Autonomic control of gut motility: A comparative view

Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical

Volumn 165, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 80-101

  Olsson, Catharina ^a   Holmgren, Susanne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Adrenaline; Enteric nervous system; Gastrointestinal tract; Intestine; Motility; Neuropeptides; Nitric oxide; Serotonin; Stomach

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NITRIC OXIDE;

AMPHIBIA; AUTONOMIC INNERVATION; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BIRD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CYCLOSTOME; FISH; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPTILE; REVIEW; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALS; ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; INTESTINES; STOMACH; VERTEBRATES;

EID: 80053303639     PISSN: 15660702     EISSN: 18727484     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.07.002     Document Type: Review

References (290)

1. Abad M.E., Peeze Binkhorst F.M., Elbal M.T., Rombout J.H.W.M. A comparative immunocytochemical study of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system in a stomachless and a stomach-containing teleost. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1987, 66:123-136.
2. Adamson S., Campbell G. The distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the gastrointestinal tract of reptiles, birds and a prototherian mammal. An immunohistochemical study. Cell Tissue Res. 1988, 251:633-639.
3. Aisa J., Azanza M.J., Junquera C., Peg M.T., Garin P. Intrinsic innervation in birds anterior gut. Front. Horm. Res. 1987, 16:30-42.
4. Aisa J., Lahoz M., Serrano P.J., Junquera C., Peg M.T., Vera-Gil A. Intrinsic innervation of the chicken lower digestive tract. Neurochem. Res. 1997, 22:1425-1435.
5. Aisa J., Lahoz M., Serrano P.J., Castiella T., Junquera C., Azanza M.J., Vera-Gil A. Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy study of the caudal portion of the chicken intestinal nerve of Remak. Neurochem. Res. 1998, 23:845-853.
6. Al-Saffar A. Analysis of the control of intestinal motility in fasted rats, with special reference to neurotensin. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1984, 19:422-428.
7. Aldman G., Jönsson A.C., Jensen J., Holmgren S. Gastrin/CCK-like peptides in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias; concentrations and actions in the gut. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1989, 92C:103-109.
8. Anderson C. Evidence for 5-HT-containing intrinsic neurons in the teleost intestine. Cell Tissue Res. 1983, 230:377-386.
9. Anderson C., Campbell G. Immunohistochemical study of 5-HT-containing neurons in the teleost intestine: relationship to the presence of enterochromaffin cells. Cell Tissue Res. 1988, 254:553-559.
10. Anderson C., Campbell G. Innervation of the gastrointestinal canal of the toad Bufo marinus by neurons containing 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity. Cell Tissue Res. 1989, 255:601-609.
11. Anderson C.R. The ultrastructure and distribution of 5-HT-containing neurons in the intestine of a teleost fish, Aldrichetta forsteri. Cell Tissue Res. 1990, 259:379-387.
12. Anderson G., Noorian A.R., Taylor G., Anitha M., Bernhard D., Srinivasan S., Greene J.G. Loss of enteric dopaminergic neurons and associated changes in colon motility in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 2007, 207:4-12.
13. Andreozzi G., de Girolamo P., Affatato C., Antonucci R., Russo P., Gargiulo G. VIP-like immunoreactivity in the intestinal tract of fish with different feeding habits. Eur. J. Histochem. 1997, 41:57-64.
14. Andrews P.L., Young J.Z. The effect of peptides on the motility of the stomach, intestine and rectum in the skate (Raja). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1988, 89:343-348.
15. Andrews P.L.R., Young J.Z. Gastric motility patterns for digestion and vomiting evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Series B - Biol. Sci. 1993, 342:363-380.
16. Backman L. Untersuchungen über die Automatie des Schleiendarmes und dessen Beeinflüssung durch Adrenalin. Z. Biol. 1917, 67:307.
17. Baetge G., Gershon M.D. GABA in the PNS: demonstration in enteric neurons. Brain Res. Bull. 1986, 16:421-424.
18. Balaskas C., Saffrey M.J., Burnstock G. Distribution and colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase activity, nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity, and VIP immunoreactivity in the newly hatched chicken gut. Anat. Rec. 1995, 243:10-18.
19. Barton C.L., Shaw C., Halton D.W., Thim L. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) neuropeptide Y. Peptides 1992, 13:1159-1163.
20. Bayliss W.M., Starling E.H. The movements and the innervation of the small intestine. J Physiol (London) 1899, 24:99-143.
21. Baumgarten H.G., Björklund A., Lachenmayer L., Nobin A., Rosengren E. Evidence for the existence of serotonin-, dopamine-, and noradrenaline-containing neurons in the gut of Lampetra fluviatilis. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 1973, 141:33-54.
22. Bennett T., Malmfors T., Cobb J.L. Fluorescence histochemical observations on catecholamine-containing cell bodies in Auerbach's plexus. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 1973, 139:69-81.
23. Beorlegui C., Martinez A., Sesma P. Some peptide-like colocalizations in endocrine cells of the pyloric caeca and the intestine of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei). Cell Tissue Res. 1992, 269:353-357.
24. Bermúdez R., Vigliano F., Quiroga M.I., Nieto J.M., Bosi G., Domeneghini C. Immunohistochemical study on the neuroendocrine system of the digestive tract of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) infected by Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007, 22:252-263.
25. Bernheim F. Action of drugs on the isolated intestine of certain teleost fish. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1934, 50:216-222.
26. Bjenning C., Holmgren S. Neuropeptides in the fish gut. An immunohistochemical study of evolutionary patterns. Histochemistry 1988, 88:155-163.
27. Bjenning C., Farrell A.P., Holmgren S. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in skates and the in vitro effect of bombesin on coronary vessels from the longnose skate, Raja rhina. Regul. Pept. 1991, 35:207-219.
28. Bjenning C., Hazon N., Balasubramaniam A., Holmgren S., Conlon J.M. Distribution and activity of dogfish NPY and peptide YY in the cardiovascular system of the common dogfish. Am. J. Physiol. 1993, 264:R1119-R1124.
29. Bornstein J., Furness J.B., Kunze W.A., Bertrand P.P. Enteric reflexes that influence motility. Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract 2002, 1-55. Taylor and Francis, London, New York. S. Brookes, M. Costa (Eds.).
30. Bosi G., Bermudez R., Domeneghini C. The galaninergic enteric nervous system of pleuronectiformes (Pisces, Osteichthyes): an immunohistochemical and confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence study. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2007, 152:22-29.
31. Bosi G., Di Giancamillo A., Arrighi S., Domeneghini C. An immunohistochemical study on the neuroendocrine system in the alimentary canal of the brown trout, Salmo trutta, L. 1758. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2004, 138:166-181.
32. Brodin E., Alumets J., Hakanson R., Leander S., Sundler F. Immunoreactive substance P in the chicken gut: distribution, development and possible functional significance. Cell Tissue Res. 1981, 216:455-469.
