location by cortical neurons. Science 264:842-844.
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , pp. 842-844
    • Middlebrooks, J.C.1    Clock, A.E.2    Xu, L.3    Green, D.M.4
  • 34
    • 33744903391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1) to pure tones in the halothaneanesthetized cat
    • Moshitch D, Las L, Ulanovsky N, Bar-Yosef O, Nelken I (2006) Responses of neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1) to pure tones in the halothaneanesthetized cat. J Neurophysiol 95:3756-3769.
    • (2006) J Neurophysiol , vol.95 , pp. 3756-3769
    • Moshitch, D.1    Las, L.2    Ulanovsky, N.3    Bar-Yosef, O.4    Nelken, I.5
  • 35
    • 0041358488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acoustic factors govern developmental sharpening of spatial tuning in the auditory cortex
    • Mrsic-Flogel TD, Schnupp JW, King AJ (2003) Acoustic factors govern developmental sharpening of spatial tuning in the auditory cortex. Nat Neurosci 6:981-988.
    • (2003) Nat Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 981-988
    • Mrsic-Flogel, T.D.1    Schnupp, J.W.2    King, A.J.3
  • 36
    • 19344367484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encoding of virtual acoustic space stimuli by neurons in ferret primary auditory cortex
    • Mrsic-Flogel TD, King AJ, Schnupp JW (2005) Encoding of virtual acoustic space stimuli by neurons in ferret primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 93:3489-3503.
    • (2005) J Neurophysiol , vol.93 , pp. 3489-3503
    • Mrsic-Flogel, T.D.1    King, A.J.2    Schnupp, J.W.3
  • 37
    • 24144441806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encoding stimulus information by spike numbers and mean response time in primary auditory cortex
    • Nelken I, Chechik G, Mrsic-Flogel TD, King AJ, Schnupp JW (2005) Encoding stimulus information by spike numbers and mean response time in primary auditory cortex. J Comput Neurosci 19:199-221.
    • (2005) J Comput Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 199-221
    • Nelken, I.1    Chechik, G.2    Mrsic-Flogel, T.D.3    King, A.J.4    Schnupp, J.W.5
  • 38
    • 77952548421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic detachable headphones for acoustic stimulation in freely moving animals
    • Nodal FR, Keating P, King AJ (2010) Chronic detachable headphones for acoustic stimulation in freely moving animals. J Neurosci Methods 189:44-50.
    • (2010) J Neurosci Methods , vol.189 , pp. 44-50
    • Nodal, F.R.1    Keating, P.2    King, A.J.3
  • 39
    • 0030741395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orderly cortical representation of vowels based on formant interaction
    • Ohl FW, Scheich H (1997) Orderly cortical representation of vowels based on formant interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:9440-9444.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.94 , pp. 9440-9444
    • Ohl, F.W.1    Scheich, H.2
  • 40
    • 67349121625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engaging in an audiotry task suppresses responses in auditory cortex
    • Otazu GH, Tai LH, Yang Y, Zador AM (2009) Engaging in an audiotry task suppresses responses in auditory cortex. Nat Neurosci 12:646-654.
    • (2009) Nat Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 646-654
    • Otazu, G.H.1    Tai, L.H.2    Yang, Y.3    Zador, A.M.4
  • 41
    • 0035052392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of spike timing in the coding of stimulus location in rat somatosensory cortex
    • Panzeri S, Petersen RS, Schultz SR, Lebedev M, Diamond ME (2001) The role of spike timing in the coding of stimulus location in rat somatosensory cortex. Neuron 29:769-777.
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.29 , pp. 769-777
    • Panzeri, S.1    Petersen, R.S.2    Schultz, S.R.3    Lebedev, M.4    Diamond, M.E.5
  • 42
    • 34548790687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correcting for the sampling bias problem in spike train information measures
    • Panzeri S, Senatore R, Montemurro MA, Petersen RS (2007) Correcting for the sampling bias problem in spike train information measures. J Neurophysiol 98:1064-1072.
    • (2007) J Neurophysiol , vol.98 , pp. 1064-1072
    • Panzeri, S.1    Senatore, R.2    Montemurro, M.A.3    Petersen, R.S.4
  • 44
    • 0032716430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of altering spectral cues in infancy on horizontal and vertical sound localization by adult ferrets
    • Parsons CH, Lanyon RG, Schnupp JW, King AJ (1999) Effects of altering spectral cues in infancy on horizontal and vertical sound localization by adult ferrets. J Neurophysiol 82:2294-2309.
    • (1999) J Neurophysiol , vol.82 , pp. 2294-2309
    • Parsons, C.H.1    Lanyon, R.G.2    Schnupp, J.W.3    King, A.J.4
  • 45
    • 0019505937 scopus 로고
    • Responses of single neurons in physiologically defined primary auditory cortex (AI) of the cat: Frequency tuning and responses to intensity
    • Phillips DP, Irvine DR (1981) Responses of single neurons in physiologically defined primary auditory cortex (AI) of the cat: frequency tuning and responses to intensity. J Neurophysiol 45:48-58.
