Hepatitis E virus infection in developed countries

Virus Research

Volumn 161, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 40-46

  Miyamura, Tatsuo ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (Japan)

Author keywords

Faecal oral transmission; Food borne infection; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENDEMIC DISEASE; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HUMAN; JAPAN; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HUMANS; SWINE; ZOONOSES;

HEPATITIS E VIRUS;

EID: 80053190627     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: 18727492     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.006     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Abid M., O'Brien S.J., Boxall E.H., Skidmore S.J. Hepatitis and travel abroad: a case report. J. Travel Med. 1997, 4:187-188.
2. Aggarwal R., Naik S. Epidemiology of hepatitis E: current status. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009, 24:1484-1493.
3. Aggarwal R., Krawczynski K. Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000, 15:9-20.
4. Akai P.S., Fonseca K., Horne D., Ho M. Hepatitis E in a Canadian traveller. Can. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 6:39-41.
5. Arankalle V.A., Tsarev S.A., Chandha M.S., Alling D.W., Emerson S.U., Banerjee K., Purcell R.H. Age-specific prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 171:447-450.
6. Aye T.T., Uchida T., Ma X., Iida F., Shikata T., Ichikawa M., Rikihisa T., Win K.M. Sequence and gene structure of the hepatitis E virus isolated from Myanmar. Virus Genes 1993, 7:95-109.
7. Ayoola E.A., Want M.A., Gadour M.O.E.H., Al-Hazmi M.H., Hazma M.K.M. Hepatitis E virus infection in haemodialysis patients: a case-control study in Saudi Arabia. J. Med. Virol. 2002, 66:329-334.
8. Bader T.F., Krawczynski K., Polish L.B., Favorov M.O. Hepatitis E in a U.S. traveller to Mexico. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991, 325:1659.
9. Balayan M.S., Andjar A.G., Savinskaya S.S., Ketiladze E.S., Braginski D.M., Savinov A.P., Poleschuk V.F. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology 1983, 20:23-31.
10. Borgen K., Herremans T., Duizer E., Vennema H., Rutjes S., Bosman A., Husman A.M.R., Koopmans M. Non-travel related hepatitis E virus genotype 3 infections in the Netherland; a case series 2004-2006. BMC Infect. Dis. 2008, 8:61. 10.1186/1471-2334/8/61.
11. Bouwknegt M., Lodder-Verschoor F., van der Poel W.H., Rutjes S.A., de Roda Husman A.M. Hepatitis E virus RNA in commercial porcine livers in the Netherlands. J. Food Prot. 2007, 70:2889-2896.
12. Bradley D.W., Krawczynski K., Cook E.H., McCaustland K.A., Humphrey C.D., Spelbring J.E., Myint H., Maynard J.E. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: serial passage of disease in cynomolgus macaques and tamarins and recovery of disease-associated 27-34nm virus-like particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84:6277-6281.
13. Bradley D.W., Andjaparidze A., Cook E.H., McCaustland K., Balayan M., Stetler H., Velazquez O., Robertson B., Humphrey C., Kane M., Weisfuse I. Etiologic agent of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. J. Gen. Virol. 1988, 69:731-738.
14. Bradley D.W., Balayan M.S. Virus of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1988, 1:819.
15. Bradley D.W. Hepatitis E: epidemiology aetiology and molecular biology. Rev. Med. Virol. 1992, 2:19-28.
16. Buisson Y., Coursaget P., Bercion R., Anne D., Debord T., Roue R. Hepatitis E virus infection in soldiers sent to endemic regions. Lancet 1994, 344:1165-1166.
17. Burans J.P., Sharp T., Wallace M., Longer C., Thornton S., Batchelor R., Clemens V., Hyams K.C. Threat of hepatitis E virus infection in Somalia during operation restore hope. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1994, 18:100-102.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Hepatitis E among U.S. travelers, 1989-1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993, 42:1-4.
19. Clayson E.T., Myint K.S., Snitbhan R., Vaughn D.W., Innis B.L., Chan L., Cheung P., Shrestha M.P. Viremia, fecal shedding, and IgM and IgG responses in patients with hepatitis E. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 172:927-933.
20. Clayson E.T., Innis B.L., Myint K.S., Snitbhan R., Vaughn D.W., Shrestha M.P. Short report: relative risk of hepatitis A and E among foreigners in Nepal. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1995, 52:506-507.
