Cotton subsidies, the WTO, and the 'cotton problem'

World Economy

Volumn 34, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1534-1556

  Baffes, John ^a  

^a WORLD BANK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOTECHNOLOGY; COMMODITY PRICE; COTTON; DISPUTE RESOLUTION; SUBSIDY SYSTEM; WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION;

BRAZIL; CENTRAL AFRICA; CHINA; INDIA; UNITED STATES; WEST AFRICA;

GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM;

EID: 80053255580     PISSN: 03785920     EISSN: 14679701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01396.x     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Aksoy, A. and J. Beghin (2005), Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries (Washington, DC: The World Bank).
2. Anderson, K. (2002), 'Peculiarities of Retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement', World Trade Review, 1, 2, 123-34.
3. Anderson, K. (ed.) (2009), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: A Global Perspective, 1955-2007, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
4. Anderson, K. and W. Masters (2009), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa (Washington, DC: The World Bank).
5. Anderson, K. and E. Valenzuela (2007), 'The World Trade Organization's Doha Cotton Initiative: A Tale of Two Issues', The World Economy, 30, 8, 1281-304.
6. Anderson, K. and E. Valenzuela (2008), 'Recent and Prospective Adoption of Genetically Modified Cotton: A Global CGE Analysis of Economic Impacts' (with E. Valenzuela and L.A. Jackson), Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56, 2, 265-96.
7. Baffes, J. (2005), 'The Cotton "Problem"', World Bank Research Observer, 20, 1, 109-44.
8. Baffes, J. (2007), 'Cotton Developments in West Africa: Domestic and Trade Policy Issues and the WTO', in J. Morrison and A. Sarris (eds.), WTO Rules for Agriculture Compatible with Development (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 211-39.
9. Baffes, J. (2009), 'Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Togo', in K. Anderson and W. A. Masters (eds.), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa (Washington, DC: The World Bank), 485-506.
10. Baffes, J. (2010a), 'Learning from the 'Cotton Problem': Settling Trade Disputes', International Economic Bulletin, June. Available at: (accessed 7 July 2011).
11. Baffes, J. (2010b), 'Markets for Cotton By-Products: Global Trends and Implications for African Cotton Producers', Policy Research Working Paper 5355 (Washington, DC: The World Bank).
12. Baffes, J., I. A. Elbadawi and S. A. O'Connell (1999), 'Single-Equation Estimation of the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate', in L. E. Hinkle and P. J. Montiel (eds.), Exchange Rate Misalignment: Concepts and Measurements for Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press), 405-64.
13. Bagwell, K., P. C. Mavroidis and R. W. Staiger (2007), 'Auctioning Countermeasures in the WTO', Journal of International Economics, 73, 2, 309-32.
14. Davies, A. (2006), 'Reviewing Dispute Settlement at the World Trade Organization: A Time to Reconsider the Role/s of Compensation?' World Trade Review, 5, 1, 31-67.
15. Devarajan, S. (1999), 'Estimates of Real Exchange Rate Misalignment with A simple General Equilibrium Model', in L. E. Hinkle and P. J. Montiel (eds.), Exchange Rate Misalignment: Concepts and Measurements for Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press), 359-80.
16. Dickey, D. and W. A. Fuller (1979), 'Distribution of the Estimators for Time Series Regressions with Unit Roots', Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 366, 427-31.
17. Falck-Zepeda, J., D. Horna and M. Smale (2007), 'The Economic Impact and the Distribution of Benefits and Risks from the Adoption of Insect Resistant (Bt) Cotton in West Africa', Discussion Paper No. 718 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute).
18. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2004), The State of Food and Agriculture - Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor? (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).
19. Graff, G. D., G. Hochman and D. Zilberman (2009), 'The Political Economy of Agricultural Biotechnology Policies', AgBioForum, 12, 1, 34-46.
20. Herring, R. J. (2008), 'Opposition to Transgenic Technologies: Ideology, Interests, and Collective Action Frames', Nature Reviews Genetics, 9, 458-63.