33. Brüning G., Hattwig K., Mayer B. Nitric oxide synthase in the peripheral nervous system of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Cell Tissue Res. 1996, 284:87-98.
34. Buchan A.M., Lance V., Polak J.M. Regulatory peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of Alligator mississipiensis. An immunocytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res. 1983, 231:439-449.
35. Buchan A.M.J. An immunocytochemical study of regulatory peptides in the amphibian gastrointestinal tract. Can. J. Zool. 1986, 64:1-7.
36. Buchan A.M.J., Polak J.M., Pearse A.G.E. Gut hormones in Salamandra salamandra. Cell Tissue Res. 1980, 211:331-343.
37. Buchan A.M.J., Polak J.M., Bryant M.G., Bloom S.R., Pearse A.G.E. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in Anuran intestine. Cell Tissue Res. 1981, 216:413-422.
38. Burka J.F., Blair R.M., Hogan J.E. Characterization of the muscarinic and serotoninergic receptors of the intestine of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1989, 67:477-482.
39. Burkhardt-Holm P., Holmgren S. A comparative study of neuropeptides in the intestine of two stomachless teleosts (Poecilia reticulata, Leuciscus idus melanotus) under conditions of feeding and starvation. Cell Tiss Res. 1989, 255:245-254.
40. Burkhardt-Holm P., Holmgren S. A study of the alimentary canal of the brachiopterygian fish Polypterus senegalensis with electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Acta Zool. (Stockh.) 1992, 73:85-94.
41. Burnstock G. The effect of drugs on spontaneous motility and on response to stimulation of the extrinsic nerves of the gut of a teleostean fish. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1958, 13:216-226.
42. Burnstock G. Evolution of the autonomic innervation of visceral and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Pharmacol. Rev. 1969, 21:247-324.
43. Burnstock G. Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol. Rev. 1972, 24:509-581.
44. Burrell M.A., Villaro A.C., Rindi G., Solcia E., M., P.J., Sesma P. An histological and immunocytochemical study of the neuroendocrine cells in the intestine of Podarcis hispanica Steindachner, 1870 (Lacertidae). Cell Tissue Res. 1991, 263:549-556.
45. Campbell G. The autonomic innervation of the stomach of a toad (Bufo marinus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1969, 31:693-706.
46. Campbell G. Inhibitory vagal innervation of the stomach in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1975, 50C:169-170.
47. Cannon W.B. Peristalsis, segmentation and the myenteric reflex. Am. J. Physiol. 1912, 30:114-128.
48. Chaplin S.B., Duke G.E. Effect of denervation on initiation and coordination of gastroduodenal motility in turkeys. Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 255:G1-G6.
49. Chiba A., Honma Y., Oka S. Ontogenetic development of neuropeptide Y-like-immunoreactive cells in the gastro-enteropancreatic endocrine system of the dogfish. Cell Tissue Res. 1995, 282:33-40.
50. Chusovitina S.V., Varaksin A.A. NO-ergic innervation of digestive tract of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus). Morfologiia 2003, 123:50-53.
51. Cimini V., Van Noorden S., Polak J.M. Co-localization of substance P-, bombesin- and peptide histidine isoleucine PHI-like peptides in gut endocrine cells of the dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris. Anat. Embryol. 1989, 179:605-614.
52. Cimini V., Van Noorden S., Sansone M. Neuropeptide y-like immunoreactivity in the dogfish gastroenteropancreatic tract: light and electron microscopical study. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1992, 86:413-423.
53. Cimini V., Van Noorden S., Giordano-Lanza G., Nardini V., McGregor G.P., Bloom S.R., Polak J.M. Neuropeptides and 5-HT immunoreactivity in the gastric nerves of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus stellaris). Peptides 1985, 6(Suppl 3):373-377.
54. Clench M.H., Pineiro-Carrero V.M., Mathias J.R. Migrating myoelectric complex demonstrated in four avian species. Am. J. Physiol. 1989, 256:G598-G603.
55. Clench M.H., Mathias J.R. Myoelectric activity of the cecum in fed and fasted domestic fowl (Gallus sp.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 1996, 115:253-257.
56. Costa M., Furness J.B. Storage, uptake and synthesis of catecholamines in the intrinsic adrenergic neurones in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 1971, 120:364-385.
57. Costa M., Furness J.B. The peristaltic reflex: an analysis of the nerve pathways and their pharmacology. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1976, 294:47-60.
58. Costa M., Brookes S.J., Steele P.A., Gibbins I., Burcher E., Kandiah C.J. Neurochemical classification of myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig ileum. Neuroscience 1996, 75:949-967.
59. Csoknya M., Fekete E., Gabriel R., Halasy K., Benedeczky I. Histochemical characterization of myenteric plexus in domestic fowl small intestine. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 1990, 104:625-638.
60. D'Este L., Buffa R., Renda T. Phylogenetic aspects of the occurrence and distribution of secretogranin II immunoreactivity in lower vertebrate gut. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 1994, 57:235-252.
61. Dalsgaard C.J., Elfvin L.G. Structural studies on the connectivity of the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1982, 5:265-278.
62. DeGolier T.F., Nordell J.N., Pust M.H., Duke G.E. Effect of galanin on isolated strips of smooth muscle from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. J. Exp. Zool. 1999, 283:463-468.
63. Denac M., Scharrer E. Effect of neurotensin on the smooth muscle of the chicken crop. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1987, 87:325-327.
64. Denac M., Scharrer E. Effect of bombesin and substance P on the smooth muscle of the chicken crop. Vet. Res. Commun. 1988, 12:447-452.
65. Dockray G.J., Sharkey K.A. Neurochemistry of visceral afferent neurones. Prog. Brain Res. 1986, 67:133-148.
66. Domeneghini C., Radaelli G., Arrighi S., Mascarello F., Veggetti A. Neurotransmitters and putative neuromodulators in the gut of Anguilla anguilla (L.). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems. Eur. J. Histochem. 2000, 44:295-306.
67. Domoto T., Yang H., Bishop A.E., Polak J.M., Oki M. Distribution and origin of extrinsic nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and galanin in the rat upper rectum. Neurosci. Res. 1992, 15:64-73.
68. Du F., Wang L., Qian W., Liu S. Loss of enteric neurons accompanied by decreased expression of GDNF and PI3K/Akt pathway in diabetic rats. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2009, 21:1229-1235.
69. Edwards D.J. Electrical stimulation of isolated vagus nerve-muscle preparations of the stomach of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. Comp. Gen. Pharmacol. 1972, 235-242.
70. El-Salhy M. Immunocytochemical investigation of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) neurohormonal peptides in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of the dogfish Squalus acanthias. Histochemistry 1984, 80:193-205.