21. Colson P., Borentain P., Queyriaux B., Kaba M., Moal V., Gallian P., Heyries L., Raoult D., Gerolami R. Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans. J. Inf. Dis. 2010, 202:825-834.
22. Coursaget P., Krawczynski K., Buisson Y., Nizou C., Molinie C. Hepatitis E and hepatitis C virus infections among French soldiers with non-A, non-B hepatitis. J. Med. Virol. 1993, 39:163-166.
23. Dalton H., Bendall R., Ijaz S., Banks M. Hepatitis E: an emerging infection in developed countries. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2008, 8:698-709.
24. Dalton H.R., Bendall R.P., Keane F.E., Tedder R.S., Ijaz S. Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus inpatients with HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361:1025-1027.
25. Dawson G.J., Mushahwar I.K., Chau K.H., Gitnick G.L. Detection of long-lasting antibody to hepatitis E virus in a US traveller to Pakistan. Lancet 1992, 340:426-427.
26. de Deus N., Peralta B., Pina S., Allepuz A., Mateu E., Vidal D., Ruiz-Fons F., Martin M., Gortazar C., Segales J. Epidemiological study of hepatitis E virus infection in European wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Spain. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 129:163-170.
27. Drobeniuc J., Favorov M.O., Shapiro C.N., Bell B.P., Mast E.E., Dadu A., Culver D., Iarovoi P., Robertson B.H., Margolis H.S. Hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence among persons who work with swine. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 184:1594-1597.
28. Eker A., Tansel O., Kunduracilar H., Tokuc B., Yulugkural Z., Yuksel P. Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in adult population in Edirne province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 2009, 43:251-258.
29. Emerson S.U., Purcell R.H. Hepatitis E virus. Rev. Med. Virol. 2003, 13:145-154.
30. Feagins A.R., Opriessnig T., Guenette D.K., Halber P.G., Meng X.J. Detection and characterization of infectious hepatitis E virus from commercial pig liver sold in local grocery stores in the United States. J. Gen. Virol. 2007, 88:912-917.
31. Feagins A.R., Opriessnig T., Guenette D.K., Halbur P.G., Meng X.J. Inactivation of infectious hepatitis E virus present in commercial pig livers sold in local grocery stores in the United States. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 123:32-37.
32. FitzSimons D., Hendrickx, Vorsters A., Van Damme P. Hepatitis A and E: update on prevention and epidemiology. Vaccine 2010, 28:583-588.
33. Fletcher J. A traveller returning from Nepal with hepatitis E. Med. J. Aust. 1993, 159:563.
34. Fukuda S., Sunaga J., Saito N., Fujimura K., Itoh Y., Sasaki M., Tsuda F., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Okamoto M. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus among Japanese blood donors: identification of three blood donors infected with a genotype 3 hepatitis E virus. J. Med. Virol. 2004, 73:554-561.
35. Fukuda S., Ishikawa M., Ochiai N., Suzuki Y., Sunaga J., Shinohara N., Nozawa K., Tsuda F., Takahashi M., Okamoto M. Unchanged high prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) and HEV RNA among blood donors with an elevated alanine aminotransferase level in Japan during 1991-2006. Arch. Virol. 2007, 152:1623-1635.
36. Galiana C., Fernandez-Barredo S., Garcia A., Gomez M.T., Perez-Gracia M.T. Occupational exposure to hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine workers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008, 78:1012-1015.
37. Galiana C., Fernandez-Barredo S., Perez-Gracia M.T. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and risk factors in pig workers and blood donors. Enferm. Infect. Microbiol. Clin. 2010, 28:602-607.
38. Gerolami R., Moai V., Colson P. Chronic hepatitis E with cirrhosis in a kidney-transplant recipient. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:859-860.
39. Goens S.D., Perdue M.L. Hepatitis E viruses in humans and animals. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2004, 5:145-156.
40. Gotanda Y., Iwata A., Ohnuma H., Yoshikawa A., Mizoguchi H., Endo K., Takahashi M., Okamoto M. Ongoing subclinical infection of hepatitis E virus among blood donors with an elevated alanine aminotransferase level in Japan. J. Med. Virol. 2007, 79:734-742.
41. Haagsma E.B., van den Berg A.P., Porte R.J., Benne C.A., Vennema H., Reimerink J.H., Koopmans M.P. Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2008, 14:547-553.
