Arterial aging: A review of the pathophysiology and potential for pharmacological intervention

Drugs and Aging

Volumn 28, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 779-795

  O'Rourke, Michael F ^a,b,c   Adji, Audrey ^a,d   Namasivayam, Mayooran ^a,b   Mok, Jonathan ^a  

^a ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^c VICTOR CHANG CARDIAC RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^d MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ELASTIN;

AGING; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; AORTA ARCH; AORTA FLOW; ARTERIAL AGING; ARTERIAL PRESSURE; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ARTERIAL TONOMETRY; ARTERIOLE; ARTERY; ASCENDING AORTA; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; BRACHIAL ARTERY; DEMENTIA; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; EXERCISE; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FILLING; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE WORK; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART RATE; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; MICROVASCULATURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSATILE FLOW; PULSE PRESSURE; PULSE WAVE; REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; THORACIC AORTA; TONOMETRY; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; WAVEFORM;

AGING; ANIMALS; ARTERIES; BIOMECHANICS; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION;

EID: 80053918711     PISSN: 1170229X     EISSN: 11791969     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11592730-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Messerli FH. This day 50 years ago.NEngl JMed 1995; 332: 1038-9
2. Pickering G. High blood pressure. 2nd ed. London: J & A Churchill, 1968
3. Cushing H. Concerning a definite regulatory mechanism of the vaso-motor centre which controls blood pressure during cerebral compression. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1901; 12: 290-2
4. Smirk FH. High arterial pressure. Oxford: Blackwell, 1957
5. Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. New York: Raven Press, 1995
6. Byrom FB, Wilson C. A plethysmographic method for measuring systolic blood pressure in the intact rat. J Physiol 1938; 93: 301-4
7. Byrom FB, Dodson LF. The causation of acute arterial necrosis in hypertensive disease. J Pathol Bacteriol 1948; 60: 357-68
8. Byrom FB. The hypertensive vascular crisis: an experimental study. London: Heinemann, 1969
9. Kaplan NM. Clinical hypertension. 5th ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins, 1990
10. Ledingham JM. The vascular fault in hypertension: Byrom's work revisited. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. New York: Raven Press, 1995; 37-53
11. VA Cooperative Study Group. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension: results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129mm Hg. JAMA 1967; 202: 1028-34
12. VA Cooperative Study Group. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension, II: results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114mm Hg. JAMA 1970; 213: 1143-52
13. Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group (SHEP). Implications of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Hypertension 1993; 21: 335-43
14. O'Rourke MF, Kelly RP, Avolio AP, et al. Effects of arterial dilator agents on central aortic systolic pressure and on left ventricular hydraulic load. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 381-441
15. Dustan HP. Isolated systolic hypertension: a long-neglected cause of cardiovascular complications. Am JMed 1989; 86: 358-69
16. Levy D, Brink S. A change in heart. New York: Vintage Books, 2005
17. Franklin SS, Gustin 4th W, Wong ND, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. Circulation 1997; 96: 308-15
18. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, et al. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? Circulation 1999; 100: 354-60
19. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, McGee DL, et al. Systolic blood pressure, arterial rigidity and risk of stroke. JAMA 1981; 245: 1225-9
20. Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF, Vlachopoulos C.McDonald's blood flow in arteries. 6th ed. London: Hodder Arnold, 2011
21. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al., on behalf of the European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2588-605
22. Namasivayam M, McDonnell BJ, McEniery CM, et al., on behalf of the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial Study Investigators. Does wave reflection dominate age-related change in aortic blood pressure across the human life span? Hypertension 2009; 53: 979-85
23. Salvi P, Safar ME, Labat C, et al., PARTAGE Study Investigators. Heart disease and changes in pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure amplification in the elderly over 80 years: the PARTAGE Study. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 2127-33
24. O'Rourke MF, Hashimoto J. Mechanical factors in arterial aging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1-13
25. Lakatta EG, Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprise, part I: aging arteries: a 'set up' for vascular disease. Circulation 2003; 107: 139-46
26. Lakatta EG, Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprise, part II: the aging heart in health: links to heart disease. Circulation 2003; 107: 346-54
27. Avolio AP, Chen S, Wang R, et al. Effects of aging on changing arterial compliance and left ventricular load in a northern Chinese urban community. Circulation 1982; 68: 50-8
28. Avolio AP, Deng FQ, Li WQ, et al. Effects of aging on arterial distensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension: comparison between urban and rural communities in China. Circulation 1985; 71: 202-10
