Validation of the Abbreviated Westmead Post-traumatic Amnesia Scale: A brief measure to identify acute cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury

Brain Injury

Volumn 25, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1198-1205

  Meares, Susanne ^a   Shores, E Arthur ^a   Taylor, Alan J ^a   Lammél, Andrea ^a   Batchelor, Jennifer ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Glasgow Coma Scale; Mild traumatic brain injury; Post traumatic amnesia; PTA; Westmead Post Traumatic Amnesia Scale

Indexed keywords

MORPHINE;

ABBREVIATED WESTMEAD POSTTRAUMATIC AMNESIA SCALE; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALCOHOL BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; LEARNING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; PATIENT CODING; RATING SCALE; REVISED WESTMEAD POSTTRAUMATIC AMNESIA SCALE; SCORING SYSTEM; TASK PERFORMANCE; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VALIDATION STUDY;

EID: 80053621122     PISSN: 02699052     EISSN: 1362301X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.608213     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002-2006. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010.
2. Bazarian JJ, McClung J, Shah MN, Cheng YT, Flesher W, Kraus J. Mild traumatic brain injury in the United States, 1998-2000. Brain Injury 2005;19:85-91. (Pubitemid 40259746)
3. Jager TE, Weiss JB, Coben JH, Pepe PE. Traumatic brain injuries evaluated in US emergency departments, 1992-1994. Academic Emergency Medicine 2000;7:134-140. (Pubitemid 30084644)
4. Sosin DM, Sniezek JE, Thurman DJ. Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, (1991). Brain Injury 1996;10:47-54. (Pubitemid 26093550)
5. Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, Borg J, von Holst H, Holm L, Kraus J, Coronado VG. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2004;Suppl 43:28-60. (Pubitemid 38268223)
6. Bazarian JJ, McClung J, Cheng YT, Flesher W, Schneider SM. Emergency department management of mild traumatic brain injury in the USA. Emergency Medicine Journal 2005;22: 473-477. (Pubitemid 40932534)
7. Bazarian J, Hartman M, Delahunta E. Minor head injury: Predicting follow-up after discharge from the Emergency Department. Brain Injury 2000;14:285-294. (Pubitemid 30179159)
8. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. Lancet 1974;13:81-83.
9. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Holm L, Kraus JF, Coronado V. Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2004;Suppl 43:113-125. (Pubitemid 38291990)
10. Borg J, Holm L, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, Carroll LJ, von Holst H, Ericson K. Diagnostic procedures in mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2004;Suppl 43:61-75. (Pubitemid 38291987)
11. Reed D. Adult Trauma Clinical Practice Guidelines: Initial Management of Closed Head Injury in Adults. Sydney: NSW Institute of Trauma and Injury Management; 2007. Available from www.itim.nsw.gov.au.
12. Teasdale GM. Head injury. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1995;58:526-539.
13. Vos PE, Battistin L, Birbamer G, Gerstandbrand F, Potapov A, Prevec T, Stepan ChA, Traubner P, Twijnstra A, Vecsei L, et al. EFNS guideline on mild traumatic brain injury: Report of an EFNS task force. European Journal of Neurology 2002;9:207-219. (Pubitemid 35013906)
14. Bazarian JJ, Veazie P, Mookerjee S, Lerner B. Accuracy of mild traumatic brain injury case ascertainment using ICD-9 Codes. Academic Emergency Medicine 2006;13:31-38. (Pubitemid 41829558)
15. Ponsford J, Cameron P, Willmott C, Rothwell A, Kelly A-M, Nelms R, Ng KT. Use of the Westmead PTA scale to monitor recovery of memory after mild head injury. Brain Injury 2004;18:603-614. (Pubitemid 38584636)
16. Shores EA, Lammél A, Hullick C, Sheedy J, Flynn M, Levick W, Batchelor J. The diagnostic accuracy of the Revised Westmead PTA Scale as an adjunct to the Glasgow Coma Scale in the early identification of cognitive impairment in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2008;79: 1100-1106.
17. Schacter DL, Crovitz HF. Memory function after closed head injury: A review of the quantitative research. Cortex 1977;13:150-176. (Pubitemid 8147963)
18. Symonds CP, Russell WR. Accidental head injuries: Prognosis in service patients. Lancet 1943;1:7-10.
19. Bishara SN, Partridge FM, Godfrey HPD, Knight RTG. Post-traumatic amnesia and Glasgow Coma Scale related to outcome in survivors in a consecutive series of patients with severe closed-head injury. Brain Injury 1992;6:373-380.