42. Hazam R.K., Singla R., Kishore J., Singh S., Gupta R.K., Kar P. Surveillance of hepatitis E virus in sewage and drinking water in a resettlement colony of Delhi: what has been the experience?. Arch. Virol. 2010, 155:1227-1233.
43. Hosseini-Moghaddam S.M., Zarei A., Alavian S.M., Mansouri M. Hepatitis E virus infection: a general review with a focus on hemodialysis and kidney transplant patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 2010, 31:398-407.
44. Ijaz S., Arnold E., Banks M., Bendall R.P., Cramp M.E., Cunningham R., Dalton H., Harrison T., Hill S.F., MacFarlane L., Meigh R.H., Shafi S., Sheppard M.J., Smithson J., Wilson M.P., Teo C.-G. Non-travel-associated hepatitis E in England and Wales: demographic, clinical, and molecular epidemiological characteristics. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192:1166-1172.
45. Ikeda H., Matsubayashi K., Sakata H., Takeda H., Sato S., Kato T., Hino S., Tadokoro K. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among Japanese blood donors. ISBT Sci. Ser. 2009, 4:299-301.
46. Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan, 2005. Hepatitis E as of August 2005, Japan. I.A.S.R. 26, 261-262. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 59, 135-136.
47. Inoue J., Ueno Y., Nagasaki F., Akahane T., Fukushima K., Kogure T., Kondo Y., Kakazu E., Tamai K., Kido O., Nakagome Y., Ninomiya M., Obara N., Wakui Y., Takahashi M., Okamoto M., Shinosegawa T. Sporadic acute hepatitis E occurred constantly during the last decade in northeast Japan. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 44:329-337.
48. Ishida S., Yoshizumi S., Miyoshi M., Okui T., Ishida A., Abe S., Otsuka H., Okano M., Yonekawa M. A cluster of hepatitis E virus infection in Hokkaido, Japan. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 82:135-136.
49. Ishikawa K., Matsui K., Madarame T., Sato S., Oikawa K., Uchida T. Hepatitis E probably contracted via a Chinese herbal medicine, demonstrated by nucleotide sequencing. J. Gasroenterol. 1995, 30:534-538.
50. Johansson P.J., Mushahwar I.K., Norkrans G., Weiland O., Nordenfelt E. Hepatitis E virus infections in patients with acute hepatitis non-A-D in Sweden. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 27:543-546.
51. Kaba M., Davoust B., Marie J.L., Colson P. Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boar (Sus scrofa) livers. Vet. J. 2010, 186:259-261.
52. Kaci S., Nockler K., Johne R. Detection of hepatitis E virus in archived German wild boar serum samples. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 128:380-385.
53. Kamar N., Abravanel F., Mansuy J.M., Peron J.M., Izopet J., Rostaing L. Hepatitis E infection in dialysis and after transplantation. Nephrol. Ther. 2010, 6:83-87.
54. Kamar N., Selves J., Mansuy J.-M., Quezzani L., Peron J.-M., Guitard J., Cointault O., Esposito L., Abravanel F., Danjoux M., Durand D., Vinel J.-P., Izopet J., Rostaing L. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-tarnsplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:811-817.
55. Kang J.H., Matsui T., Saga A., Araike J., Ohmura T., Karino Y., Watanabe M., Miura Y., Kura T., Tsunematsu I., Mizuo H., Matsubayashi K., Takahashi K., Abe N., Arai M. Hepatitis E epidemic in Sapporo area by single source strain of HEV genotype 4. Kanzo 2010, 51:51-53. (in Japanese).
56. Kim S.S., Yeo C.D., Kim H.S., Jang J.W., Kim C.W., Bae S.H., Choi J.Y., Yoon S.K. A case of acute hepatitis E with the travel history to an endemic area. Korean J. Gastroenterol. 2004, 44:342-345.
57. Krawczynski K., Bradley D.W. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: identification of virus-associated antigen in experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques. J. Infect. Dis. 1989, 159:1042-1049.
58. Kulkarni M.A., Arankalle V.A. The detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus in pig livers from retail markets of India. J. Med. Virol. 2008, 80:1387-1390.
59. Lee C.C., Shih Y.L., Laio C.S., Lin S.M., Huang M.M., Chen C.J., Chen C.P., Chang C.L., Chen L.R., Tschen S.Y., Wang C.H. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among haemodialysis patients in Taiwan: possible infection by blood transfusion. Nephron. Clin. Pract. 2005, 99:122-127.
