The polarizing influence of fragmented media: Lessons from Howard Dean

Atlantic Journal of Communication

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 201-215

  Warner, Benjamin R ^a   Neville Shepard, Ryan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY PURDUE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053290335     PISSN: 15456870     EISSN: 15456889     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15456870.2011.606100     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Abelson, R. P. (1995). Attitude extremity. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 25-44). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Barb. (2008, May 26). Video: New Obama South Dakota ad featuring Tom Daschle [Msg 64]. Message posted to http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/zachedwards/gGB74W/commentary#comments
3. Baum, M. A., & Groeling, T. (2008). New media and the polarization of American political discourse. Political Communication, 25, 345-365.
4. Bennett, R. (2010, May 23). What the Tea Party can learn from Jimmy Carter. Washington Post. Retrieved from http:// www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/21/AR2010052103216.html
5. Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 707-731.
6. Benoit, W. L., Klyukovski, A. A., McHale, J. P., & Airne, D. (2001). A fantasy theme analysis of political cartoons on the Clinton-Lewinsky-Starr affair. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 18, 377-394.
7. Bichard, S. L. (2006). Bulding blogs: A multi-dimensional analysis of the distribution of frames on the 2004 presidential candidate websites. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83, 329-345.
8. Bimber, B. A., & Davis, R. (2003). Campaigning online: The Internet in U.S. elections. New York: Oxford University Press.
9. Binder, A. R., Kasja, E., Dalrymple, D. B., & Scheufele, D. A. (2009). The soul of a polarized democracy: Testing theoretical linkages between talk and attitude extremity during the 2004 presidential election. Communication Research, 36, 315-340.
10. Bormann, E. G. (1972). Fantasy and rhetorical vision: The rhetorical criticism of social reality. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 58, 396-407.
11. Bormann, E. G. (1982). Fantasy and rhetorical vision: Ten years later. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68, 288-305.
12. Bormann, E. G., Cragan, J. F., & Shields, D. C. (2003). Defending symbolic convergence theory from an imaginary Gunn. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 89, 366-372.
13. BroncoSweetieSandi from Idaho. (2008, May 26). Video: New Obama South Dakota ad featuring Tom Daschle [Msg 103]. Messageposted to http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/zachedwards/gGB74W/commentary #comments
14. Camille NJ. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 216]. Message posted to http://www.blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
15. Chadwick, A. (2006). Internet politics: States, citizens, and new communication technologies. New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Chickadee. (2008, May 26). Video: New Obama South Dakota ad featuring Tom Daschle [Msg 60]. Message posted to http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/zachedwards/gGB74W/commentary#comments.
17. ChiTownBri. (2003, December 9). News coverage: Gore endorses Dean [Msg 12]. Message posted to http://www.blog foramerica.com/archives/002603.html
18. Cooper, S. D. (2006). Watching the watchdog: Bloggers as the fifth estate. Spokane, WA: Marquette.
19. Drumheller, K. (2005). Millennial dogma: A fantasy theme analysis of the millennial generation's uses and gratifications of religious content media. Journal of Communication & Religion, 28, 47-70.
20. Duffy, M. E. (2003). Web of hate: A fantasy theme analysis of the rhetorical vision of hate groups online. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 27, 291-312.
21. For Dean in Dixie. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 202]. Message posted to http://www.blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
22. Garrett, K. (2009). Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate. Journal of Communication, 59, 676-699.
23. geoff. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 137]. Message posted to http://www. blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
24. Gunn, J. (2003). Refiguring fantasy: Imagination and its decline in U.S. rhetorical studies. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 89,41-59.
25. Gunn, J. (2004). Refitting fantasy: Psychoanalysis, subjectivity, and talking to the dead. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 90,1-23.
26. Holbert, R. L., Garrett, R. K., & Gleason, L. S. (2010). A new era of minimal effects? A response to Bennett and Iyengar. Journal of Communication, 60, 15-34.
27. Jamilah. (2008, May 26). Video: New Obama South Dakota ad featuring Tom Daschle [Msg 68]. Message posted to http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/zachedwards/gGB74W/commentary#comments
28. jellydeans. (2003, December 9). News coverage: Gore endorses Dean [Msg 65]. Message posted to http://www.blog foramerica.com/archives/002603.html
29. Julie in Idaho. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 23]. Message posted to http://www.blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
30. Kaye, B. K. (2005). It's a blog, blog, blog, blog world. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 13, 73-95.
31. Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2002). Online and in the know: Uses and gratifications of the web for political information. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46, 54-72.
32. Kerbel, M. R. (2005). The media: The challenge and promise of Internet politics. In M. Nelson (Ed.), The elections of 2004 (pp. 88-107). Washington, DC: CQ Press.
33. Kerbel, M. R., & Bloom, J. D. (2005). Blog for America and civic involvement. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10, 3-27.
34. Kern, M. (2004). Web and mass media campaigns by political candidates, MoveOn.org and the Democratic National Party in the 2003-2004 presidential primaries. In Elections on the horizon: Marketing politics to the electorate in the USA and UK. London: The British Library. Available from http://sherpa.bl.uk/2/
35. Kevin from Ripley, OH. (2008, May 26). Video: New Obama South Dakota ad featuring Tom Daschle [182]. Message posted to http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/zachedwards/gGB74W/commentary#comments