71. El-Salhy M. Occurrence of polypeptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in the gastrointestinal tract of the bony fish. Biomed. Res. 1984, 5:441-444.
72. Erspamer V., Erspamer G.F., Inselvini M., Negri L. Occurrence of bombesin and alytesin in extracts of the skin of three European discoglossid frogs and pharmacological actions of bombesin on extravascular smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1972, 45:333-348.
73. Falconieri Erspamer G., Severini C., Erspamer V., Melchiorri P., Delle Fave G., Nakajima T. Parallel bioassay of 27 bombesin-like peptides on 9 smooth muscle preparations. Structure-activity relationships and bombesin receptor subtypes. Regul. Pept. 1988, 21:1-11.
74. Falkmer S., Ebert R., Arnold R., Creutzfeldt W. Some phylogenetic aspects on the enteroinsular axis with particular regard to the appearance of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Front. Horm. Res. 1980, 7:1-6.
75. Faraldi G., Canepa M., Borgiani L., Zanin T. Identification of pancreatic glucagon cells in the cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus canicula by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Basic Appl. Histochem. 1990, 34:199-208.
76. Fontaine-Perus J., Chanconie M., Polak J.M., Le Douarin N.M. Origin and development of VIP and substance P containing neurons in the embryonic avian gut. Histochemistry 1981, 71:313-323.
77. Furness J.B. The origin and distribution of adrenergic nerve fibres in the guinea-pig colon. Histochemie 1970, 21:295-306.
78. Furness J.B. The Enteric Nervous System 2006, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
79. Furness J.B., Costa M. Types of nerves in the enteric nervous system. Neuroscience 1980, 5:1-20.
80. Furness J.B., Costa M. The Enteric Nervous System 1987, Churchill Livingstone, Edingburgh.
81. Gabella G. The number of neurons in the small intestine of mice, guinea-pigs and sheep. Neuroscience 1987, 22:737-752.
82. Gábriel R., Halasy K., Fekete É., Eckert M., Benedeczki I. Distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in myenteric plexus of carp, frog and chicken. Histochemistry 1990, 94:323-328.
83. Gascoigne L., Allen B., Thorndyke M.C., Bevis P.J.R. Bombesin 1-14 causes relaxation of circular muscle in the pigeon proventriculus in vitro. Regul. Pept. 1988, 22:405.
84. Gibbins I. Comparative anatomy and evolution of the autonomic nervous systems. Comparative Physiology and Evolution of the Autonomic Nervous System 1994, 1-67. Harwood Academic Publisher, Chur, Switzerland. S. Nilsson, S. Holmgren (Eds.).
85. Goddard J.S. The effects of cholinergic drugs on the motility of the alimentary canal of Blennius pholis L. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 1973, 29:974-975.
86. Goodrich J.T., Bernd P., Sherman D., Gershon M.D. Phylogeny of enteric serotonergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980, 190:15-28.
87. Gräns, A., Olsson, C., in press. Gut motility. In: Olsson, C., Holmgren, S., Stevens, E.D., Farrell, A.P. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment.
88. Gräns A., Olsson C., Pitsillides K., Nelson H.E., Cech J.J., Axelsson M. Effects of Feeding on Thermoregulatory Behaviours and Gut Blood Flow in White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) 2010.
89. Green K., Campbell G. Nitric oxide formation is involved in vagal inhibition of the stomach of the trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1994, 50:221-229.
90. Groisman S.D., Shparkovskii I.A. Effect of dopamine and DOPA on electrical activity of stomach muscles in the skate Raja radiata and cod Gadus morhua. Zh. Evolyut. Biokhim. Fiziol. 1989, 25:505-511.
91. Grove D.J., Campell C. The role of extrinsic and intrinsic nerves in the coordination of gut motility in the stomachless flatfish Rhombosolea tapirina and Ammotretis rostrata Guenther. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1979, 63C:143-159.
92. Grove D.J., Holmgren S. Intrinsic mechanisms controlling cardiac stomach volume of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following gastric distension. J. Exp. Biol. 1992, 163:33-48.
93. Grove D.J., Holmgren S. Mechanisms controlling stomach volume of the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua following gastric distension. J. Exp. Biol. 1992, 163:49-63.
94. Grundy D., Schemann M. Motor control of the stomach. Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract 2002, 57-102. Taylor and Francis, London, New York. S. Brookes, M. Costa (Eds.).
95. Grundy D., Al-Chaer E.D., Aziz Q., Collins S.M., Ke M., Tache Y., Wood J.D. Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology: basic science. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:1391-1411.
96. Gunn M. A study of the enteric plexuses in some amphibians. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 1951, 92:55-77.
97. Hansen M.B. Neurohumoral control of gastrointestinal motility. Physiol. Res. 2003, 52:1-30.
98. Hasler W.L. Motility of the small intestine and colon. Textbook of Gastroenterology 1999, 1:215-245. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. T. Yamada (Ed.).
99. Himick B.A., Peter R.E. Bombesin acts to suppress feeding behavior and alter serum growth hormone in goldfish. Physiol. Behav. 1994, 55:65-72.
100. Holmberg A., Olsson C., Holmgren S. The effects of endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide on gut motility in zebrafish Danio rerio embryos and larvae. J. Exp. Biol. 2006, 209:2472-2479.
101. Holmberg A., Olsson C., Hennig G.W. TTX-sensitive and TTX-insensitive control of spontaneous gut motility in the developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. J. Exp. Biol. 2007, 210:1084-1091.
102. Holmberg A., Hägg U., Fritsche R., Holmgren S. Occurrence of neurotrophin receptors and transmitters in the developing Xenopus gut. Cell Tissue Res. 2001, 306:35-47.
103. Holmberg A., Schwerte T., Pelster B., Holmgren S. Ontogeny of the gut motility control system in zebrafish Danio rerio embryos and larvae. J. Exp. Biol. 2004, 207:4085-4094.
104. Holmberg A., Kaim J., Persson A., Jensen J., Wang T., Holmgren S. Effects of digestive status on the reptilian gut. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2003, 133:499-518.
105. Holmgren S. The effects of putative non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic autonomic transmitters on isolated strips from the stomach of the rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1983, 74:229-238.
106. Holmgren S. Substance P in the gastrointestinal tract of Squalus acanthias. Molecular Physiol. 1985, 8:119-130.
107. Holmgren S., Fänge R. Effects of cholinergic drugs on the intestine and gallbladder of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L., with a report on the inconsistent effects of catecholamines. Mar. Biol. Lett. 1981, 2(265):277.
108. Holmgren S., Nilsson S. Bombesin-, gastrin/CCK-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, neurotensin-, somatostatin-, and VIP-like immunoreactivity and catecholamine fluorescence in the gut of the elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias. Cell Tissue Res. 1983, 234:595-618.