60. Legrand-Abravanel F., Kamar N., Sandress-Saune K., Garrouste C., Dubois M., Mansuy J.M., Muscari F., Sallusto F., Rostaing L., Izopet J. Characteristics of autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients in France. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202:835-844.
61. Li T.-C., Suzuki K., Yamakawa Y., Tatsumi M., Razak M.A.A., Uchida T., Takeda N., Miyamura T. Expression and self-assembly of empty virus-like particles of hepatitis E virus. J. Virol. 1997, 71:7207-7213.
62. Li T.-C., Zhang J., Shinzawa H., Ishibashi M., Sata M., Mast E.E., Miyamura T., Takeda N. Empty virus-like particle-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to hepatitis E virus. J. Med. Virol. 2000, 62:327-333.
63. Li T.C., Chijiwa K., Sera N., Ishibashi T., Etoh Y., Shinohara Y., Kurata Y., Ishida M., Sakamoto S., Takeda N., Miyamura T. Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11:1958-1960.
64. Li T.-C., Miyamura T., Takeda N. Detection or hepatitis E virus RNA from the bivalve yamato-shijimi (Corbicula japonica) in Japan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76:170-172.
65. Lu L., Li C., Hagedorn C.H. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev. Med. Virol. 2005, 16:5-36.
66. Mansuy J.M., Huynh A., Abravanel F., Recher C., Peron J.M., Izopet J. Molecular evidence of patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis E virus in a hematology ward. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 48:373-374.
67. Margulies A., Bemuau J., Balayan M.S., Andjaparidze A.G., Dubois F., Goudeau A., Rueff B., Benhamou J.P. Non-A, non-B fulminant viral hepatitis in France in returnees from Asia and Africa. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1987, 32:1151-1154.
68. Martelli F., Caprioli A., Zengarini M., Marata A., Fiegna C., Di Bartolo I., Ruggeri F.M., Delogu M., Ostanello F. Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in a demographic managed wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) population in Italy. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 126:74-81.
69. Masia G., Orru G., Liciardi M., Desogus G., Coppola R.C., Murru V., Argiolas M., Orru G. Evidence of hepatitis virus (HEV) infection in human and pigs in Sardinia, Italy. J. Prev. Med. Hyg. 2009, 50:227-231.
70. Masuda J.I., Yano K., Tamada Y., Takii Y., Ito M., Omagari K., Kohno S. Acute hepatitis E of a man who consumed wild boar meat prior to the onset of illness in Nagasaki, Japan. Hepatol. Res. 2005, 31:178-183.
71. Matsubayashi K., Nagaoka Y., Sakata H., Sato S., Fukai K., Kato T., Takahashi K., Mishiro S., Imai M., Takeda N., Ikeda H. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by apparently indigenous hepatitis E virus strain in Hokkaido, Japan. Transfusion 2004, 44:934-940.
72. Matsubayashi K., Kang J.-H., Sakata H., Takahashi K., Shindo M., Kato M., Sato S., Kato T., Nishimori H., Tsuji K., Maguchi H., Yoshida J., Maekubo H., Mishiro S., Ikeda H. A case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route. Transfusion 2008, 48:1368-1375.
73. Matsuda H., Okada, Takahashi K., Mishiro S. Severe hepatitis E virus infection after ingestion of uncooked liver from a wild boar. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 188:944.
74. Matsuura Y., Suzuki M., Yoshimatsu K., Arikawa J., Takashima I., Yokoyama M., Igota H., Yamauchi K., Ishida S., Fukui D., Bando G., Kosuge M., Tsunemitsu H., Koshimoto C., Sakae K., Chikahira M., Ogawa S., Miyamura T., Takeda N., Li T.C. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among wild sika deer, Cervus Nippon, in Japan. Arch. Virol. 2007, 152:1375-1381.
75. Meader E., Thomas D., Salmon R., Sillis M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E virus in the UK farming population. Zoonoses Public Health 2010, 57:504-509.
76. Mechnik L., Bergman N., Attali M., Beergabel M., Mosenkis B., Sokolowski N., Malnick S. Acute hepatitis E virus infection presenting as a prolonged cholestatic jaundice. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2001, 33:421-422.