29. Lindley PB. Engineering design with natural rubber. Malaysian Rubber Fund Board. The Natural Rubber Producers Research Association Technical Bulletin, 4th ed., 1974; 8: 17-19
30. Fritze O, Schleicher M, König K, et al. Facilitated noninvasive visualization of collagen and elastin in blood vessels. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16: 705-10
31. Virmani R, Avolio AP, Mergner WJ, et al. Effect of aging on aortic morphology in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension and atherosclerosis: comparison between occidental and Chinese communities. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 1119-29
32. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability to rupture: angiogenesis as a source of intraplaque hemorrhage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 2054-61
33. Safar ME, O'Rourke MF. Arterial stiffness in hypertension. In: Birkenhager WH, Reid JL, editors. Handbook of hypertension. No. 23. London: Elsevier, 2006
34. Redheuil A, Yu WC, Wu CO, et al. Reduced ascending aortic strain and distensibility: earliest manifestations of vascular aging in humans. Hypertension 2010; 55: 319-26
35. Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, et al. Aortic input impedance in normal man: relationship to pressure wave forms. Circulation 1980; 62: 105-16
36. Weber T, Auer J, O'Rourke MF, et al. Prolonged mechanical systole and increased arterial wave reflections in diastolic dysfunction. Heart 2006; 92: 1616-22
37. Weber T, O'Rourke MF, Ammer M, et al. Arterial stiffness and arterial wave reflections are associated with systolic and diastolic function in patients with normal ejection fraction. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21: 1194-202
38. de Simone G, Kitzman DW, Chinali M, et al. Left ventricular concentric geometry is associated with impaired relaxation in hypertension: the HyperGEN study. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1039-45
39. Sugawara J, Hayashi K, Yokoi T, et al. Age-associated elongation of the ascending aorta in adults. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 1: 739-48
40. Weber T, O'Rourke MF, Lassnig E, et al. Pulse waveform characteristics predict cardiovascular events and mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 797-805
41. Cullen KM, Kó csi Z, Stone J. Pericapillary haem-rich deposits: evidence for microhaemorrhages in aging human cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25: 1656-67
42. Cullen KM, Kocsi Z, Stone J. Microvascular pathology in the aging human brain: evidence that senile plaques are sites of microhaemorrhages. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 1786-96
43. Kearney-Schwartz A, Rossignol P, Bracard S, et al. Vascular structure and function is correlated to cognitive performance and white matter hyperintensities in older hypertensive patients with subjective memory complaints. Stroke 2010; 40: 1229-36
44. O'Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension 2005; 46: 200-4
45. Edwards JE. Functional pathology of the pulmonary vascular tree in congenital cardiac disease. Circulation 1957; 15: 164-96
46. Kass DA, Shapiro EP, Kawaguchi M, et al. Improved arterial compliance by a novel advanced glycation endproduct crosslink breaker. Circulation 2001; 104: 1464-70
47. Mitchell GF, Izzo Jr JL, Lacourcière Y, et al. Omapatrilat reduces pulse pressure and proximal aortic stiffness in patients with systolic hypertension: results of the conduit hemodynamics of omapatrilat international research study. Circulation 2002; 105: 2955-61
48. Iliopoulos J. The aortic wrap procedure: a surgical method of treating age related aortic dilatation and stiffening [dissertation]. Sydney (NSW): University of New SouthWales, 2006
49. O'Rourke MF. Steady and pulsatile energy losses in the systemic circulation under normal conditions and in simulated arterial disease. Cardiovasc Res 1967; 1: 313-26
50. O'Rourke MF. Arterial hemodynamics in hypertension. Circ Res 1970; 27 Suppl. 2: 123-33
51. Asmar RG, London GM, O'Rourke MF, et al., for the REASON Project Coordinators and Investigators. Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patients: a comparison with atenolol. Hypertension 2001; 38: 922-6
52. Ait-Oufella H, Collin C, Bozec E, et al. Long-term reduction in aortic stiffness: a 5.3-year follow-up in routine clinical practice. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 2336-41
53. Yaginuma T, Avolio AP, O'Rourke MF, et al. Effect of glyceryl trinitrate on peripheral arteries alters left ventricular hydraulic load in man. Cardiovasc Res 1986; 20: 153-60
54. Murrell W. Nitroglycerin as a remedy for angina pectoris. Lancet 1879; 113: 80-1, 113-5, 151-2, 225-7
55. O'Rourke MF, Safar ME, Dzau V, editors. Arterial vasodilation: mechanisms and therapy. London: Edward Arnold, 1993
56. Kelly RP, Gibbs HH, O'Rourke MF, et al. Nitroglycerin has more favourable effects on left ventricular afterload than apparent from measurement of pressure in a peripheral artery. Eur Heart J 1990; 11: 138-44
57. Takazawa K, Tanaka N, Takeda K, et al. Underestimation of vasodilator effects of nitroglycerin by upper limb blood pressure. Hypertension 1995; 26: 520-3
58. Simkus GJ, Fitchett DH. Radial arterial pressure measurements may be a poor guide to the beneficial effects of nitroprusside on left ventricular systolic pressure in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 323-6
59. London GM, Asmar RG, O'Rourke MF, et al., REASON Project Investigators. Mechanism(s) of selective systolic blood pressure reduction after a low-dose combination of perindopril/ indapamide in hypertensive subjects: comparison with atenolol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 92-9