    • (1981) J Neurophysiol , vol.45 , pp. 48-58
    • Phillips, D.P.1    Irvine, D.R.2
  • 46
    • 34447303837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison between offset and onset responses of primary auditory cortex ON-OFF neurons in awake cats
    • Qin L, Chimoto S, Sakai M, Wang J, Sato Y (2007) Comparison between offset and onset responses of primary auditory cortex ON-OFF neurons in awake cats. J Neurophysiol 97:3421-3431.
    • (2007) J Neurophysiol , vol.97 , pp. 3421-3431
    • Qin, L.1    Chimoto, S.2    Sakai, M.3    Wang, J.4    Sato, Y.5
  • 47
    • 47549116757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representations of cat meows and human vowels in the primary auditory cortex of awake cats
    • Qin L, Wang JY, Sato Y (2008) Representations of cat meows and human vowels in the primary auditory cortex of awake cats. J Neurophysiol 99:2305-2319.
    • (2008) J Neurophysiol , vol.99 , pp. 2305-2319
    • Qin, L.1    Wang, J.Y.2    Sato, Y.3
  • 49
    • 0032142971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical processing of complex sounds
    • Rauschecker JP (1998) Cortical processing of complex sounds. Curr Opin Neurobiol 8:516-521.
    • (1998) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.8 , pp. 516-521
    • Rauschecker, J.P.1
  • 50
    • 0037380933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling individual differences in ferret external ear transfer functions
    • Schnupp JW, Booth J, King AJ (2003) Modeling individual differences in ferret external ear transfer functions. J Acoust Soc Am 113:2021-2030.
    • (2003) J Acoust Soc Am , vol.113 , pp. 2021-2030
    • Schnupp, J.W.1    Booth, J.2    King, A.J.3
  • 51
    • 18144424804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Location coding by opponent neural populations in the auditory cortex
    • Stecker GC, Harrington IA, Middlebrooks JC (2005) Location coding by opponent neural populations in the auditory cortex. PLoS Biol 3:e78.
    • (2005) PLoS Biol , vol.3
    • Stecker, G.C.1    Harrington, I.A.2    Middlebrooks, J.C.3
  • 52
    • 3242771272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical mapping of auditoryevoked offset responses in rats
    • Takahashi H, Nakao M, Kaga K (2004) Cortical mapping of auditoryevoked offset responses in rats. Neuroreport 15:1565-1569.
    • (2004) Neuroreport , vol.15 , pp. 1565-1569
    • Takahashi, H.1    Nakao, M.2    Kaga, K.3
  • 53
    • 0035853547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex
    • Tian B, Reser D, Durham A, Kustov A, Rauschecker JP (2001) Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. Science 292:290-293.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 290-293
    • Tian, B.1    Reser, D.2    Durham, A.3    Kustov, A.4    Rauschecker, J.P.5
  • 54
    • 0001065513 scopus 로고
    • The upward bias in measures of information derived from limited data samples
    • Treves A, Panzeri S (1995) The upward bias in measures of information derived from limited data samples. Neural Comput 7:399-407.
    • (1995) Neural Comput , vol.7 , pp. 399-407
    • Treves, A.1    Panzeri, S.2
  • 55
    • 85036170213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binless strategies for estimation of information from neural data
    • Victor JD (2002) Binless strategies for estimation of information from neural data. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 66:051903.
    • (2002) Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys , vol.66 , pp. 051903
    • Victor, J.D.1
  • 56
    • 0029791918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nature and precision of temporal coding in visual cortex: A metric-space analysis
    • Victor JD, Purpura KP (1996) Nature and precision of temporal coding in visual cortex: a metric-space analysis. J Neurophysiol 76:1310-1326.
    • (1996) J Neurophysiol , vol.76 , pp. 1310-1326
    • Victor, J.D.1    Purpura, K.P.2
  • 57
    • 38049052538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking cortical spike pattern codes to auditory perception
    • Walker KM, Ahmed B, Schnupp JW (2008) Linking cortical spike pattern codes to auditory perception. J Cogn Neurosci 20:135-152.
    • (2008) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 135-152
    • Walker, K.M.1    Ahmed, B.2    Schnupp, J.W.3
  • 59
    • 19644394141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained firing in auditory cortex evoked by preferred stimuli
    • Wang X, Lu T, Snider RK, Liang L (2005) Sustained firing in auditory cortex evoked by preferred stimuli. Nature 435:341-346.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.435 , pp. 341-346
    • Wang, X.1    Lu, T.2    Snider, R.K.3    Liang, L.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.