Differences between two estimates of air-sea turbulent heat fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 116, Issue 9, 2011, Pages

  Santorelli, A ^a   Pinker, R T ^a   Bentamy, A ^b   Katsaros, K B ^c   Drennan, W M ^c   Mestas Nunez A M ^d   Carton, J A ^a  

^a Bldg 142   (United States)

^b IFREMER   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^d TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY CORPUS CHRISTI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; BUOYS; ESTIMATION; HEAT FLUX; NUMERICAL ANALYSIS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; WIND EFFECTS;

AIR HUMIDITY; AIR SEA FLUX; AIR TEMPERATURE; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BUOY DATA; GROUND TRUTH; IFREMER; JACKSON; MOORED ARRAYS; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE; RESEARCH INSTITUTES; SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES; SEA SURFACES; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX; SPECIFIC HUMIDITY; TEST CASE; TURBULENT FLUX; TURBULENT HEAT FLUXES; WIND SPEED; WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS;

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

AIR TEMPERATURE; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; BUOY SYSTEM; DATA SET; ESTIMATION METHOD; FLUX MEASUREMENT; HEAT FLUX; HUMIDITY; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; SATELLITE DATA; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TURBULENT FLOW; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; WIND VELOCITY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC SECTOR; SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 80053315022     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010JC006927     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ayina, L.-H., A. Bentamy, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, and G. Madec (2006), The impact of satellite winds and latent heat fluxes in a numerical simulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Clim., 19, 5889-5902, doi:10.1175/JCLI3939.1. (Pubitemid 44964284)
2. Beal, R. C., V. N. Kudryavtsev, D. R. Thompson, S. A. Grodsky, D. G. Tilley, V. A. Dulov, and H. C. Graber (1997), The influence of the marine atmospheric boundary layer on ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar imagery of the Gulf Stream, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5799-5814, doi:10.1029/96JC03109.
3. Beljaars, A. C. M. (1995a), The impact of some aspects of the boundary layer scheme in the ECMWF model, paper presented at Seminar on Parameterization of Sub-Grid Scale Physical Processes, Eur. Cent. For Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, U. K.
4. Beljaars, A. C. M. (1995b), The parameterization of surface fluxes in large scale models under free convection, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 255-270, doi:10.1002/qj.49712152203.
5. Beljaars, A., and P. Kallberg (2001), Ocean fluxes in the ECMWF 40-year re-analysis (ERA40), paper presented at Workshop on Intercomparison and Validation of Ocean-Atmosphere Flux Fields, World Clim. Res. Program, Washington, D. C.
6. Bentamy, A., P. Queffeulou, Y. Quilfen, and K. Katsaros (1999), Ocean surface wind fields estimated from satellite active and passive microwave instruments, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 37, 2469-2486, doi:10.1109/36.789643. (Pubitemid 30518331)
7. Bentamy, A., K. B. Katsaros, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, W. M. Drennan, E. B. Forde, and H. Roquet (2003), Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans, J. Clim., 16, 637-656, doi:10.1175/1520- 0442(2003)016<0637:SEOWSA>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 37164413)
8. Bentamy, A., L.-H. Ayina, W. Drennan, K. Katsaros, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, and R. T. Pinker (2008), 15 years of ocean surface momentum and heat fluxes from remotely sensed observations, FLUXNEWS, 5, 14-16.[Available at http://sail.msk.ru/newsletter/fluxnews-5-final.pdf.]
9. Berrisford, P., D. Dee, K. Fielding, M. Fuentes, P. Källberg, S. Kobayashi, and S. Uppala (2009), The ERA-interim archive, version 1.0, report, Eur. Cent. for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK.
10. Bock, O., M.-N. Bouin, A. Walpersdorf, J.-P. Lafore, S. Janicot, F. Guichard, and A. Agusti-Panareda (2007), Comparison of groundbased GPS precipitable water vapour to independent observations and numerical weather prediction model reanalyses over Africa, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 2011-2027, doi:10.1002/qj.185. (Pubitemid 351201442)
11. Bourras, D. (2006), Comparison of five satellite-derived latent heat flux products to moored buoy data, J. Clim., 19, 6291-6313, doi:10.1175/ JCLI3977.1. (Pubitemid 46090483)
12. Bourras, D., L. Eymard, and W. T. Liu (2002), A neural network to estimate the latent heat flux over oceans from satellite observations, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 2405-2423, doi:10.1080/01431160110070825. (Pubitemid 34593201)
13. Brunke, M. A., X. Zeng, and S. Anderson (2002), Uncertainties in sea surface turbulent flux algorithms and data sets, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 3141, doi:10.1029/2001JC000992.