20. De Guise E, Leblanc J, Feyz M. Lamoureux J. Prediction of the level of cognitive functional independence in acute care following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury. 19;13: 1087-1093.
21. Katz DI, Alexander MP. Traumatic brain injury: Predicting course of recovery and outcome for patients admitted to rehabilitation. Archives of Neurology 1994;51:661-670. (Pubitemid 24201884)
22. Russell WR, Smith A. Cerebral involvement in head injury: A study based on the examination of two hundred cases. Brain 1932;55:549-603.
23. Schonberger M, Ponsford J, Reutens D, Beare R, O'Sullivan R. The relationship between age, injury severity, and MRI findings after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2009;26:2157-2167.
24. Wilson JT, Teasdale GM, Hadley DM, Wiedmann KD, Lang D. Post-traumatic amnesia: Still a valuable yardstick. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1993;56: 198-201. (Pubitemid 24050460)
25. Gronwall D, Wrightson P. Duration of post-traumatic amnesia after mild head injury. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology 1980;2:51-60. (Pubitemid 10054100)
26. Rosenfeld JV, Ford NL. Bomb blast, mild traumatic brain injury and psychiatric morbidity: A review. Injury, International Journal of the Care of the Injured 2010;41: 437-443.
27. De Monte VE, Geffen GM, Massavelli BM. The effects of post-traumatic amnesia on information processing following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2006;20: 1345-1354.
28. Van der Naalt J, Van Zomeren AH, Sluiter WJ. Minderhoud JM. One year outcome in mild to moderate head injury: The predictive value of acute injury characteristics related to complaints and return to work. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1999;66:207-213. (Pubitemid 29103523)
29. Schwartz ML, Carruth F, Binns MA, Moulton R, Snow WG, Stuss DT. The course of post-traumatic amnesia: Three little words. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1998;25:108-116.
30. Andriessen TMJC, De Jong B, Jacobs B, Van der Werf SP, Vos PE. Sensitivity and specificity of the 3-item memory test in the assessment of post traumatic amnesia. Brain Injury 2009;23:345-352.
31. Shores E, Marosszeky JE, Sandanam J, Batchelor J. Preliminary validation of a clinical scale for measuring the duration of post-traumatic amnesia. Medical Journal of Australia 1986;144:569-572. (Pubitemid 16016734)
32. Marosszeky NEV, Ryan L, Shores EA, Batchelor J, Marosszeky JE. The PTA Protocol: Guidelines for using the Westmead Post-traumatic Amnesia (PTA) Scale Sydney: Wild & Wooley; 1998. Available at www.psy.mq.edu.au/pta/.
33. Shores EA, Fitzgerald Z. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Abbreviated Westmead PTA Scale: Administration and Scoring. Sydney: Macquarie University; 2008. Available from www.psy.mq.edu.au/gcs/
34. Ponsford J, Willmott C, Rothwell A, Cameron P, Kelly A-M, Nelms R, Curran C, Ng K. Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society 2000;6: 568-579. (Pubitemid 30601593)
35. Kashluba S, Casey JE, Paniak C. Evaluating the utility of ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for postconcussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society 2006;12:111-118. (Pubitemid 43379957)
36. Dawson KS, Batchelor J, Meares S, Chapman J, Marosszeky JE. Applicability of neural reserve theory in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2007;21:943-949. (Pubitemid 47338060)
37. Sherer M, Struchen MA, Yablon SA, Wang Y, Nick TG. Comparison of indices of traumatic brain injury severity: Glasgow Coma Scale, length of coma and post-traumatic amnesia. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2008;79:678-685. (Pubitemid 351829441)
38. Tate R, Pfaff A, Baguley I, Marosszeky JE, Gurka JA, Hodgkinson AE, King C, Lane-Brown AT, Hanna J. A multi-centre randomized trial examining the effect of test procedures measuring emergence from post-traumatic amnesia. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2006;77:841-849. (Pubitemid 44023179)
39. Kemp S, Agostinis A, House A, Coughlan AK. Analgesia and other causes of amnesia that mimic post-traumatic amnesia (PTA): A cohort study. Journal of Neuropsychology 2010;4: 231-236.
40. McCarter RJ, Walton NH, Moore C, Ward A, Nelson I. PTA testing, the Westmead post traumatic amnesia scale and opiate analgesia: A cautionary note. Brain Injury 2007;21: 1393-1397. (Pubitemid 350253443)