77. Melnick J.L. A water-borne urban epidemic of hepatitis. Hepatitis Frontiers 1957, 211-225. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA. 1st ed. F.W. Hartman, G.A. LoGrippo, J.G. Mateer (Eds.).
78. Meng X.-J., Purcell R.H., Halbur P., Lehman J.R., Webb D.M., Tsareva T.S., Haynes J.S., Thacker B.J., Emerson S.U. A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94:9860-9865.
79. Meng X.-J., Dea S., Eagle R.E., Friendship R., Lyoo Y.S., Sirinarumitr T., Urairong K., Wang D., Wong D., Yoo D., Zhang Y., Purcell R.H., Emerson S.U. Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis E is common or is rare in the human population. J. Med. Virol. 1999, 59:297-302.
80. Meng X.J., Wiseman B., Elvinger F., Guenette D.K., Toth T.E., Eagle R.E., Emerson S.U., Purcell R.H. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the United States and other countries. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40:117-122.
81. Michitaka K., Takahashi K., Furukawa S., Inoue G., Hiasa Y., Horiike N., Onji M., Abe N., Mishiro S. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus among wild boar in the Ehime area of western Japan. Hepatol. Res. 2007, 37:214-220.
82. Mitsui T., Tsukamoto Y., Yamazaki C., Masuko K., Tsuda F., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Okamoto H. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among hemodialysis patients in Japan: evidence for infection with a genotype 3 HEV by blood transfusion. J. Med. Virol. 2004, 74:563-572.
83. Mizuo H., Yazaki Y., Sugawara K., Tsuda F., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Okamoto H. Possible risk factors for the transmission of hepatitis E virus and for the severe form of hepatitis E acquired locally in Hokkaido, Japan. J. Med. Virol. 2005, 76:341-349.
84. Nakano Y., Yamauchi A., Yano T., Nakayama O., Sakai H., Nagasaka Y., Itaba S., Tabata Y., Sugiyama A. A diffuse outbreak of hepatitis E in Mie prefecture, 2005. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 59:136-138.
85. Nishizawa T., Takahashi M., Endo K., Fujiwara S., Sakuma N., Kawazuma F., Sakamoto H., Sato Y., Bando M., Okamoto H. Analysis of the full-length genome of hepatitis E virus isolates obtained from wild boars in Japan. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86:3321-3326.
86. Ohnishi S., Kang J.H., Maekubo H., Takahashi K., Mishiro S. A case report: two patients with fulminant hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan. Hepatol. Res. 2003, 25:213-218.
87. Ollier L., Tieulie N., Sanderson F., Heudier P., Fuzibet J.-G., Nicand E. Chronic hepatitis after hepatitis E virus infection in a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma taking Rituximab. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009, 150:430-431.
88. Olsen B., Axelsson-Olsson D., Thelin A., Weiland O. Unexpected high prevalence of IgG-antibodies to hepatitis E virus in Swedish pig farmers and controls. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 38:55-58.
89. Okamoto H., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T. Features of hepatitis E virus infection in Japan. Intern. Med. 2003, 42:1065-1071.
90. Ooi W.W., Gawoski J., Yarbough P.O., Pankey G.A. Hepatitis E seroconversion in United States travelers abroad. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999, 61:822-824.
91. Pavio N, Meng X.J., Renou C. Zoonotic hepatitis E: animal reservoirs and emerging risks. Vet. Res. 2010, 41:46. 10.1051/vetres/2010018.
92. Peron J.-M., Mansuy J.-M., Poirson H., Bureau C., Dupuis E., Alric L., Izipet J., Vinel J.-P. Hepatitis E is an autochthonous disease in industrialized countries. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 2006, 30:757-762.
93. Peron J.M., Mansuy J.M., Recher C., Bereau C., Poirson H., Arlic L., Izopet J., Vinel J.P. Prolonged hepatitis E in an immunocompromised patient. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006, 21:1223-1224.
94. Pischke S., Potthoff A., Hauroeder B., Schule J., Manns M.P., Cornberg M., Wedemeyer H. Hepatitis E virus infection: a paradigm shift?. Dtsch. Med. Worchenschr. 2010, 135:1129-1133.
95. Pischke S., Wedemeyer H. Chronic hepatitis E in liver transplant recipients: a significant clinical problem?. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 2010, 56:121-128.