21. IDEAS (2010), 'Cotton Update: Brazil and the US Play Extra Time', Newsletter no 86. July, 2. (Geneva).
22. International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) (2010), Government Support to the Cotton Industry (Washington, DC: International Cotton Advisory Committee).
23. Jales, M. (2010), 'How Would a WTO Agreement on Cotton Affect Importing and Exporting Countries?', ICTSD Programme on Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development, Issue Paper No. 26 (Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development).
24. Mattoo, A. and A. Subramanian (2004), 'The WTO and the Poorest Countries: the Stark Reality', World Trade Review, 3, 3, 385-407.
25. Mercurio, B. (2009), 'Why Compensation Cannot Replace Trade Retaliation in the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding', World Trade Review, 8, 2, 315-38.
26. Milligan, K., R. Goldberg and R. Lawrence (2009), 'Brazil's WTO Cotton Case: Negotiation through Litigation', in Case Studies in Trade Negotiations, vol. 2 (Washington, DC Institute for International Economics).
27. Oxfam (2002), 'Cultivating Poverty: The Impact of Cotton Subsidies on Africa', Briefing Paper, no. 30 (Oxford: Oxfam International).
28. Paarlberg, R. (2008), Starved for Science: How Africa Biotechnology is Being Kept out of Africa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
29. Schnepf, R. (2010), 'Brazil's WTO Case against the U.S. Cotton Program', Congressional Research Service. Report RL32571 (Washington, DC: CRS).
30. Subramanian, A. and M. Qaim (2010), 'The Impact of Bt Cotton on Poor Households in Rural India', Journal of Development Studies, 46, 2, 295-311.
31. Sumner, D. A. (2006), 'Reducing Cotton Subsidies: The DDA Cotton Initiative', in K. Anderson and W. Martin (eds.), Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda (Washington, DC: World Bank), 271-94.
32. Tripp, R. (2009), Biotechnology and Agricultural Development: Transgenic Cotton, Rural Institutions and Resource-Poor Farmers (New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group).
33. Tschirley, D., C. Poulton and P. Labaste (2009), Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa: Learning from Reform Experience (Washington, DC: World Bank).
34. United States General Accounting Office (GAO) (1995), 'Cotton Program: Costly and Complex Government Program Needs to Be Reassessed', RCED-95-107, June 20. Report to the Honorable Richard K. Armey, (Washington, DC: United States House of Representatives).
35. United States Trade Representative (USTR) (2010a), 'U.S., Brazil Agree Upon Path toward Negotiated Solution of Cotton Dispute: Would Avoid Imposition of Countermeasures against U.S. Exports, U.S. Intellectual Property Rights', April 6. (Washington, DC: Office of the United States Trade Representatives).
36. United States Trade Representative (USTR) (2010b), 'U.S., Brazil Agree on Memorandum of Understanding as Part of Path Forward toward Resolution of Cotton Dispute: Countermeasures to be Deferred for an Additional Sixty Days', April 21. (Washington, DC: Office of the United States Trade Representatives).
37. United States Trade Representative (USTR) (2010c), 'U.S., Brazil Agree on Framework Regarding WTO Cotton Dispute', June 17. (Washington, DC: Office of the United States Trade Representatives).
38. World Bank (2009), Global Economic Prospects: Commodities at the Crossroads (Washington, DC: World Bank).
39. World Trade Organization (WTO) (2002), 'United States - Subsidies on Upland Cotton: Request for Consultations by Brazil', WT/DS267/1. (Geneva: World Trade Organization), October 3. Available at: (accessed 7 July 2011).
40. World Trade Organization (WTO) (2003), 'Poverty Reduction: Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton - Joint Proposal by Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali', WT/MIN(03)/W/2. (Cancún, Mexico: World Trade Organization Ministerial Session), September 10-14. Available at: (accessed 7 July 2011).
41. World Trade Organization (WTO) (2004), 'WTO African Regional Workshop on Cotton: Summary Remarks', (Cotonou: Republic of Benin), March 23-24.
42. World Trade Organization (WTO) (2005), 'Doha Work Programme: Ministerial Declaration', WT/MIN(05)/DEC. Honk Kong: World Trade Organization, Available at: (accessed 6 July 2011).
43. Zachary, P. G. (2005), '100 percent Rotten', Business 2.0. December, 148-54.