14. Brunke, M. A., C. W. Fairall, X. Zeng, L. Eymard, and J. A. Curry (2003), Which bulk aerodynamic algorithms are least problematic in computing ocean surface turbulent fluxes?, J. Clim., 16, 619-635, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003) 016<0619:WBAAAL>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 37172021)
15. Cavalieri, D. J., C. L. Parkinson, P. Gloersen, J. C. Comiso, and H. J. Zwally (1999), Deriving long-term time series of sea ice cover from satellite passive-microwave multisensor data sets, J. Geophys. Res., 104(C7), 15,803-15,814, doi:10.1029/1999JC900081.
16. Cayan, D. R. (1992), Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 859-881, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<0859:LASHFA>2.0. CO;2.
17. Chang, H.-R., and R. L. Grossman (1999), Evaluation of bulk surface flux algorithms for light wind conditions using data from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1551-1588, doi:10.1002/qj.49712555705. (Pubitemid 29524313)
18. Chou, S.-H. (1993), A comparison of airborne eddy correlation and bulk aerodynamic methods for ocean-air turbulent fluxes during cold-air outbreaks, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 64, 75-100, doi:10.1007/BF00705663.
19. Chou, S.-H., R. Atlas, C.-L. Shie, and J. Ardizzone (1995), Estimates of surface humidity and latent heat fluxes over oceans from SSM/I data, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 2405-2425, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1995) 123<2405: EOSHAL>2.0.CO;2.
20. Chou, S.-H., C.-L. Shie, R. M. Atlas, and J. Ardizzone (1997), Air-sea fluxes retrieved from Special Sensor Microwave Imager data, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12,706-12,726, doi:10.1029/97JC00978.
21. Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, R. M. Atlas, and C.-L. Shie (2003), Surface turbulent heat and momentum fluxes over global oceans based on the Goddard Satellite Retrievals, Version 2(GSSTF2), J. Clim., 16, 3256-3273, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3256:STHAMF>2.0. CO;2. (Pubitemid 37436388)
22. Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, and R. M. Atlas (2004), A comparison of latent heat fluxes over global oceans for four flux products, J. Clim., 17, 3973-3989, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3973:ACOLHF>2.0. CO;2. (Pubitemid 39520337)
23. Cione, J. J., and E. W. Uhlhorn (2003), Sea surface temperature variability in hurricanes: Implications with respect to intensity change, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 1783-1796, doi:10.1175//2562.1. (Pubitemid 37135105)
24. Curry, J. A., et al. (2004), SEAFLUX, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 409-424, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-3-409.
25. da Silva, A., A. C. Young, and S. Levitus (1994), Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994, vol. 1, Algorithms and Procedures, NOAA Atlas NESDIS, vol. 6, 83 pp., NOAA, Silver Spring, Md.
26. Drennan, W. M., H. C. Graber, D. Hauser, and C. Quentin (2003), On the wave age dependence of wind stress over pure wind seas, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C3), 8062, doi:10.1029/2000JC000715.
27. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young (1996), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764, doi:10.1029/95JC03205. (Pubitemid 26470414)
28. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson (2003), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE3.0 algorithm, J. Clim., 16, 571-591, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003) 016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 37164410)
29. Fennig, K., S. Bakan, H. Grassl, C.-P. Klepp, and J. Schulz (2006), Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - HOAPS II - Monthly Mean, http://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/Compact.jsp?acronym=HOAPS2- MONTHLY, World Data Cent. For Clim., Hamburg, Germany.
30. Gibson, J. K., P. Kallberg, S. Uppala, A. Hernandez, A. Nomura, and E. Serrano (1997), ECMWF reanalysis project report series. Part I. ERA description, report, 72 pp., Eur. Cent. for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, U. K.