109. Holmgren S., Nilsson S. VIP-, bombesin-, and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in neurons of the gut of the holostean fish, Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Acta Zool. (Stockh.) 1983, 64:25-32.
110. Holmgren S., Jönsson A.C. Occurrence and effects on motility of bombesin-related peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1988, 89C:249-256.
111. Holmgren S., Jönsson A.C. Neurotensin in the gut of the amphibian Necturus maculosus and the effect of neurotensin on the stomach motility. Physiol. Zool. 1995, 68:177-191.
112. Holmgren S., Olsson C. The neuroendocrine regulation of gut function. Fish Neuroendocrinology 2009, 28:467-512. Academic Press. N.J. Bernier, G. Van Der Kraak, A.P. Farrell, C.J. Brauner (Eds.).
113. Holmgren, S., Olsson, C., 2010-this volume. Autonomic control of glands and secretion: a comparative view. Auton. Neurosci.
114. Holmgren S., Vaillant C., Dimaline R. VIP-, substance P-, gastrin/CCK-, bombesin-, somatostatin- and glucagon-like immunoreactivities in the gut of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Cell Tissue Res. 1982, 223:141-153.
115. Holmgren S., Grove D.J., Nilsson S. Substance P acts by releasing 5-hydroxytryptamine from enteric neurons in the stomach of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Neuroscience 1985, 14:683-693.
116. Holmgren S., Jensen J., Jönsson A.C., Lundin K., Nilsson S. Neuropeptides in the gastrointestinal canal of Necturus maculosus. Cell Tissue Res. 1985, 241:565-580.
117. Holmgren S., Axelsson M., Jensen J., Aldman G., Sundell K., Jonsson A.C. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity and the effect of bombesin in the gut, circulatory system and lung of the caiman, Caiman crocodylus crocodylus, and the crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. Exp. Biol. 1989, 48:261-271.
118. Holmgren S., Fritsche R., Karila P., Gibbins I., Axelsson M., Franklin C., Grigg G., Nilsson S. Neuropeptides in the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri: effects in vivo and presence in autonomic nerves. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 266:R1568-R1577.
119. Husebye E. The patterns of small bowel motility: physiology and implications in organic disease and functional disorders. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 1999, 11:141-161.
120. Jensen J. Co-release of substance P and neurokinin A from the Atlantic cod stomach. Peptides 1997, 18:717-722.
121. Jensen J., Holmgren S. Neurotransmitters in the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1985, 82C:81-89.
122. Jensen J., Holmgren S. Tachykinins and intestinal motility in different fish groups. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1991, 83:388-396.
123. Jensen J., Conlon J.M. Characterization of peptides related to neuropeptide tyrosine and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine from the brain and gastrointestinal tract of teleost fish. Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 210:405-410.
124. Jensen J., Holmgren S., Jönsson A.C. Substance P-like immunoreactivity and the effects of tachykinins in the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1987, 20:25-33.
125. Jensen J., Axelsson M., Holmgren S. Effects of substance P and VIP on the gastrointestinal blood flow in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. J. Exp. Biol. 1991, 156:361-373.
126. Jensen J., Karila P., Jönsson A.-C., Aldman G., Holmgren S. Effects of substance P and distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerves supplying the stomach of the cod Gadus morhua. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1993, 12:237-247.
127. Jimenez M., Martinez V., Gonalons E., Vergara P. In vivo modulation of gastrointestinal motor activity by Met-enkephalin, morphine and enkephalin analogs in chickens. Regul. Pept. 1993, 44:71-83.
128. Johansson Å. Tachykinin and Serotonin Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Activation in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis. University of Gothenburg Göteborg, Sweden 2003.
129. Johnels A.G., Östlund E. Anatomical and physiological studies on the enteron of Lampetra fluviatilis(L.). Acta Zool. (Stockh.) 1958, 39:9-12.
130. Jönsson A.C., Holmgren S., Holstein B. Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity in endocrine cells and nerves in the gastrointestinal tract of the cod, Gadus morhua, and the effect of peptides of the gastrin/CCK family on cod gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1987, 66:190-202.
131. Junquera C., Azanza M.J., Parra P., Peg M.T., Garin P. The enteric nervous system of Rana ridibunda stomach. Gen. Pharmacol. 1986, 17:597-605.
132. Junquera C., Azanza M.J., Parra P., Peg M.T., Garin P. The autonomic innervation of Rana ridibunda intestine. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1987, 87:335-344.
133. Kaiya H., Tsukada T., Yuge S., Mondo H., K., K., Y, T. Identification of eel ghrelin in plasma and stomach by radioimmunoassay and histochemistry. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2006, 148:375-382.
134. Kågström J., Axelsson M., Jensen J., Farrell A.P., Holmgren S. Vasoactivity and immunoreactivity of fish tachykinins in the vascular system of the spiny dogfish. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1996, 270:R585-R593.
135. Karila P. Nervous Control of Gastrointestinal Motility in the Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua. University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden 1997.
136. Karila P., Holmgren S. Enteric reflexes and nitric oxide in the fish intestine. J. Exp. Biol. 1995, 198:2405-2411.
137. Karila P., Holmgren S. Anally projecting neurons exhibiting immunoreactivity to galanin, nitric oxide synthase and vasoactive intestinal peptide, detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy, in the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Cell Tissue Res. 1997, 287:525-533.
138. Karila P., Jönsson A.-C., Jensen J., Holmgren S. Galanin-like immunoreactivity in extrinsic and intrinsic nerves to the gut of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and the effect of galanin on the smooth muscle of the gut. Cell Tissue Res. 1993, 271:537-544.
139. Karila P., Shahbazi F., Jensen J., Holmgren S. Projections and actions of tachykininergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurones in the intestine of the Atlantic cod. Cell Tissue Res. 1998, 291:403-413.
140. Katschinski M. Nutritional implications of cephalic phase gastrointestinal responses. Appetite 2000, 34:189-196.
141. Keast J.R. Visualization and immunohistochemical characterization of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the male rat major pelvic ganglion. Neuroscience 1995, 66:655-662.
142. Kiliaan A.J., Joosten H.W., Bakker R., Dekker K., Groot J.A. Serotonergic neurons in the intestine of two teleosts, Carassius auratus and Oreochromis mossambicus, and the effect of serotonin on transepithelial ion-selectivity and muscle tension. Neuroscience 1989, 31:817-824.
143. Kiliaan A.J., Holmgren S., Jönsson A.C., Dekker K., Groot J.A. Neuropeptides in the intestine of 2 teleost species (Oreochromis mossambicus, Carassius auratus) - localization and electrophysiological effects on the epithelium. Cell Tissue Res. 1993, 271:123-134.
144. Kim Y.I., Cha W.K., Kim D.W. Peristaltic movement of the tortoise intestine. Experientia 1965, 21:540-541.
145. Kirchgessner A.L., Tamir H., Gershon M.D. Identification and stimulation by serotonin of intrinsic sensory neurons of the submucosal plexus of the guinea pig gut: activity-induced expression of Fos immunoreactivity. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:235-248.