96. Purcell R.H., Emerson S.U. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J. Hepatol. 2008, 48:494-503.
97. Reuter G., Fodor D., Forgach P., Katai A., Szucs G. Characterization and zoonotic potential of endemic hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains in humans and animals in Hungary. J. Clin. Virol. 2009, 44:277-281.
98. Reyes G.R., Purdy M.A., Kim J.P., Luk K.C., Young L.M., Fry K.E., Bradley D.W. Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1990, 247:1335-1339.
99. Roberts J.K., Whitlock R.T. Hepatitis E in a traveler to Bangladesh. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992, 117:93.
100. Robson S.C., Adams S., Brink N., Woodruff B., Bradley D. Hospital outbreak of hepatitis E. Lancet 1992, 339:1424-1425.
101. Rutjes S.A., Lodder-Verschoor F., Lodder W.J., van der Giessen J., Reesink H., Bouwknegt M., de Roda Husman A.M. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boar and red deer in The Netherlands. J. Virol. Methods 2010, 168:197-206.
102. Sakano C., Morita Y., Shiono M., Yokota Y., Mokudai T., Sato-Motoi Y., Noda A., Nobusawa T., Sakaniwa H., Nagai A., Kabeya H., Maruyama S., Yamamoto S., Sato H., Kimura H. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEW) infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2009, 71:21-25.
103. Sakata H., Matsubayashi K., Takeda H., Sato S., Kato T., Hino S., Tadokoro K., Ikeda H. A nationwide survey for hepatitis E virus prevalence in Japanese blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase. Transfusion 2008, 48:2568-2576.
104. Schielke A., Sachs K., Lierz M., Appel B., Jansen A., Johne R. Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boars of rural and urban regions in Germany and whole genome characterization of an endemic strain. Virol. J. 2009, 6:58. 10.1186/1743-422X-6-58.
105. Schlauder G.G., Dawson G.J., Erker J.C., Kwo P.Y., Knigge M.F., Smalley D.L., Rosenblatt J.E., Desai S.M., Mushahwar I.K. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a new hepatitis E virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in the United States. J. Gen. Virol. 1998, 79:447-456.
106. Schwartz E., Jenks N.P., Van Damme P., Galun E. Hepatitis E virus infection in travelers. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999, 29:1312-1314.
107. Skaug K., Hagen I.J., von der Lippe B. Three cases of acute hepatitis E virus infection imported into Norway. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1994, 26:137-139.
108. Skidmore S.J., Yarbough P.O., Gabor K.A., Tam A.W., Reyes G.R., Flower A.J. Imported hepatitis E in UK. Lancet 1991, 337:1541.
109. Soe S., Uchida T., Suzuki K., Komatsu K., Azumi J., Okuda Y., Iida F., Shikata T., Rikihisa T., Mizuno K., Win K.M., Tin K.M. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in cynomolgus monkeys: morphology and probable mechanism of hepatocellular necrosis. Liver 1989, 9:135-145.
110. Song Y.J., Jeong H.J., Kim Y.J., Lee S.W., Lee J.B., Park S.Y., Song C.S., Park H.M., Choi I.S. Analysis of complete genome sequences of swine hepatitis E virus and possible risk factors for transmission of HEV to humans in Korea. J. Med. Virol. 2010, 82:583-591.
111. Sonoda H., Abe M., Sugimoto T., Sato Y., Bando M., Fukui E., Mizuo H., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Okamoto H. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars and deer and genetic identification of a genotype 3 HEV from a boar in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:5371-5374.
112. Suzuki K., Aikawa T., Okamoto M. Fulminant hepatitis E in Japan. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347:1456.
113. Suzuki A., Kumashiro R., Shirachi M., Kuroi M., Suzuki H., Tanikawa K., Sata M. Markedly prolonged jaundice from simultaneous infection with hepatitis E and leptospira. Kurume Med. J. 2003, 50:155-159.
114. Takahashi K., Kitajima N., Abe N., Mishiro S. Complete or near complete nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E virus genome recovered from a wild boar, a deer, and four patients who ate the deer. Virology 2004, 330:501-505.
115. Takahashi K., Terada S., Kokuryu H., Arai M., Mishiro S. A wild boar-derived hepatitis E virus isolate presumably representing so far unidentified "genotype 5" Kanzo 2010, 51:536-538. (in Japanese).
116. Takahashi M., Tamura K., Hoshino Y., Nagashima S., Yazaki Y., Mizuo H., Iwamoto S., Okayama M., Nakamura Y., Kajii E., Okamoto M. A nationwide survey of hepatitis E virus infection in the general population of Japan. J. Med. Virol. 2010, 82:271-281.