31. Graber, H. C., E. A. Terray, M. A. Donelan, W. M. Drennan, J. C. Van Leer, and D. B. Peters (2000), ASIS-A new air-sea interaction spar buoy: Design and performance at sea, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 708-720, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0708:AANASI>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 30464202)
32. Grassl, H., V. Jost, R. Kumar, J. Schulz, P. Bauer, and P. Schussel (2000), The Hamburg Ocean-Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data (HOAPS): A climatological atlas of satellite-derived air-sea interaction parameters over the oceans, Rep. 312, Max Planck Inst. for Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany.
33. Grodsky, S. A., A. Bentamy, J. A. Carton, and R. T. Pinker (2009), Intraseasonal latent heat flux based on satellite observations, J. Clim., 22, 4539-4556, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2901.1.
34. Grumbine, R. W. (1996), Automated passive microwave sea ice concentration analysis at NCEP, report, Environ. Model. Cent., Camp Springs, Md. [Available at http://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/seaice/docs/ssmi.auto/ssmi120.shtml.]
35. Hauser, D., et al. (2003), The FETCH experiment: An overview, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C3), 8053, doi:10.1029/2001JC001202.
36. Houghton, R. W. (1991), The relationship of sea surface temperature to thermocline depth at annual and interannual time scales in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 96(C8), 15,173-15,185, doi:10.1029/91JC01442.
37. Jackson, D. L., G. A. Wick, and J. J. Bates (2006), Near-surface retrieval of air temperature and specific humidity using multisensory microwave satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006431. (Pubitemid 44043255)
38. Jackson, D. L., G. A. Wick, and F. R. Robertson (2009), Improved multisensory approach to satellite-retrieved near-surface specific humidity observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D16303, doi:10.1029/2008JD011341.
39. Jones, C., P. Peterson, and C. Gautier (1999), A new method for deriving ocean surface specific humidity and air temperature: An artificial neural network approach, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 1229-1245, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1999) 038<1229:ANMFDO>2.0.CO;2.
40. Josey, S. A. (2001), A comparison of ECMWF, NCEP-NCAR AND SOC surface heat fluxes with moored buoy measurements in the subduction region of the northeast Atlantic, J. Clim., 14, 1780-1789, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001) 014<1780:ACOENN>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 33045351)
41. Kalnay, E., et al. (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996) 077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2.
42. Kistler, R., et al. (2001), The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82(2), 247-267, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:TNNYRM>2.3. CO;2. (Pubitemid 33622659)
43. Konda, M., N. Imasato, and A. Shibata (1996), A new method to determine near-sea surface air temperature by using satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,349-14,360, doi:10.1029/96JC00796. (Pubitemid 26417221)
44. Kubota, M., N. Iwasaka, S. Kizu, M. Kondo, and K. Kutsuwada (2002), Japanese ocean flux data sets with use of remote sensing observations (J-OFURO), J. Oceanogr., 58, 213-225, doi:10.1023/A:1015845321836. (Pubitemid 34609361)
45. Kubota, M., A. Kano, H. Muramatsu, and H. Tomita (2003), Intercomparison of various surface latent heat flux fields, J. Clim., 16, 670-678, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0670:IOVSLH>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 37164415)
46. McPhaden, M. J., et al. (1998), The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: A decade of progress, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,169-14,240, doi:10.1029/97JC02906. (Pubitemid 28497205)
47. McPhaden, M. J., Y. Kuroda, and V. S. N. Murty (2006), Development of an Indian Ocean moored buoy array for climate studies, CLIVAR Exch., 11(4), 3-5.
48. Mestas-Nuñez, A. M., and D. B. Enfield (1999), Rotated global modes of non-ENSO sea surface temperature variability, J. Clim., 12, 2734-2746, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2734:RGMONE>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 30039774)
49. Mestas-Nuñez, A. M., A. Bentamy, and K. B. Katsaros (2006), Seasonal and El Niño variability in weekly satellite evaporation over the global ocean during 1996-98, J. Clim., 19, 2025-2035, doi:10.1175/JCLI3721.1.
50. Moyer, K. A., and R. A. Weller (1997), Observations of surface forcing from the subduction experiment: A comparison with global model products and climatological data sets, J. Clim., 10, 2725-2742, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1997) 010<2725:OOSFFT>2.0.CO;2.
51. Navarra, A., W. F. Stern, and K. Miyakoda (1994), Reduction of the Gibbs oscillation in spectral model simulations, J. Clim., 7, 1169-1183, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1169:ROTGOI>2.0.CO;2.