146. Kirtisinghe P. The myenteric nerve plexus in some lower chordates. Quart J Microscop Sci 1940, 81:521-539.
147. Kitazawa T. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is a possible neurotransmitter of the non-cholinergic excitatory nerves in the longitudinal muscle of rainbow trout stomach (Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Pharmacol. 1989, 98:781-790.
148. Kitazawa T., Temma K., Kondo H. Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of the neurogenic cholinergic contraction of the isolated intestinal bulb of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1986, 83C:271-277.
149. Kitazawa T., Kondo H., Temma K. Alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated contractile response to catecholamines in smooth muscle strips isolated from rainbow trout stomach (Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 89:259-266.
150. Kitazawa T., Kondo H., Temma K. Presence of a substance P-like peptide in an acid extract of the intestinal bulb of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Br. J. Pharmacol. 1988, 95:39-48.
151. Kitazawa T., Hoshi T., Chugun A. Effects of some autonomic drugs and neuropeptides on the mechanical activity of longitudinal and circular muscle strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol C 1990, 97:13-24.
152. Kitazawa T., Hoshi T., Temma K., Kondo H. Effects of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on the smooth muscle tonus and the contraction induced by transmural stimulation in the carp (Cyprinus carpio) intestinal bulb. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1986, 84C:299-305.
153. Kitazawa T., Ukai H., Komori S., Taneike T. Pharmacological characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contraction in the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Auton. Autacoid Pharmacol. 2006, 26:157-168.
154. Kitazawa T., Kimura A., Furahashi H., Temma K., Kondo H. Contractile responses to substance P in isolated smooth muscle strips from the intestinal bulb of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1988, 89C:277-285.
155. Kitazawa T., Kudo K., Ishigami M., Furuhashi H., Temma K., Kondo H. Evidence that a substance P-like peptide mediates the non-cholinergic excitatory response of the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1988, 338:68-73.
156. Knight G.E., Burnstock G. NANC relaxation of the circular smooth muscle of the oesophagus of the Agama lizard involves the L-arginine-nitric oxide synthase pathway. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 1999, 122:165-171.
157. Komori S., Fukutome T., Ohashi H. Isolation of a peptide material showing strong rectal muscle-contracting activity from chicken rectum and its identification as chicken neurotensin. Jpn J. Pharmacol. 1986, 40:577-589.
158. Komori S., Matsuo K., Kanamaru Y., Ohashi H. Smooth muscle excitatory substances from Remak nerve of the chicken and a comparison of their pharmacological and chemical properties with substance P. Jpn J. Pharmacol. 1986, 40:1-11.
159. Lamanna C., Assisi L., Lucini C., Botte V. Galanin-containing-neurons, in the gastrointestinal tract of the lizard Podarcis s. sicula, as components of anally projecting nerve pathway. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 268:93-96.
160. Lamanna C., Costagliola A., Vittoria A., Mayer B., Assisi L., Botte V., Cecio A. NADPH-diaphorase and NOS enzymatic activities in some neurons of reptilian gut and their relationships ith two neuropeptides. Anat. Embryol. 1999, 199:397-405.
161. Langer M., Van Noorden S., Polak J.M., Pearse A.G. Peptide hormone-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of eleven teleost species. Cell Tissue Res. 1979, 199:493-508.
162. Langley J.N., Magnus R. Some observations of the movements of the intestine before and after degenerative section of the mesenteric nerves. J. Physiol. 1905, 33:34-51.
163. Larsson L.-I., Polak J.M., Buffa R., Sundler F., Solcia E. On the immunocytochemical localization of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1979, 27:936-938.
164. Lecoin L., Gabella G., Le Douarin N. Origin of the c-kit-positive interstitial cells in the avian bowel. Development 1996, 122:725-733.
165. Lennard R., Huddart H. Purinergic modulation in the flounder gut. Gen. Pharmacol. 1989, 20:849-853.
166. Li Z.S., Furness J.B. Nitric oxide synthase in the enteric nervous system of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 1993, 56:185-193.
167. Li Z.S., Furness J.B., Young H.M., Campbell G. Nitric oxide synthase immunoactivity and NADPH diaphorase enzyme activity in neurons of the gastrointestinal tract of the toad, Bufo marinus. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 1992, 55:333-350.
168. Li Z.S., Murphy S., Furness J.B., Young H.M., Campbell G. Relationships between nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance-P immunoreactivities in neurons of the amphibian intestine. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1993, 44:197-206.
169. Li Z.S., Young H.M., Furness J.B. Nitric oxide synthase in neurons of the gastrointestinal tract of an avian species, Coturnix coturnix. J. Anat. 1994, 184:261-272.
170. Liu L., Burcher E. Radioligand binding and functional characterisation of tachykinin receptors in chicken small intestine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2001, 364:305-313.
171. Liu L., Murray M., Burcher E. Structure-activity studies of bufokinin, substance P and their C-terminal fragments at bufokinin receptors in the small intestine of the cane toad, Bufo marinus. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002, 63:217-224.
172. Liu L., Murray M., Conlon J.M., Burcher E. Quantitative structure-activity analyses of bufokinin and other tachykinins at bufokinin (bNK1) receptors of the small intestine of the cane toad, Bufo marinus. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2005, 69:329-338.
173. Lomax A.E., Sharkey K.A., Furness J.B. The participation of the sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract in disease states. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2010, 22:7-18.
174. Lucini C., Castaldo L., Cocca T., La Mura E., Vittoria A. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive nervous structures in the duck gut during development. Eur. J. Histochem. 1993, 37:173-182.
175. Luckensmeyer G.B., Keast J.R. Immunohistochemical characterisation of sympathetic and parasympathetic pelvic neurons projecting to the distal colon in the male rat. Cell Tissue Res. 1995, 281:551-559.
176. Lundin K., Holmgren S., Nilsson S. Peptidergic functions in the dogfish rectum. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1984, 121:46A.
177. Lutz B.R. The innervation of the stomach and rectum and the action of adrenaline in elasmobranch fishes. Biol. Bull. 1931, 61:93-100.
178. Maake C., Kloas W., Szendefi M., Reinecke M. Neurohormonal peptides, serotonin, and nitric oxide synthase in the enteric nervous system and endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract of neotenic and thyroid hormone-treated axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). Cell Tissue Res. 1999, 297:91-101.
179. Martin M.T., Fernandez E., Fernandez A.G., Gonalons E. Mechanisms mediating the effects of cholecystokinin on avian small intestine longitudinal smooth muscle. Reg. Pept. 1994, 51:91-99.