36. Lawson-Borders, G., & Kirk, R. (2005). Blogs in campaign communication. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 548-559.
37. Lin, C. A. (2009). Selective news exposure, personal values, and support for the Iraq war. Communication Quarterly, 57,18-34.
38. Looney, S. (2004). Civic participation and the Internet: Indicators from the 2004 presidential campaigns. Lyndon B. Johnson Journal of Public Affairs, 16, 49-62.
39. Lyndon, C. (2004). When old media confronted Howard Dean. Nieman Reports, 58(1), 30-31.
40. Mary. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 103]. Message posted to http://www. blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
41. Matt. (2003, December 12). 10 hours to go to thank Al Gore! [Msg 41]. Message posted to http://www.blogforamerica. com/archives/002660.html
42. Matt J. from Georgia. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 36]. Message posted to http://www.blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
43. Minuteman. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 157]. Message posted to http://www.blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
44. Mohrmann, G. P. (1982a). An essay on fantasy theme criticism. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68, 109-132.
45. Mohrmann, G. P. (1982b). Fantasy theme criticism: A peroration. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68, 306-313.
46. Moran, M. G. (2002). A fantasy theme analysis of Arthur Barlowe's 1584 Discourse on Virginia: The first English commercial report written about North America from direct experience. Technical Communication Quarterly, 11, 31-59.
47. Moscovici, S., & Zavalloni, M. (1969). The group as a polarizer of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 125-135.
48. Mouffe, C. (2005). On the political. New York: Routledge.
49. Obama, B. (2008, February 12). Barack Obama's remarks on Feb. 12 primaries. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/12/AR2008021203144_pf.html
50. Obama, B. (2010, January 29). Obama at House Republican retreat in Baltimore. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/29/transcript-of-president-o_n_442423.html
51. Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, 6, 259-283.
52. Perlmutter, D. D., & McDaniel, M. (2005). The ascent of blogging. Nieman Reports, 59(3), 60-64.
53. PEW Research Center for People and the Press. (2008, August 17). Audience segments in a changing news environment: Key news audiences now blend online and traditional sources. The PEW Research Center. Retrieved from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/444.pdf PEW
54. PEW Research Center for People and the Press. (2010, May 23). New media, old media: How blogs and social media agendas relate and differ from traditional press. The PEW Research Center. Retrieved from http://pewresearch.org/ pubs/1602/new-media-review-differences-from-traditional-press
55. Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
56. Schudson, M. (1993). Was there ever a public sphere? If so, when? Reflections on the American case. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 143-163). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
57. Scott Metz. (2003, December 9). Al Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 47]. Message posted to http://www.blog foramerica.com/archives/002605.html
58. Selnow, G. W. (1998). Electronic whistle-stops: The impact of the Internet on American politics. Westport, CT: Praeger.
59. Smith, M. R. (2004). Fantasy theme analysis in the interplay of Charles M. Sheldon's 'In His Steps' and his 'Jesus Newspaper.' Journal of Media & Religion, 3, 57-72.
60. Stromer-Galley, J. (2000). Online interaction and why candidates avoid it. Journal of Communication, 50, 111-132.
61. Stromer-Galley, J., & Baker, A. B. (2006). Joy and sorrow of interactivity on the campaign trail: Blogs in the primary campaign of Howard Dean. In A. P. Williams & J. C. Tedesco (Eds.), The Internet election: Perspectives on the web in Campaign 2004 (pp. 111-132). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
62. Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic.Com 2.0. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
63. Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Going to extremes: How like minds unite and divide. New York: Oxford University Press.
64. Sweetser Trammell, K. D. (2007). Candidate campaign blogs: Directly reaching out to the youth vote. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1255-1263.
65. Tewksbury, D. (2006). Exposure to the newer media in a presidential primary campaign. Political Communication, 23, 313-332.
66. Theresa. (2003, December 9). Al Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 67]. Message posted to http://www.blogfor america.com/archives/002605.html
67. Tomaszeski, M., Proffitt, J. M., & McClung, S. (2009). Exploring the political blogosphere: Perceptions of political bloggers about their sphere. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17, 71-87.
68. Torrey in Texas. (2003, December 9). Vice President Gore endorses Dean for president [Msg 10]. Message posted to http://www.blogforamerica.com/archives/002602.html
69. Trammell, K. D. (2006). The blogging of the president. In A. P. Williams & J. C. Tedesco (Eds.), The Internet election: Perspectives on the web in campaign 2004 (pp. 133-146). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
70. Trammell, K. D., Williams, A. P., Postelnicu, M., & Landreville K. D. (2006). Evolution of online campaigning: Increasing interactivity in candidate websites and blogs through text and technical features. Mass Communication & Society, 9, 21-44.
71. Warner, B. R. (2010). Segmenting the electorate: The effects of exposure to political extremism online. Communication Studies, 64, 430-444.
72. West, M., & Carey, C. (2006). (Re)Enacting frontier justice: The Bush administration's tactical narration of the old west fantasy after September 11. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 92, 379-412.
73. Wiese, D. R., & Gronbeck, B. E. (2005). Campaign 2004: Developments in cyberpolitics. In R. E. Denton (Ed.), The 2004 presidential campaign (pp. 217-239). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
74. Williams, A. P. (2005). The media frame: Assessing the role of the Internet in the 2004 U.S. presidential contest. In R. E. Denton (Ed.), The 2004 presidential campaign (pp. 241-254). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
75. Williams, A. P., Trammell, K. D., Postelnicu, M., Landreville, K. D., & Martin, J. D. (2005). Blogging and hyperlinking: Use of the web to enhance viability during the 2004 US campaign. Journalism Studies, 6, 177-186.