52. Niiler, P. P., and E. B. Kraus (1977), One-dimensional models of the upper ocean, in Modelling and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean, edited by E. B. Kraus, pp. 143-172, Pergamon, Oxford, U. K.
53. Oost, W. A., G. J. Komen, C. M. J. Jacobsm, and C. van Oort (2002), New evidence for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during ASGAMAGE, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 103, 409-438, doi:10.1023/A: 1014913624535. (Pubitemid 34497464)
54. Reynolds, R. W., T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, and M. G. Schlax (2007), Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature, J. Clim., 20, 5473-5496, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1. (Pubitemid 350285911)
55. Schulz, J., P. Schlussel, and H. Grassl (1993), Water vapor in the atmospheric boundary layer over oceans from SSM/I measurements, Int. J. Remote Sens., 14, 2773-2789, doi:10.1080/01431169308904308. (Pubitemid 24397960)
56. Schulz, J., J. Meywerk, S. Ewald, and P. Schlüssel (1997), Evaluation of satellite-derived latent heat fluxes, J. Clim., 10, 2782-2795, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2782:EOSDLH>2.0.CO;2.
57. Servain, J., A. J. Busalacchi, M. J. McPhaden, A. D. Moura, G. Reverdin, M. Vianna, and S. E. Zebiak (1998), A pilot research moored array in the tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79(10), 2019-2031,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2019:APRMAI>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 128505610)
58. Shay, L. K., G. J. Goni, and P. G. Black (2000), Effects of a warm oceanic feature on Hurricane Opal, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1366-1383, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1366:EOAWOF>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 30480536)
59. Smith, S. D. (1988), Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 93(C12), 15,467-15,472, doi:10.1029/JC093iC12p15467.
60. Smith, S. R., D. M. Legler, and K. V. Verzone (2001), Quantifying uncertainties in NCEP reanalyses using high-quality research vessel observations, J. Clim., 14, 4062-4072, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4062: QUINRU>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 33066758)
61. Smith, S. R., P. J. Hughes and M. A. Bourassa, (2010), A comparison of nine monthly air-sea flux products, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1002-1027, doi:10.1002/joc.2225.
62. Taylor, P. K., and M. A. Yelland (2000), On the apparent "imbalance" term in the turbulent kinetic energy budget, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 82-89, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0082:OTAITI>2. 0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 30199694)
63. Wang, C., D. B. Enfield, S.-K. Lee, and C. W. Landsea (2006), Influences of the Atlantic Warm Pool on Western Hemisphere summer rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes, J. Clim., 19, 3011-3028, doi:10.1175/JCLI3770.1. (Pubitemid 44057557)
64. Wang, J., H. L. Cole, D. J. Carlson, E. R. Miller, K. Beierle, A. Paukkunen, and T. K. Laine (2002), Corrections of humidity measurement errors from the Vaisala RS80 radiosonde-Application to TOGA COARE data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 981-1002, doi:10.1175/1520-0426 (2002)019<0981: COHMEF>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 34923520)
65. Wentz, F. J. (1997), A well-calibrated ocean algorithm for SSM/I, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8703-8718, doi:10.1029/96JC01751.
66. Yu, L., R. A. Weller, and B. Sun (2004), Improving latent and sensible heat estimates for the Atlantic Ocean (1988-99) by a synthesis approach, J. Clim., 17, 373-393, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0373: ILASHF>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38259185)
67. Yu, L., X. Jin, and R. A. Weller (2006), Role of net surface heat flux in seasonal variations of sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Clim., 19, 6153-6169, doi:10.1175/JCLI3970.1. (Pubitemid 46085100)
68. Yu, L., X. Jin, and R. A. Weller (2008), Multidecade global flux datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and sensible heat fluxes, ocean evaporation, and related surface meteorological variables, OAFlux Proj. Tech. Rep. OA-2008-01, Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass.
69. Zeng, X., M. Zhao, and R. E. Dickinson (1998), Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data, J. Clim., 11, 2628-2644, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998) 011<2628:IOBAAF>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 29121288)
70. Zhang, F. W., W. M. Drennan, B. K. Haus, and H. C. Graber (2009), On wind-wave-current interactions during the Shoaling Waves Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C01018, doi:10.1029/2008JC004998.