180. Martinez-Ciriano C., Junquera C., Castiella T., Gomez-Barrena E., Aisa J., Blasco J. Intrinsic innervation in the intestine of the lizard Podarcis hispanica. Histol. Histopathol. 2000, 15:1093-1105.
181. Martinez V., Jimenez M., Gonalons E., Vergara P. Effects of cholecystokinin and gastrin on gastroduodenal motility and coordination in chickens. Life Science 1992, 52:191-198.
182. Martinez V., Jimenez M., Gonalons E., Vergara P. Mechanism of action of CCK in avian gastroduodenal motility: evidence for nitric oxide involvement. Am. J. Physiol. 1993, 265:G842-G850.
183. Masini M.A. Immunohistochemical localization of gut peptides in the small intestine of snakes. Basic Appl. Histochem. 1986, 30:317-324.
184. Matsuda K., Kashimoto K., Higuchi T., Yoshida T., Uchiyama M., Shioda S., Arimura A., Okamura T. Presence of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its relaxant activity in the rectum of a teleost, the stargazer, Uranoscopus japonicus. Peptides 2000, 21:821-827.
185. McKay D.M., Shaw C., Halton D.W., Johnston C.F., Fairweather I., Buchanan K.D. Tachykinin immunoreactivity in the European common frog, Rana temporaria: localization, quantification and chromatographic characterization. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1990, 97C:333-339.
186. Mirabella N., Lamanna C., Assisi L., Botte V., Cecio A. The relationships of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-d to nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, galanin and pituitary adenylate activating polypeptide in pigeon gut neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 293:147-151.
187. Mirabella N., Squillacioti C., Colitti M., Germano G., Pelagalli A., Paino G. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in the duck gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res. 2002, 308:347-359.
188. Miyamoto-Kikuta S., Komuro T. Ultrastructural observations of the tunica muscularis in the small intestine of Xenopus laevis, with special reference to the interstitial cells of Cajal. Cell Tissue Res. 2007, 328:271-279.
189. Morescalchi A.M., Gaccioli M., Faraldi G., Tagliafierro G. The gastro-enteric-pancreatic neuroendocrine system in two reptilian species: Chalcides chalcides and Zoonosaurus madascariensis (Sauridae). Eur. J. Histochem. 1997, 41:29-40.
190. Mueller L.R., Duke G.E., Evanson O.A. Investigations of the migrating motor complex in domestic turkeys. Am. J. Physiol. 1990, 259:G329-G333.
191. Murphy S., Campell G. An immunohistochemical study of the innervation of the large intestine of the toad (Bufo marinus). Cell Tissue Res. 1993, 274:115-125.
192. Murphy S., Li Z.S., Furness J.B., Campbell G. Projections of nitric oxide synthase- and peptide-containing neurons in the small and large intestines of the toad (Bufo marinus). J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1993, 46:75-92.
193. Neya T., Matsuo S., Nakayama S. Intrinsic reflexes mediated via peptidergic neurons in the smooth muscle esophagus of the hen. Acta Med. Okayama 1990, 44:129-133.
194. Nichols D.E., Nichols C.D. Serotonin receptors. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108:1614-1641.
195. Nicol J.A.C. Autonomic nervous systems in lower chordates. Biol. Rev. Cambridge. Philos. Soc. 1952, 27:1-49.
196. Nilsson S. Autonomic Nerve Function in the Vertebrates 1983, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
197. Nilsson, S., 2010-this volume. Comparative Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical.
198. Nilsson S., Fänge R. Adrenergic receptors in the swimbladder and gut of a teleost (Anguilla anguilla). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Comp. Pharmacol. 1967, 23:661-664.
199. Nilsson S., Fänge R. Adrenergic and cholinergic vagal effects on the stomach of a teleost (Gadus morhua). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1969, 30:691-694.
200. Nilsson S., Holmgren S. Splanchnic nervous control of the stomach of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1983, 76:271-276.
201. Nilsson S., Holmgren S. Autonomic nerve function and cardiovascular control in lungfish. Physiological Adaptations in Vertebrates 1992, 377-395. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, Basel, Hong Kong. S.C. Wood, R.E. Weber, A.R. Hargens, R.W. Millard (Eds.).
202. Nilsson S., Holmgren S. The autonomic nervous system and chromaffin tissue in hagfishes. The Biology of Hagfishes 1998, 480-495. Chapman and Hall, London, Weinheim, New York, Tokyo, Melbourne, Madras. J.M. Jörgensen, J.P. Lomholt, R.E. Weber, H. Malte (Eds.).
203. Ohtani R., Kaneko T., Kline L.W., Labedz T., Tang Y., Pang P.K. Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the small intestine of various vertebrate species. Cell Tissue Res. 1989, 258(1):35-42.
204. Ojewole J.A. Studies on the responses of the isolated rectum of domestic chick (Gallus domesticus) to drugs. Biochem. Exp. Biol. 1980, 16:413-420.
205. Ojewole J.A. Effects of drugs and electrical stimulation on rainbow lizard (Agama agama Linn.) isolated gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 1983, 5:299-310.
206. Ojewole J.A. Non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic responses of the rainbow lizard isolated rectum to transmural electrical stimulation. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 1983, 5:449-456.
207. Olsson C. Distribution and effects of PACAP, VIP, nitric oxide and GABA in the gut of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Biol. 2002, 205:1123-1134.
208. Olsson C. Autonomic innervation of the fish gut. Acta Histochem. 2009, 111:185-195.
209. Olsson C. The enteric nervous system. The Multifunctional Gut 2010, 30. Academic Press.
210. Olsson C., Holmgren S. Distribution of PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide)-like and helospectin-like peptides in the teleost gut. Cell Tissue Res. 1994, 277:539-547.
211. Olsson C., Karila P. Coexistence of NADPH-diaphorase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the enteric nervous system of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Cell Tiss Res 1995, 280:297-305.
212. Olsson C., Gibbins I. Nitric oxide synthase in the gastrointestinal tract of the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. Cell Tissue Res. 1999, 296:433-437.
213. Olsson C., Holmgren S. PACAP and nitric oxide inhibit contractions in proximal intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. J. Exp. Biol. 2000, 203:575-583.
214. Olsson C., Holmgren S. The control of gut motility. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2001, 128:481-503.
215. Olsson C., Costa M., Brookes S.J. Neurochemical characterization of extrinsic innervation of the guinea pig rectum. J. Comp. Neurol. 2004, 470:357-371.
216. Olsson C., Holmberg A., Holmgren S. Development of enteric and vagal innervation of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) gut. J. Comp. Neurol. 2008, 508:756-770.
217. Olsson C., Aldman G., Larsson A., Holmgren S. Cholecystokinin affects gastric emptying and stomach motility in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Exp. Biol. 1999, 202:161-170.
218. Osborne P., Campbell G. A pharmacological and immunohistochemical study of the splanchnic innervation of ileal longitudinal muscle in the toad Bufo marinus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1986, 334:210-217.