60. Hirata K, Vlachopoulos C, Adji A, et al. Benefits from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor 'beyond blood pressure lowering': beyond blood pressure or beyond the brachial artery? [published erratum appears in J Hypertens 2005; 23: 903-4]. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 551-6
61. Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, et al., the CAFE Investigators. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes. Circulation 2006; 113: 1213-25
62. Jiang X-J, O'Rourke MF, Zhang Y-Q, et al. Superior effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor over a diuretic for reducing aortic systolic pressure. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1095-9
63. Matsui Y, Eguchi K, O'Rourke MF, et al. Differential effects between a calcium channel blocker and a diuretic when used in combination with angiotensin II receptor blocker on central aortic pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2009; 54: 716-23
64. Merillon JP, Fontenier GJ, Lerallut JF, et al. Aortic input impedance in normal man and arterial hypertension: its modification during changes in aortic pressure. Cardiovasc Res 1982; 16: 646-56
65. Merillon JP, Fontenier GJ, Lerallut JF. Aortic input impedance in heart failure: comparison with normal subjects and its changes during vasodilator therapy. Eur Heart J 1984; 5: 447-55
66. Laskey WK, Kussmaul WG, Martin JL, et al. Characteristics of vascular hydraulic load in patients with heart failure. Circulation 1985; 72: 61-71
67. Ting CT, Choy CY, Chang MS, et al. Arterial hemodynamics in human hypertension: effects of adrenergic blockade. Circulation 1991; 84: 1049-57
68. Ting CT, Yang TM, Chen JW, et al. Arterial hemodynamics in human hypertension: effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Hypertension 1993; 22: 839-46
69. Ting CT, Chen CH, ChangMS, et al. Arterial hemodynamics in human hypertension: effects of the calcium-channel antagonist nifedipine. Hypertension 1995; 25: 1326-32
70. Noda T, Yaginuma T, O'Rourke MF, et al. Effects of nifedipine on systemic and pulmonary vascular impedance in subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 505-13
71. Smirk FH, Alstad KS. Treatment of arterial hypertension by penta- and hexamethonium salts: based on 150 tests on hypertensives of varied aetiology and 53 patients treated for periods of two to fourteen months. BMJ 1951; 288: 1087-90
72. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT) [published erratum appears in JAMA 2002; 288: 2976]. JAMA 2000; 283: 1967-75
73. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) [published errata appear in JAMA 2004; 291: 2196 and JAMA 2003; 289: 178]. JAMA 2002; 288: 2981-97
74. Yusuf S, Slight P, Pogue J, et al., for the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-53
75. O'Rourke MF, Nichols WW. Effect of ramipril on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 64-6
76. Dahlof B, Devereux R, Kjeldsen S, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE), a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995-1002
77. de Luca N, Asmar RG, London GM, et al. Selective reduction of cardiac mass and central blood pressure following a low-dose combination of perindopril/ indapamide in hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1623-30
78. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al., for the ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required vs atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895-906
79. Jamerson K,Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al., ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2417-28
80. Staessen JA,Richart T, Wang Z, et al. Implications of recently published trials of blood pressure lowering drugs in hypertensive or high-risk patients. Hypertension 2010; 55: 819-31
81. Westerhof N, O'Rourke MF. Haemodynamic basis for the development of left ventricular failure in systolic hypertension and for its logical therapy. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 943-52
82. O'Rourke MF, Lei J. Separation of systolic from diastolic dysfunction as a cause of cardiac failure by analysis of the arterial pulse wave [abstract]. Aust NZ J Med 1997; 28: 114
83. Pauca AL, Kon ND, O'Rourke MF. Benefit of glyceryl trinitrate on arterial stiffness is directly due to effects on peripheral arteries. Heart 2005; 91: 1428-32
84. Hirata K, O'Rourke MF, Momomura S. Effect of nitrate on the carotid late systolic flow augmentation-a new strategy against stroke. J Hypertens 2008; 25 Suppl. 2: S336-7
85. Kelly RP, Tunin R, Kass DA. Effect of reduced aortic compliance on cardiac efficiency and contractile function of in situ canine left ventricle. Circ Res 1992; 71: 490-502
86. Vita JA, Keaney Jr JF. Exercise: toning up the endothelium? N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 503-5
87. Hayward CS, Kraidly M, Webb CM, et al. Assessment of endothelial function using peripheral waveform analysis: a clinical application. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 521-8
88. Wilkinson IB, Hall IR, MacCallum H, et al. Pulse wave analysis: clinical evaluation of a non-invasive, widely available method for assessing endothelial function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 147-52
89. Edwards DG, Schofield RS, Lennon SL, et al. Effect of exercise training on endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 617-20
90. Mustata S, Chan C, Lai V, et al. Impact of an exercise program on arterial stiffness and insulin resistance in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 2713-8