117. Tamada Y., Yano K., Yatsuhashi H., Inoue O., Mawatari F., Ishibashi H. Comsumption of wild boar linked to cases of hepatitis E. J. Hepatol. 2004, 40:869-870.
118. Tamura A., Shimizu Y.K., Tanaka T., Kuroda K., Arakawa Y., Takahashi K., Mishiro S., Shimizu K., Moriyama M. Persistent infection of hepatitis E virus transmitted by blood transfusion in apatient with T-cell lymphoma. Hepatol. Res. 2007, 37:113-120.
119. Tanaka E., Takeda N., Li T.-C., Orii K., Ichijo T., Matsumoto A., Yoshizawa K., Iijima T., Takayama T., Miyamura T., Kiyosawa K. Seroepidemiological study of hepatitis E virus infection in Japan using a newly developed antibody assay. J. Gastroenterol. 2001, 36:317-321.
120. Tanaka E., Matsumoto A., Takeda N., Li T.C., Umemura T., Yoshizawa K., Miyakawa Y., Miyamura T., Kiyosawa K. Age-specific antibody to hepatitis E virus has remained constant during the past 20 years in Japan. J. Viral Hepat. 2005, 12:439-442.
121. Taremi M., Khoshbaten M., Gachkar L., Ardakani M.J.E., Zali M.R. Hepatitis E virus infection in hemodyalysis patients: a seroepidemiological survey in Iran. BMC Infect. Dis. 2004, 5:36. http://biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/5/36.
122. Taylor R.R., Basnyat B., Scott R.M. A diplomatic disease. J. Travel Med. 2008, 15:200-201.
123. Tei S., Kitajima N., Takahashi K., Mishiro S. Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings. Lancet 2003, 362:371-373.
124. Tei S., Kitajima N., Ohara S., Inoue Y., Miki M., Yamatani T., Yamabe H., Mishiro S., Kinoshita Y. Consumption of uncooked deer meet as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection: an age- and sex-matched case-control study. J. Med. Virol. 2004, 74:67-70.
125. Teshale E.H., Hu D.J., Holmberg S.D. The two faces of hepatitis E virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 51:328-334.
126. Tsega E., Krawczynski K., Hansson B.-G., Nordenfelt E., Negusse Y., Alemu W., Bahru Y. Outbreak of acute hepatitis E virus infection among military personnel in Northern Ethiopia. J. Med. Virol. 1991, 34:232-236.
127. Uchida T., Suzuki K., Hayashi N., Iida F., Hara T., Oo S.S., Wang C.K., Shikata T., Ichikawa M., Rikihisa T., Mizuno K., Win K.M. Hepatitis E virus: cDNA cloning and expression. Microbiol. Immunol. 1992, 36:67-89.
128. Viswanathan R. Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-56): a critical study: epidemiology. Indian J. Med. Res. 1957, 45:1-30.
129. Weiss K., Poirier L., Varin S., Beliveau C., Laverdiere M. Hepatitis E: newcomer to the hepatitis alphabet-case report and review of the literature. Can. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 6:34-37.
130. Wichmann O., Schimanski S., Koch J., Kohler M., Rothe C., Plentz A., Jilg W., Stark K. Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 198:1732-1741.
131. Withers M.R., Correa M.T., Morrow M., Stebbins M.E., Seriwatana J., Webster W.D., Boak M.B., Vaughn D.W. Antibody levels to hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine workers, non-swine workers, swine, and murids. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002, 66:384-388.
132. Worm H.C., van der Poel W.H.M., Brandstaetter G. Hepatitis E: an overview. Microbes Infect. 2002, 4:657-666.
133. Yano K. Wild boar as an important reservoir of hepatitis E virus in Western Japan. Hepatol. Res. 2007, 37:167-169.
134. Yazaki Y., Mizuo H., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Sasaki N., Gotanda Y., Okamoto M. Sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan, may be due food-borne as suggested by the presence of hepatitis E virus in pig liver as food. J. Gen. Virol. 2003, 84:2351-2357.
135. Zaaijer H.L., Kok M., Lelie P.N., Timmerman R.J., Chau K., van der Pal H.J. Hepatitis E in the Netherlands: imported and endemic. Lancet 1993, 341:826.