219. Osborne P., Gibbins I. Distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive nerves in the small intestine of the toad, Bufo marinus. Neurosci. Lett. 1988, 30:S107.
220. Pan Q.S., Fang Z.P. An immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gut of a stomachless teleost fish, grass carp, Cyprinidae. Cell Transplant. 1993, 2:419-427.
221. Pederzoli A., Trevisan P., Bolognani Fantin A.M. Immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gut of goldfish Carassius carassius (L.) var. auratus submitted to experimental lead intoxication. Eur. J. Histochem. 1996, 40:305-314.
222. Pederzoli A., Conte A., Tagliazucchi D., Gambarelli A., Mola L. Occurrence of two NOS isoforms in the developing gut of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Histol. Histopathol. 2007, 22:1057-1064.
223. Phillips R.J., Powley T.L. Tension and stretch receptors in gastrointestinal smooth muscle: re-evaluating vagal mechanoreceptor electrophysiology. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2000, 34:1-26.
224. Poli E., Lazzaretti M., Grandi D., Pozzoli C., Coruzzi G. Morphological and functional alterations of the myenteric plexus in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Neurochem. Res. 2001, 26:1085-1093.
225. Preston E., Mcmanus C.D., Jonsson A.C., Courtice G.P. Vasoconstrictor effects of galanin and distribution of galanin containing fibres in three species of elasmobranch fish. Regul. Pept. 1995, 58:123-134.
226. Prosser C.L. Rhythmic electrical and mechanical activity in stomach of toad and frog. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 269:G386-G395.
227. Rajjo I.M., Vigna S.R., Crim J.W. Immunohistochemical localization of bombesin-like peptides in the digestive tract of the bowfin, Amia calva. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1989, 94C:405-409.
228. Rajjo I.M., Vigna S.R., Crim J.W. Immunocytochemical localization of bombesin-like peptides in the digestive tract of the bowfin, Amia calva. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1989, 94C:405-409.
229. Rawson R.E., Duke G.E., Brown D.R. Effect of avian neurotensin on motility of chicken (Gallus domesticus) lower gut in vivo and in vitro. Peptides 1990, 11:641-645.
230. Reinecke M., Muller C., Segner H. An immunohistochemical analysis of the ontogeny, distribution and coexistence of 12 regulatory peptides and serotonin in endocrine cells and nerve fibers of the digestive tract of the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Teleostei). Anat Embryol (Berl) 1997, 195:87-101.
231. Reinecke M., Schluter P., Yanaihara N., Forssmann W.G. VIP immunoreactivity in enteric nerves and endocrine cells of the vertebrate gut. Peptides 1981, 2:149-156.
232. Reynhout J.K., Duke G.E. Identification of interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). J. Exp. Zool. 1999, 283:426-440.
233. Rich A., Leddon S.A., Hess S.L., Gibbons S.J., Miller S., Xu X., Farrugia G. Kit-like immunoreactivity in the zebrafish gastrointestinal tract reveals putative ICC. Dev. Dyn. 2007, 236:903-911.
234. Rodriguez-Membrilla A., Vergara P. Endogenous CCK disrupts the MMC pattern via capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent fibers in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 272:G100-G105.
235. Rombout J.H., Reinecke M. Immunohistochemical localization of (neuro)peptide hormones in endocrine cells and nerves of the gut of a stomachless teleost fish, Barbus conchonius (Cyprinidae). Cell Tissue Res. 1984, 237:57-65.
236. Rombout J.H.W.M., van der Grinten C.P.M., Peeze Binkhorst F.M., Taverne-Thiele J.J., Schooneveld H. Immunocytochemical identification and localization of peptide hormones in the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system of the mouse and a stomachless fish, Barbus conchonius. Histochemistry 1986, 84:471-483.
237. Saffrey M.J., Polak J.M., Burnstock G. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, enkephalin and neurotensin-like immunoreactive nerves in the chicken gut during development. Neuroscience 1982, 7:279-293.
238. Saffrey M.J., Marcus N., Jessen K.R., Burnstock G. Distribution of neurons with high-affinity uptake sites for GABA in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig, rat and chicken. Cell Tissue Res. 1983, 234:231-235.
239. Sakharov D.A., Salimova N.B. Serotonin neurons in the peripheral nervous system of the larval lamprey Lampetra planeri a histochemical, microspectrofluorimetric and ultrastructural study. Zool. Jb. Physiol. 1980, 84:231-239.
240. Sanders K.M. A case for interstitial cells of Cajal as pacemaker and mediators of neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 1996, 111:492-515.
241. Sanders K.M., Koh S.D., Ward S.M. Interstitial cells of Cajal as pacemakers in the gastrointestinal tract. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2006, 68:307-343.
242. Santer R.M., Holmgren S. An ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical study of the myenteric plexus of the stomach of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Acta Zoologica 1983, 64:55-66.
243. Sarna S.K. Are interstitial cells of Cajal plurifunction cells in the gut?. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2008, 294:G372-G390.
244. Scheuermann D.W., Gabriel R., Timmermans J.P., Adriaensen D., De Groodt-Lasseel M.H. The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract of a chelonian reptile, Pseudemys scripta elegans. II. Distribution of neuropeptides in the myenteric plexus. Histochemistry 1991, 95:403-411.
245. Semba T., Hiraoka T. Motor response of the stomach and small intestine caused by stimulation of the peripheral end of the splanchnic nerve, thoracic sympathetic trunk and spinal roots. Jap. J. Physiol. 1957, 7:64-71.
246. Seno N., Nakazato Y., Ohga A. Presynaptic inhibitory effects of catecholamines on cholinergic transmission in the smooth muscle of the chick stomach. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1978, 51:229-237.
247. Shahbazi F., Karila P., Olsson C., Holmgren S., Conlon J.M., Jensen J. Primary structure, distribution, and effects on motility of CGRP in the intestine of the cod Gadus morhua. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 1998, 44:R19-R28.
248. Shahbazi F., Holmgren S., Larhammar D., Jensen J. Neuropeptide Y effects on vasorelaxation and intestinal contraction in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002, 282:R1414-R1421.
249. Shonnard P., Ary T., Sanders K.M. Influence of prostaglandins on electrical and mechanical activities of gastric muscles of Bufo marinus. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1988, 90:325-333.
250. Sneddon J.D., Smythe A., Satchell D., Burnstock G. An investigation of the identity of the transmitter substance released by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic excitatory nerves supplying the small intestine of some lower vertebrates. Comp. Gen. Pharmacol. 1973, 4:53-60.
251. Spencer N.J., Hennig G.W., Dickson E., Smith T.K. Synchronization of enteric neuronal firing during the murine colonic MMC. J. Physiol. 2005, 564:829-847.
252. Stevens C.E., Hume D. Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System 1995, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
253. Stevenson S.V., Grove D.J. The extrinsic innervation of the stomach of the plaice. Pleuronectes platessa L. I. The vagal nerve supply. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1977, 58C:143-151.
254. Sundqvist M. Developmental changes of purinergic control of intestinal motor activity during metamorphosis in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 292:R1916-R1925.
255. Sundqvist M., Holmgren S. Ontogeny of excitatory and inhibitory control of gastrointestinal motility in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2006, 291:R1138-R1144.
256. Sundqvist M., Holmgren S. Changes in the control of gastric motor activity during metamorphosis in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, with special emphasis on purinergic mechanisms. J. Exp. Biol. 2008, 211:1270-1280.
257. Suzuki M., Ohmori Y., Watanabe T. Immunohistochemical studies on the intramural nerve in the chicken intestine. Eur. J. Histochem. 1996, 40:109-118.
258. Suzuki M., Ohmori Y., Watanabe T., Nagatsu I. Immunohistochemical studies on the intestinal nerve of Remak in the male chicken. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1994, 49:207-216.
259. Swan K.G., Konturek S.J., Jacobson E.D., Grossman M.I. Inhibition of gastric secretion and motility by fat in the intestine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1966, 121:840-844.
260. Szurszewski J. A migrating electric complex of the canine small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 1969, 217:1757-1763.
261. Tagliafierro G., Bonini E., Faraldi G., Farina L., Rossi G.G. Distribution and ontogeny of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of a cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus stellaris. Cell Tissue Res. 1988, 253:23-28.
262. Tagliafierro G., Rossi G.G., Bonini E., Faraldi G., Farina L. Ontogeny and differentiation of regulatory peptide-and serotonin-immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract of an elasmobranch. J. Exp. Zool. 1989, 252:165-174.
263. Tagliafierro G., Zaccone G., Bonini E., Faraldi G., Farina L., Fasulo S. Bombesin-like immunoreactive cells in the gastro-intestinal tract of some lower vertebrates. Regul. Pept. 1987, 19:141. (abstr).
264. Tagliafierro G., Carlini M., Faraldi G., Morescalchi A.M., Putti R., DellaRossa A., Fasulo S., Mauceri A. Immunocytochemical detection of islet hormones in the digestive system of Protopterus annectens. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1996, 102:288-298.
265. Thomas J.E., Kuntz A. A study of gastro-intestinal motility in relation to the enteric nervous system. Am. J. Physiol. 1926, 76:606-626.
266. Thorndyke M., Holmgren S. Bombesin potentiates the effect of acetylcholine on isolated strips of fish stomach. Regul. Pept. 1990, 30:125-135.
267. Thorndyke M.C., Holmgren S., Nilsson S., Falkmer S. Bombesin potentiation of the acetylcholine response in isolated strips of fish stomach. Regul. Pept. 1984, 9:350.
268. Timmermans J.P., Adriaensen D., Cornelissen W., Scheuermann D.W. Structural organization and neuropeptide distribution in the mammalian enteric nervous system, with special attention to those components involved in mucosal reflexes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1997, 118A:331-340.
269. Timmermans J.P., Scheuermann D.W., Gabriel R., Adriaensen D., Fekete E., De Groodt-Lasseel M.H. The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract of a chelonian reptile, Pseudemys scripta elegans. I. Structure and topography of the enteric nerve plexuses using neuron-specific enolase immunohistochemistry. Histochemistry 1991, 95:397-402.
270. Toh C.C., Mohiuddin A. Vasoactive substances in the nasal mucosa. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1958, 13:113-117.
271. Tonini M., De Ponti F., Frigo G., Crema F. Pharmacology of the enteric nervous system. Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract 2002, 213-294. Taylor and Francis, London, New York. S. Brookes, M. Costa (Eds.).
272. Tsai C.S., Ochillo R.F. Preliminary pharmacological characterization of the isolated circular strips of gastric muscularis muscle of Bufo marinus: a new preparation. J Pharmacol Methods 1983, 10:45-53.
273. Underhay J.R., Burka J.F. Effects of pH on contractility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal muscle in vitro. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1997, 16:233-246.
274. Vaillant C., Dimaline R., Dockray G.J. The distribution and cellular origin of vasointestinal polypeptide in the avian gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Cell Tissue Res. 1980, 211:511-523.
275. Van Noorden S., Patent G.J. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in nerves of the pancreatic islet of teleost fish, Gillichtys mirabilis. Cell Tissue Res. 1980, 212:139-146.
276. Ward S.M., Sanders K.M., Hirst G.D. Role of interstitial cells of Cajal in neural control of gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2004, 16(Suppl 1):112-117.
277. Wartman C.A., Mokler J.M., Briand H.A., Ireland W.P., Burka J.F. Effects of acclimation temperatures of 7 and 14 degrees C on the contractility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) intestinal smooth muscle in vitro. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1999, 21:277-284.
278. Watson A.H.D. Fluorescent histochemistry of the teleost gut: evidence for the presence of serotonergic neurones. Cell Tissue Res. 1979, 197:155-164.
279. von Euler U.S., Östlund E. Effects of certain biologically occurring substances on the isolated intestine of fish. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1957, 38:364-372.
280. Wood J.D. Enteric nervous system: reflexes, pattern generators and motility. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2008, 24:149-158.
281. Yamada J., Campos V.J., Kitamura N., Pacheco A.C., Yamashita T., Yanaihara N. An immunohistochemical study of the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the Caiman latirostris. Arch. Histol. Jpn 1987, 50:229-241.
282. Young H.M. Ultrastructure of catecholamine-containing axons in the intestine of the domestic fowl. Cell Tissue Res. 1983, 234:411-425.
283. Young J.Z. The autonomic nervous system of selachians. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 1933, 75:571-624.
284. Young J.Z. Nervous control of gut movements in Lophius. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 1980, 60:19-30.
285. Young J.Z. Nervous control of stomach movements in dogfishes and rays. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 1980, 60:1-17.
286. Young J.Z. Control of movements of the stomach and spiral intestine of Raja and Scyliorinus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 1983, 63:557-574.
287. Young J.Z. Sympathetic innervation of the rectum and bladder of the skate and parallel effects of ATP and adrenalin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1988, 89:101-107.
288. Yui R., Nagata Y., Fujita T. Immunocytochemical studies on the islet and the gut of the arctic lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 1988, 51:109-119.
289. Yui R., Shimada M., Fujita T. Immunohistochemical studies on peptide- and amine-containing endocrine cells and nerve sin the gut and rectal gland of the ratfish Chimaera monstrosa. Cell Tissue Res. 1990, 260:193-201.
290. Zagorodnyuk V.P., Chen B.N., Brookes S.J. Intraganglionic laminar endings are mechano-transduction sites of vagal tension receptors in the guinea-pig stomach. J. Physiol. 2001, 534:255-268.